@2024 Afarand., IRAN
ISSN: 2252-0805 The Horizon of Medical Sciences 2014;20(1):9-16
ISSN: 2252-0805 The Horizon of Medical Sciences 2014;20(1):9-16
Effect of Nine Weeks of Moderate Aerobic Training on Insulin Resistance and Appetite Level in Obese Women
ARTICLE INFO
Article Type
Original ResearchAuthors
Yarahmadi H. (1 )Haghighi A.H. (1 )
Shojaei M. (1 )
Beheshti Nasr S.M. (* )
(* ) Cell & Molecular Biology Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
(1 ) Sport Physiology Department, Physical Education & Sport Sciences Faculty, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran
Correspondence
Article History
Received: May 28, 2013Accepted: October 13, 2013
ePublished: February 1, 2014
ABSTRACT
Aims
Appetite is a mental feeling of starvation, satiety and desire to eat specific type of foods
which can be affected by various factors. This study was done to investigate the effects of one
week and 9 weeks of aerobic exercise on appetite and insulin resistance in obese women.
Materials & Methods This semi-experimental study was done in obese women (30 to 45 years old) of Mashhad city, Iran in Spring 2011 who had no physical activity except daily routines. 28 obese women with BMI more than 30 were selected as volunteers. Aerobic exercise was 4 times a week for 9 weeks and each session consisted 20 minute warm-up with a variety of running, stretching, flexibility and the jump movements. Then, the continuous running at a steady rate of 65-75% of maximum heart rate was done. In order to assess blood biochemical variables, blood sampling after 12 to 14 hours of fasting was performed in 2 stages (before trainings and after 9 weeks of training). Independent T test and analysis of variance with repeated measures were used to data analysis.
Findings There was no significant difference between indexes of insulin, serum glucose, insulin resistance, HDL, LDL, TG and TC in control and aerobic exercise groups. There were no significant difference in appetite indexes between both groups after 9 weeks of aerobic exercise (p>0.05).
Conclusion 9 weeks of moderate intensity aerobic training does not have any effect on appetite and insulin resistance in obese women.
Materials & Methods This semi-experimental study was done in obese women (30 to 45 years old) of Mashhad city, Iran in Spring 2011 who had no physical activity except daily routines. 28 obese women with BMI more than 30 were selected as volunteers. Aerobic exercise was 4 times a week for 9 weeks and each session consisted 20 minute warm-up with a variety of running, stretching, flexibility and the jump movements. Then, the continuous running at a steady rate of 65-75% of maximum heart rate was done. In order to assess blood biochemical variables, blood sampling after 12 to 14 hours of fasting was performed in 2 stages (before trainings and after 9 weeks of training). Independent T test and analysis of variance with repeated measures were used to data analysis.
Findings There was no significant difference between indexes of insulin, serum glucose, insulin resistance, HDL, LDL, TG and TC in control and aerobic exercise groups. There were no significant difference in appetite indexes between both groups after 9 weeks of aerobic exercise (p>0.05).
Conclusion 9 weeks of moderate intensity aerobic training does not have any effect on appetite and insulin resistance in obese women.
CITATION LINKS
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[2]King NA, Lluch A, Stubbs RJ, Blundell JE. High dose exercise does not increase hunger or energy intake in free living males. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1997;51(7):478-83.
[3]Bray GA. Afferent signals regulating food intake. Proc Nutr Soc. 2000;59(3):373-84.
[4]Hosoda H, Kojima M, Kangawa K. Ghrelin and the regulation of food intake and energy balance. Mol Interv. 2002;2(8):449-503.
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[7]Carnier J, Mello MTD, Ackle-Delia C, Corgosinho FC, de Silveira Campos RM, de Lima Sanches P, et al. Aerobic training (AT) is more effective than aerobic plus resistance training (AT + RT) to improve anorexigenic/orexigenic factors in obese adolescents. Appetite. 2013;69:168-73.
[8]George VA, Morganstein A. Effect of moderate intensity exercise on acute energy intake in normal and overweight females. Appetite. 2003;40(1):43-6.
