@2024 Afarand., IRAN
ISSN: 2538-4384 Geographical Researches 2020;35(1):31-42
ISSN: 2538-4384 Geographical Researches 2020;35(1):31-42
Effects of Heavy Metal Contamination Caused by Residual Leachate on Forest Soil in Babol Anjilsi Region, Iran
ARTICLE INFO
Article Type
Original ResearchAuthors
Rahmani M. (*1)Azari T. (2)
Molla Aghajanzadeh S. (3)
(*1) Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Mazandaran University, Mazandaran, Iran
(2) Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz , Iran
(3) Department of Watershed management, Faculty of Natural Resources, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Babolsar, Iran
Correspondence
Address: Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Shahid Beheshti Street, Babolsar, Mazandaran, Iran. Postal Code: 4741695447.Phone: +98 (11) 35302401
Fax: +98 (11) 35342161
m.rahmani@umz.ac.ir
Article History
Received: June 7, 2019Accepted: March 12, 2020
ePublished: March 16, 2020
ABSTRACT
Aims & Backgrounds
The heavy metals are a part of the minor elemental elements in the nature. Forest soils directly and indirectly affect public health through the production of nutritional factors on plants and animals in the ecosystem. Pollution in forest soils may lead to disorder in soil structure, interference in the growth of plants and trees, and even soil contamination to heavy metals such as Fe-Hg-Ag-As-Cr-Mn-Co-Cu-Mo-Ni-Zn-Sn-W using various indicators of contamination.
Methodology To conduct the study, 40 soil samples from the waste disposal area of Babol (Babol Anjilsi region) were systematically selected harvested and the concentration of metals was measured using an ICP device. The enrichment factor and geo-accumulation index were used to determine the contamination of the study area.
Findings The results of the study showed that Fe-As-Cr-Ni-Co concentration in the study area is higher than the maximum acceptable concentration of the Ericson 2011 standard. The geo-accumulation index was obtained for all metals. The results showed the concentration of metals in the soil relevant to the source of leachate from waste landfill in the area. The values of the Contamination Factor (CF) indicated that most of the samples were in the non-polluted to medium class and the contamination factor for Fe-Cr-W metals was the highest value. In general, about 20% of the data was in the medium to high pollution class.
Conclusion Geo-accumulation index zonation map analysis showed that the origin of heavy elements of the region is the residual leachate and geological.
Methodology To conduct the study, 40 soil samples from the waste disposal area of Babol (Babol Anjilsi region) were systematically selected harvested and the concentration of metals was measured using an ICP device. The enrichment factor and geo-accumulation index were used to determine the contamination of the study area.
Findings The results of the study showed that Fe-As-Cr-Ni-Co concentration in the study area is higher than the maximum acceptable concentration of the Ericson 2011 standard. The geo-accumulation index was obtained for all metals. The results showed the concentration of metals in the soil relevant to the source of leachate from waste landfill in the area. The values of the Contamination Factor (CF) indicated that most of the samples were in the non-polluted to medium class and the contamination factor for Fe-Cr-W metals was the highest value. In general, about 20% of the data was in the medium to high pollution class.
Conclusion Geo-accumulation index zonation map analysis showed that the origin of heavy elements of the region is the residual leachate and geological.
Keywords:
Geo-accumulation index,
Enrichment Factor,
Contamination Factor,
Heavy Metals,
Anjilsi Forest of Babol,
CITATION LINKS
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[7]Audry S, Schafer J, Blanc G, Jouanneau JM (2004). Fifty- year sedimentary record of heavy metal pollution (Cd, Zn, Cu, Pb) in the Lot river reservoirs (France). Environmental Pollution. 132(3):413-426.
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[11]Cevik F, Goksu M, Derici O, Findik O (2009). An assessment of metals pollution in surface sediments of Seykan dam by using enrichment factor, geo accumulation index and statistical analysis. Environmental Monitoring Assessment. 152(1-4):309-317.
[12]Chen CW, Kao CM, Chen CF, Dong CD (2007). Distribution and accumulation of heavy metals in the sediments of Kaohsiung Harbor, Taiwan. Chemosphere. 66(8):1431-1440.
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[14]Facchinelli A, Sacchi E, Mallen L (2001). Multivariate statistical and GIS-based approach to identify heavy metal sources in soils. Environment Pollution. 114:313-324.
[15]Forestry Report of downstream watershed of Pashakola Babol dam (2011). Agriculture Jahad and Islamic Development Bank.
[16]Ghrefat H, Yusuf N (2006). Assessing Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn and Cd pollution in bottom sediments of Wadi AL- Arab Dam, Jordan. Chemosphere. 65(11):2114-2121.
[17]Gonzales Macias C, Schifter I, Liuch Cota DB, Mendez Rodriguez L, Hernandez Vazquez S (2006). Distribution, enrichment and accumulation of heavy metals in coastal sediments of Salina Cruz Bay, Mexico. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 118(1-3):211-230.
[18]Hamzeh MA, Mirzaei M, Mozaffari H (2009). Investigation of changes in lead, zinc, copper and cadmium concentrations in urban environment of Kerman. Environmental Science and Technology. 11(3):161-177. [Persian]
[19]Hernandez L, Probst JL, Ulrich E (2003). Heavy metal distribution in some French forest soils: For evidence atmospheric contamination. The Science of the Total Environment. 312(1-3):195-219.
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[21]Keller A, Schulin R (2003). Modeling regional-scale mass balances of phosphorus, cadmium and zinc fluxes on arable and dairy farms. European Journal of Agronomy. 20(1-2):181-198.
[22]Keller A, Von Steiger B, Van Der Zee SE, Schulin R (2001). A stochastic empirical model for regional heavy-metal balances in agroecosystems. Journal of Environmental Quality. 30(6):1976-1989.
[23]Khodakarami L (2009). Evaluation of non-point sources of agricultural pollution using GIS and RS [dissertation]. Isfahan: Isfahan University of Technology. [Persian]
[24]Krzysztof L, Danuta L, Irena K (2004). Metal contamination of farming soils affected by industry. Environmental International. 30(2):159-165.
[25]Loska K, Wiechula D (2003). Application of principal component analysis for the estimation of source heavy metal contamination in surface sediments from Rybnik Reservoir. Chemosphere. 51(8):723–733.
[26]Luo X-S, Xue Y, Wang Y-L, Cang L, Xu B, Ding J (2015). Source identification and apportionment of heavy metals in urban soil profiles. Chemosphere. 127:152-57.
[27]MacFarlane GR, Burchett MD (2000). Cellular distribution of Copper, lead and Zinc in the Grey Mangrove Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh. Aquatic Botany. 68(1):45-59.
[28]Mirzaei R, Ghorbani H, Moghaddas NH, Rodríguez Martín JA (2014). Ecological risk of heavy metal hotspots in top soils in the province of Golestan, Iran. Journal of Geochemical Exploration. 147:268-276. [Persian]
[29]Mucha AP, Vasconcelos MTSD, Bordalo AA (2003). Macro benthic community in the Doura estuary: Relations with trace metals and natural sediment characteristics. Environmental Pollution. 121(2):169-180.
[30]Muller G (1969). Index of geoaccumulation in sediments of the Rhine river. Geological Journal. 2(3):108-118.
[31]Munendra S, Muller G, Sinhg B (2002). Heavy metals in freshly deposited stream sediments of rivers associated with urbanization of the Ganga plain, India. Water, Air Soil Pollution. 141(1-4):35-54.
[32]Nguyen HL, Leermakers M, Elskens M, De Ridder F, Doan TH, Baeyens W (2005). Correlations partitioning and bio accumulation of heavy metals between different components of Lake Balaton. Science of the total Environment. 341(1-3):211- 226.
[33]Qishlag A, Moore F, Forghani G (2007). Impact of untreated wastewater irrigation on soils and crops in Shiraz suburban area, SW Iran. Environmental Monitoring Assessment. 141(1-3):257-273.
[34]Rahmani M (2015). The effect of municipal waste leachates on soil, tree coverage and water in Mazandaran province forests [dissertation]. Sari: Sari University. [Persian]
[35]Rodriguez Martin JA, Lopez Arias M, Grau Corbi JM (2006). Heavy metals contents in agricultural top soils in the Ebro basin (Spain). Application of the multivariate geo statistical methods to study spatial variations. Environment Pollution. 144(3):101-1012.
[36]Shahbazi AS (2011). Evaluation of the impact of agricultural activities on heavy metal accumulation in some agricultural soils of Hamadan province [dissertation]. Isfahan: Isfahan University of Technology. [Persian]
[37]Shajan KP (2001). Geochemistry of bottom sediments from a river- Estuary- Shelf mixing zone on the tropical Southwest Coast of India. Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Japan. 52(8):371-382.