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[12]Whybrow S, Hughes DA, Ritz P, Johnstone AM, Horgan GW, King N, et al. The effect of an incremental increase in exercise on appetite, eating behaviour and energy balance in lean men and women feeding ad libitum. Br J Nutr. 2008;100(5):1109-15.
[13]Ford ES. Does exercise reduce inflammation? Physical activity and C-reactive protein among U.S. adults. Epidemiology. 2002;13(5):561-8.
[14]Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Ogden CL, Curtin LR. Prevalence and trends in obesity among US adults, 1999- 2008. JAMA. 2010;303(3):235-41.
[15]Broom DR, Batterham RL, King JA, Stensel DJ. Influence of resistance and aerobic exercise on hunger, circulating levels of acylated ghrelin, and peptide YY in healthy males. Am J Physiol Regul, Integr Comp Physiol. 2009;296(1):29-35.
[16] Pomerleau M, Imbeault P, Parker T, Doucet E. Effects of exercise intensity on food intake and appetite in women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;80(5):1230-6.
[17] Friedewald WT, Levy RI, Fredrickson DS. Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin Chem. 1972;18(6):499-502.
[18]Molanouri SM, Alinejad HA, Amani Shalamzari S, Aghayari A, Asghari Jafarabadi M, Talebi Badrabadi K. Anti-inflammatory effects of a bout of circuit resistance exercise withmoderateintensity in inactive obest males. J Hhahid Sadoughi Uni Med Sci. 2011;19(5):598-609.
[19]Mackenzie B. 101 Performance Evaluation Tests; 2005. Available From: http://www.pponline.co.uk/101Evaluations/pdfs/101Evaluati onTests.Front.Contents.Introduction.pdf.
[20] Cummings DM, Henes S, Kolasa KM, Olsson J, Collier D. Insulin resistance status: predicting weight response in overweight children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2008;162(8):764-8.
[21]Mackelvie KJ, Meneilly GS, Elahi D, Wong AC, Barr SI, Chanoine JP. Regulation of appetite in lean and obese adolescents after exercise: role of acylated and desacyl ghrelin. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol. 2007;92(2):648-54.
[22]Doucet E, Imbeault P, St-Pierre S, Almeras N, Mauriege P, Richard D, et al. Appetite after weight loss by energy restriction and a low-fat diet-exercise follow-up. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2000;24(7):906-14.
[23]Martins C, Kulseng B, King NA, Holst JJ, Blundell JE. The effects of exercise-induced weight loss on appetiterelated peptides and motivation to eat. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol. 2010;95(4):1609-16.
[24]Guyton A, Jahn H. Medical Physiology. 11th ed. Shadan F (Translator). Philadelphia: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2006.
[25]Williams MH. Nutrition for health, fitness and sport. 5th ed. New York: McGraw Hill; 1999.
[26]Pasman WJ, Westerterp-Plantenga MS, Saris WHM. The effect of exercise training on leptin levelsin obese males. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metabol. 1998;274(2):280-6.
[27]Thompson DA, Wolfe LA, Eikelboom R. Acute effects of exercise intensity on appetite in young men. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1988;20(3):222-7.
[28]Katch VL, Martin R, Martin J. Effects of exercise intensity on food consumption in the male rat. Am J Clin Nutr. 1979;32(7):1401-7.
[29]Ballard TP, Melby CL, Camus H, Cianciulli M, Pitts J, Schmidt S, et al. Effect of resistance exercise, with or without carbohydrate supplementation, on plasma ghrelin concentrations and postexercise hunger and food intake. Metabolism. 2009;58(8):1191-9.
[30]Ross R, Janssen I, Dawson J, Kungl AM, Kuk JL, Wong SL, et al. Exercise-induced reduction in obesity and insulin resistance in women: a randomized controlled trial. Obes Res. 2004;12(5):789-98.
[31]Ravasi AA, Aminian T, Gaeini AA, Hamedinia M, Haghighi AH. The effect of an endurance training on proinflammatory cytokines and insulin resistance in obese men. Harkat. 2006;28:31-49. [Persian]
[32]Davidson LE, Hudson R, Kilpatrick K, Kuk JL, McMillan K, Janiszewski PM, et al. Effects of exercise modality on insulin resistance and functional limitation in older adults: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169(2):122-31.
[33] Bahrami A, Saremi A. Effect of caloric restriction with or without aerobic training on body composition, blood lipid profile, insulin resistance, and inflammatory marker in middle-age obese/overweight men. Arak Uni Med Sci J. 2011;14(3):11-9.
[34]Kang J, Robertson RJ, Hagberg JM, Kelley DE, Goss FL, DaSilva SG, et al. Effect of exercise intensity on glucose and insulin metabolism in obese individuals and obese NIDDM patients. Diabetes Care. 1996;19(4):341-9.
[35] Mayer-Davis EJ, D'Agostino R, Karter AJ, Haffner SM, Rewers MJ, Saad M, et al. Intensity and amount of physical activity in relation to insulin sensitivity: the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study. JAMA. 1998;279(9):669- 74.
[2]King NA, Lluch A, Stubbs RJ, Blundell JE. High dose exercise does not increase hunger or energy intake in free living males. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1997;51(7):478-83.
[3]Bray GA. Afferent signals regulating food intake. Proc Nutr Soc. 2000;59(3):373-84.
[4]Hosoda H, Kojima M, Kangawa K. Ghrelin and the regulation of food intake and energy balance. Mol Interv. 2002;2(8):449-503.
[5]Flint A, Raben A, Blundell JE, Astrup A. Reproducibility, power and validity of visual analogue scales in assessment of appetite sensations in single test meal studies. Int J Obes relat metab disord. 2000;24(1):38-48.
[6]Schwartz MW, Woods SC, Porte D, Seeley RJ, Baskin DG. Central nervous system control of food intake. Nature. 2000;404(6778):661-71.
[7]Carnier J, Mello MTD, Ackle-Delia C, Corgosinho FC, de Silveira Campos RM, de Lima Sanches P, et al. Aerobic training (AT) is more effective than aerobic plus resistance training (AT + RT) to improve anorexigenic/orexigenic factors in obese adolescents. Appetite. 2013;69:168-73.
[8]George VA, Morganstein A. Effect of moderate intensity exercise on acute energy intake in normal and overweight females. Appetite. 2003;40(1):43-6.
[9]Blundell JE, King NA. Physical activity and regulation of food intake: current evidence. Med Sci sports Exerc. 1999;31(11):573-83.
[10]King NA, Caudwell PP, Hopkins M, Stubbs JR, Naslund E, Blundell JE. Dual-process action of exercise on appetite control: increase in orexigenic drive but improvement in meal-induced satiety. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;90(4):921-7.
[11]Martins C, Truby H, Morgan LM. Short-term appetite control in response to a 6-week exercise programme in sedentary volunteers. Br J Nutr. 2007;98(4):834-42.
[12]Whybrow S, Hughes DA, Ritz P, Johnstone AM, Horgan GW, King N, et al. The effect of an incremental increase in exercise on appetite, eating behaviour and energy balance in lean men and women feeding ad libitum. Br J Nutr. 2008;100(5):1109-15.
[13]Ford ES. Does exercise reduce inflammation? Physical activity and C-reactive protein among U.S. adults. Epidemiology. 2002;13(5):561-8.
[14]Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Ogden CL, Curtin LR. Prevalence and trends in obesity among US adults, 1999- 2008. JAMA. 2010;303(3):235-41.
[15]Broom DR, Batterham RL, King JA, Stensel DJ. Influence of resistance and aerobic exercise on hunger, circulating levels of acylated ghrelin, and peptide YY in healthy males. Am J Physiol Regul, Integr Comp Physiol. 2009;296(1):29-35.
[16] Pomerleau M, Imbeault P, Parker T, Doucet E. Effects of exercise intensity on food intake and appetite in women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;80(5):1230-6.