[38]Shayestefar M, Rezai AS (2011). Evaluation of heavy metal pollution and distribution in Sarcheshmeh copper mine sediments using geochemical data and statistical analysis. Journal of Mining Engineering. 6(11):25-34. [Persian]
[39]Singh KP, Mohan D, Singh VK, Malik A (2005). Studies on distribution and fractionation of heavy metals in Gomti river sediments a tributary of the Ganges, India. Jornal of Hyrology. 312(1-4):14-27.
[40]Taghipour M, Ayoubi S, Khademi H (2010). Contribution of litho logic and anthropogenic factors to surface soils heavy metals in western Iran Using multivariate geostatistics. Soil and Sediment Contamination. 20(8):921-937.
[41]Tanner P, Leong LS, Pan SM (2000). Contamination of heavy metals in marine sediment cores from Victoria Harbour, Hong Kong. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 40(9):769–779.
[42]Walkey A, Black IA (1934). An examination of the Degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter and proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Science. 37(1):29-38.
[43]Wang Sh, Cao Z, Lan D, Zheng Z, Li G (2008). Concentration distribution and assessment of several heavy metals in sediments of west-four Pearl river, Estuary. Environmental Geology. 55(5):963-975.
[44]Wong SC, Li XD, Zhang G, Qi SH, Min YS (2002). Heavy metals in agricultural soils of the Pearl river delta, south China. Environmental Pollution. 119(1):33-44.
[45]Yalcin MG, Battaloglu R, Ilhan S (2007). Heavy metal sources in Sultan Marsh and its neighborhood, Kayseri, Turkey. Environmental Geology. 53:399-415.
[46]Yang Z, Zhang S, Liao Y, Li Q, Wu B, Wu R (2012). Remediation of heavy metal contamination in calcareous soil by washing with reagents: A column washing. Procedia Environmental Sciences. 16:778-785.
[47]Yongming H, Peixuan D, Junji C, Posmentier Es (2005). Multivariate analysis of heavy metal contamination in urban dusts of Xi'an, Central China. Science of the Total Environment. 355(1-3):176-186.
[48]Zhang W, Feng H, Chang J, Qu J, Xie H, Yu L (2009). Heavy metal contamination in surface sediments of Yangtze river intertidal zone: An assessment from different indexes. Environmental Pollution. 157(5):1533-1543.
[49]Zhao Y, Wang Z, Sun W, Huang B, Shi X, Ji J (2010). Spatial interrelations and multi-scale sources of soil heavy metal variability in a typical urban–rural transition area in Yangtze river delta region of China. Geoderma. 156(3-4):216-227.
[2]Adama P, Arienzo M, Imporato M, Noimo D, Nardi G, Stanzione D (2005). Distribution and partition of heavy metals in surface and subsurface sediments of Naples city port. Chemosphere. 61(6):800- 809.
[3]Adomako D, Nyarko BJB, Dampare SB, Serfor Armah Y, Osae S, Fianko JR, et al, (2008). Determination of toxic elements in waters and sediments from river Subin in the Ashanti region of Ghanar. Environmental Monitoring Assessment. 141:165-175.
[4]Anazawa K, Kaida Y, Shinomura Y, Tomiyasu T, Sakamoto H (2004). Heavy metal distribution in river waters and sediments around a fire fly village, Shikoku, Japan: Application of Multivariate Analysis. Analytical Science. 20(1):79-84.
[5]Angulo E (1996). The Tomlinson's pollution load index applied to heavy metal “Mussel-Watch” data: A useful index to assess coastal pollution. Science of the Total Environment. 187(1):19-56.
[6]Atabaki MR, Lotfi A (2018). Investigation of heavy metal soil concentration (Pb, Cd, Zn and Cu) in different areas of Isfahan in 1396. Journal of Research in Environmental Health. 4(1):23-35.
[7]Audry S, Schafer J, Blanc G, Jouanneau JM (2004). Fifty- year sedimentary record of heavy metal pollution (Cd, Zn, Cu, Pb) in the Lot river reservoirs (France). Environmental Pollution. 132(3):413-426.
[8]Behbahaninia A, Salmasi R (2016). Investigation on heavy metals concentrations and determination of their relations with soil properties around Hashtrood town, east Azerbaijan province. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology. 18(2):59-69. [Persian]
[9]Bermejo Santos JC, Beltran R, Gomez Araiza JL (2003). Spatial variations of heavy metals contamination in sediments from Odiel river (southwest Spain). Environmental International. 29(1):69-77.
[10]Bhuiyana MA, Parvez L, Islam MA, Dampare SB, Suzukia S (2010). Heavy metal pollution of coal mine-affected agricultural soils in the northern part of Bangladesh. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 173(1-3):384-92.
[11]Cevik F, Goksu M, Derici O, Findik O (2009). An assessment of metals pollution in surface sediments of Seykan dam by using enrichment factor, geo accumulation index and statistical analysis. Environmental Monitoring Assessment. 152(1-4):309-317.
[12]Chen CW, Kao CM, Chen CF, Dong CD (2007). Distribution and accumulation of heavy metals in the sediments of Kaohsiung Harbor, Taiwan. Chemosphere. 66(8):1431-1440.
[13]Davis JC (1986). Statistics and data analysis in geology. 3rd ed. New Jersey: Wiley.
[14]Facchinelli A, Sacchi E, Mallen L (2001). Multivariate statistical and GIS-based approach to identify heavy metal sources in soils. Environment Pollution. 114:313-324.
[15]Forestry Report of downstream watershed of Pashakola Babol dam (2011). Agriculture Jahad and Islamic Development Bank.
[16]Ghrefat H, Yusuf N (2006). Assessing Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn and Cd pollution in bottom sediments of Wadi AL- Arab Dam, Jordan. Chemosphere. 65(11):2114-2121.
[17]Gonzales Macias C, Schifter I, Liuch Cota DB, Mendez Rodriguez L, Hernandez Vazquez S (2006). Distribution, enrichment and accumulation of heavy metals in coastal sediments of Salina Cruz Bay, Mexico. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 118(1-3):211-230.
[18]Hamzeh MA, Mirzaei M, Mozaffari H (2009). Investigation of changes in lead, zinc, copper and cadmium concentrations in urban environment of Kerman. Environmental Science and Technology. 11(3):161-177. [Persian]
[19]Hernandez L, Probst JL, Ulrich E (2003). Heavy metal distribution in some French forest soils: For evidence atmospheric contamination. The Science of the Total Environment. 312(1-3):195-219.
[20]Karbassi AR (1989). Geochemistry & magnetic susceptibility of riverine, Estuarine & Marine sediments [dissertation]. India: Mangalore University. [Persian]
[21]Keller A, Schulin R (2003). Modeling regional-scale mass balances of phosphorus, cadmium and zinc fluxes on arable and dairy farms. European Journal of Agronomy. 20(1-2):181-198.
[22]Keller A, Von Steiger B, Van Der Zee SE, Schulin R (2001). A stochastic empirical model for regional heavy-metal balances in agroecosystems. Journal of Environmental Quality. 30(6):1976-1989.
[23]Khodakarami L (2009). Evaluation of non-point sources of agricultural pollution using GIS and RS [dissertation]. Isfahan: Isfahan University of Technology. [Persian]
[24]Krzysztof L, Danuta L, Irena K (2004). Metal contamination of farming soils affected by industry. Environmental International. 30(2):159-165.
[25]Loska K, Wiechula D (2003). Application of principal component analysis for the estimation of source heavy metal contamination in surface sediments from Rybnik Reservoir. Chemosphere. 51(8):723–733.
[26]Luo X-S, Xue Y, Wang Y-L, Cang L, Xu B, Ding J (2015). Source identification and apportionment of heavy metals in urban soil profiles. Chemosphere. 127:152-57.
[27]MacFarlane GR, Burchett MD (2000). Cellular distribution of Copper, lead and Zinc in the Grey Mangrove Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh. Aquatic Botany. 68(1):45-59.
[28]Mirzaei R, Ghorbani H, Moghaddas NH, Rodríguez Martín JA (2014). Ecological risk of heavy metal hotspots in top soils in the province of Golestan, Iran. Journal of Geochemical Exploration. 147:268-276. [Persian]
[29]Mucha AP, Vasconcelos MTSD, Bordalo AA (2003). Macro benthic community in the Doura estuary: Relations with trace metals and natural sediment characteristics. Environmental Pollution. 121(2):169-180.