[17] Friedewald WT, Levy RI, Fredrickson DS. Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin Chem. 1972;18(6):499-502.
[18]Molanouri SM, Alinejad HA, Amani Shalamzari S, Aghayari A, Asghari Jafarabadi M, Talebi Badrabadi K. Anti-inflammatory effects of a bout of circuit resistance exercise withmoderateintensity in inactive obest males. J Hhahid Sadoughi Uni Med Sci. 2011;19(5):598-609.
[19]Mackenzie B. 101 Performance Evaluation Tests; 2005. Available From: http://www.pponline.co.uk/101Evaluations/pdfs/101Evaluati onTests.Front.Contents.Introduction.pdf.
[20] Cummings DM, Henes S, Kolasa KM, Olsson J, Collier D. Insulin resistance status: predicting weight response in overweight children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2008;162(8):764-8.
[21]Mackelvie KJ, Meneilly GS, Elahi D, Wong AC, Barr SI, Chanoine JP. Regulation of appetite in lean and obese adolescents after exercise: role of acylated and desacyl ghrelin. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol. 2007;92(2):648-54.
[22]Doucet E, Imbeault P, St-Pierre S, Almeras N, Mauriege P, Richard D, et al. Appetite after weight loss by energy restriction and a low-fat diet-exercise follow-up. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2000;24(7):906-14.
[23]Martins C, Kulseng B, King NA, Holst JJ, Blundell JE. The effects of exercise-induced weight loss on appetiterelated peptides and motivation to eat. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol. 2010;95(4):1609-16.
[24]Guyton A, Jahn H. Medical Physiology. 11th ed. Shadan F (Translator). Philadelphia: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2006.
[25]Williams MH. Nutrition for health, fitness and sport. 5th ed. New York: McGraw Hill; 1999.
[26]Pasman WJ, Westerterp-Plantenga MS, Saris WHM. The effect of exercise training on leptin levelsin obese males. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metabol. 1998;274(2):280-6.
[27]Thompson DA, Wolfe LA, Eikelboom R. Acute effects of exercise intensity on appetite in young men. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1988;20(3):222-7.
[28]Katch VL, Martin R, Martin J. Effects of exercise intensity on food consumption in the male rat. Am J Clin Nutr. 1979;32(7):1401-7.
[29]Ballard TP, Melby CL, Camus H, Cianciulli M, Pitts J, Schmidt S, et al. Effect of resistance exercise, with or without carbohydrate supplementation, on plasma ghrelin concentrations and postexercise hunger and food intake. Metabolism. 2009;58(8):1191-9.
[30]Ross R, Janssen I, Dawson J, Kungl AM, Kuk JL, Wong SL, et al. Exercise-induced reduction in obesity and insulin resistance in women: a randomized controlled trial. Obes Res. 2004;12(5):789-98.
[31]Ravasi AA, Aminian T, Gaeini AA, Hamedinia M, Haghighi AH. The effect of an endurance training on proinflammatory cytokines and insulin resistance in obese men. Harkat. 2006;28:31-49. [Persian]
[32]Davidson LE, Hudson R, Kilpatrick K, Kuk JL, McMillan K, Janiszewski PM, et al. Effects of exercise modality on insulin resistance and functional limitation in older adults: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169(2):122-31.
[33] Bahrami A, Saremi A. Effect of caloric restriction with or without aerobic training on body composition, blood lipid profile, insulin resistance, and inflammatory marker in middle-age obese/overweight men. Arak Uni Med Sci J. 2011;14(3):11-9.
[34]Kang J, Robertson RJ, Hagberg JM, Kelley DE, Goss FL, DaSilva SG, et al. Effect of exercise intensity on glucose and insulin metabolism in obese individuals and obese NIDDM patients. Diabetes Care. 1996;19(4):341-9.
[35] Mayer-Davis EJ, D'Agostino R, Karter AJ, Haffner SM, Rewers MJ, Saad M, et al. Intensity and amount of physical activity in relation to insulin sensitivity: the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study. JAMA. 1998;279(9):669- 74.