[30]Muller G (1969). Index of geoaccumulation in sediments of the Rhine river. Geological Journal. 2(3):108-118.
[31]Munendra S, Muller G, Sinhg B (2002). Heavy metals in freshly deposited stream sediments of rivers associated with urbanization of the Ganga plain, India. Water, Air Soil Pollution. 141(1-4):35-54.
[32]Nguyen HL, Leermakers M, Elskens M, De Ridder F, Doan TH, Baeyens W (2005). Correlations partitioning and bio accumulation of heavy metals between different components of Lake Balaton. Science of the total Environment. 341(1-3):211- 226.
[33]Qishlag A, Moore F, Forghani G (2007). Impact of untreated wastewater irrigation on soils and crops in Shiraz suburban area, SW Iran. Environmental Monitoring Assessment. 141(1-3):257-273.
[34]Rahmani M (2015). The effect of municipal waste leachates on soil, tree coverage and water in Mazandaran province forests [dissertation]. Sari: Sari University. [Persian]
[35]Rodriguez Martin JA, Lopez Arias M, Grau Corbi JM (2006). Heavy metals contents in agricultural top soils in the Ebro basin (Spain). Application of the multivariate geo statistical methods to study spatial variations. Environment Pollution. 144(3):101-1012.
[36]Shahbazi AS (2011). Evaluation of the impact of agricultural activities on heavy metal accumulation in some agricultural soils of Hamadan province [dissertation]. Isfahan: Isfahan University of Technology. [Persian]
[37]Shajan KP (2001). Geochemistry of bottom sediments from a river- Estuary- Shelf mixing zone on the tropical Southwest Coast of India. Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Japan. 52(8):371-382.
[38]Shayestefar M, Rezai AS (2011). Evaluation of heavy metal pollution and distribution in Sarcheshmeh copper mine sediments using geochemical data and statistical analysis. Journal of Mining Engineering. 6(11):25-34. [Persian]
[39]Singh KP, Mohan D, Singh VK, Malik A (2005). Studies on distribution and fractionation of heavy metals in Gomti river sediments a tributary of the Ganges, India. Jornal of Hyrology. 312(1-4):14-27.
[40]Taghipour M, Ayoubi S, Khademi H (2010). Contribution of litho logic and anthropogenic factors to surface soils heavy metals in western Iran Using multivariate geostatistics. Soil and Sediment Contamination. 20(8):921-937.
[41]Tanner P, Leong LS, Pan SM (2000). Contamination of heavy metals in marine sediment cores from Victoria Harbour, Hong Kong. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 40(9):769–779.
[42]Walkey A, Black IA (1934). An examination of the Degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter and proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Science. 37(1):29-38.
[43]Wang Sh, Cao Z, Lan D, Zheng Z, Li G (2008). Concentration distribution and assessment of several heavy metals in sediments of west-four Pearl river, Estuary. Environmental Geology. 55(5):963-975.
[44]Wong SC, Li XD, Zhang G, Qi SH, Min YS (2002). Heavy metals in agricultural soils of the Pearl river delta, south China. Environmental Pollution. 119(1):33-44.
[45]Yalcin MG, Battaloglu R, Ilhan S (2007). Heavy metal sources in Sultan Marsh and its neighborhood, Kayseri, Turkey. Environmental Geology. 53:399-415.
[46]Yang Z, Zhang S, Liao Y, Li Q, Wu B, Wu R (2012). Remediation of heavy metal contamination in calcareous soil by washing with reagents: A column washing. Procedia Environmental Sciences. 16:778-785.
[47]Yongming H, Peixuan D, Junji C, Posmentier Es (2005). Multivariate analysis of heavy metal contamination in urban dusts of Xi'an, Central China. Science of the Total Environment. 355(1-3):176-186.
[48]Zhang W, Feng H, Chang J, Qu J, Xie H, Yu L (2009). Heavy metal contamination in surface sediments of Yangtze river intertidal zone: An assessment from different indexes. Environmental Pollution. 157(5):1533-1543.
[49]Zhao Y, Wang Z, Sun W, Huang B, Shi X, Ji J (2010). Spatial interrelations and multi-scale sources of soil heavy metal variability in a typical urban–rural transition area in Yangtze river delta region of China. Geoderma. 156(3-4):216-227.