@2024 Afarand., IRAN
ISSN: 2252-0805 The Horizon of Medical Sciences 2013;19(1):35-39
ISSN: 2252-0805 The Horizon of Medical Sciences 2013;19(1):35-39
Effect of Chronic Treatment of Ketamine on Hippocampus Cell Count of Adult Rats
ARTICLE INFO
Article Type
Original ResearchAuthors
Soleymani Asl S. (1)Aghaei O. (2)
Shekarriz N. (2)
Molavi N. (2)
Mehdizade M. (*)
(*) “Cellular & Molecular Research Center” and “Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
(1) Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Hamedan University of Medical Sciences, Hamedan, Iran
(2) Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Correspondence
Article History
Received: January 25, 2012Accepted: October 10, 2012
ePublished: March 10, 2013
ABSTRACT
Aims
Administration of ketamine causes neurodegenration in immature rats’ brain and memory impairment during their growth. Considering the importance of hippocampus in bringing about memory as well as the widespread use of ketamine in anesthesia, the present study investigated the effect of chronic treatment of ketamine administration on the cells in hippocampus’s CA1 region.
Materials & Methods Ten Wistar male rats (250-300g) were divided into two control and ketamine groups. Control group received normal salin1cc and ketamine group received ketamine drug Intraperitoneally by dose of 30mg/kg for 5 days. After trans-cardial perfusion, animals’ brain was removed and after the preparation of tissue blocks and brain sections, healthy cells of CA1 region of hippocampus were counted. Finally data was analyzed using SPSS 16 software and student T-test.
Findings Administration of ketamine caused an increase in the pyknotic cells in the hippocampus’s CA1 region, indicating the significant decrease in the healthy cells(95.50±3.57) in ketamine group compared with control group (203.17±11.57; p<0.001).
Conclusion Ketamine administration leads to cell death in hippocampus’s CA1 region.
Materials & Methods Ten Wistar male rats (250-300g) were divided into two control and ketamine groups. Control group received normal salin1cc and ketamine group received ketamine drug Intraperitoneally by dose of 30mg/kg for 5 days. After trans-cardial perfusion, animals’ brain was removed and after the preparation of tissue blocks and brain sections, healthy cells of CA1 region of hippocampus were counted. Finally data was analyzed using SPSS 16 software and student T-test.
Findings Administration of ketamine caused an increase in the pyknotic cells in the hippocampus’s CA1 region, indicating the significant decrease in the healthy cells(95.50±3.57) in ketamine group compared with control group (203.17±11.57; p<0.001).
Conclusion Ketamine administration leads to cell death in hippocampus’s CA1 region.
CITATION LINKS
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[2] Lanning CF, Harmel MH. Ketamine anesthesia. Annu Rev Med. 1975;26:137-41.
[3]Subramaniam K, Subramaniam BD, Steinbrook RA. Ketamine as adjuvant analgesic to opioids: A quantitative and qualitative systematic review. Anesth Analg. 2004;99:482-95.
[4]Hocking G, Cousins MJ. Ketamine in chronic pain management: An evidence-based review. Anesth Analg. 2003;97:1730-49.
[5]Ikonomidou C, Bosch F, Miksa M, Bittigau P, Vockler J, Dikranian K, et al. Blockade of NMDA receptors and apoptotic neurodegeneration in the developing brain. Science. 1999;283:70-4.
[6] Haberny KA, Paule MG, Scallet AC, Sistare FD, Lester DS, Hanig JP, et al. Ontogeny of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor system and susceptibility to neurotoxicity. Toxicol Sci. 2002;68(1):9-17.
[7] Duman RS, Li N, Liu RJ, Duric V, Aghajanian G. Signaling pathways underlying the rapid antidepressant actions of ketamine. Neuropharmacology. 2012;62(1):35-41.
[8] Jevtovic-Todorovic V, Hartman RE, Izumi Y, Benshoff ND, Dikranian K, Zorumski CF, et al. Early exposure to common anesthetic agents causes widespread neurodegeneration in the developing rat brain and persistent learning deficits. J Neurosci. 2003;23(3):876-82.
[9] Yang MY, Ding F, Jiang XG, Wu XX, Gu ZL, Guo CY, et al. Effects of ketamine and alcohol on learning and memory impairment in mice. Fa Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2012;28(2):115-9.
[10] Deng W, Aimone JB, Gage FH. New neurons and new memories: How does adult hippocampal neurogenesis affect learning and memory? Nat Rev Neurosci. 2010;11(5):339-50.
[11] Hasselmo ME. The role of hippocampal regions CA3 and CA1 in matching entorhinal input with retrieval of associations between objects and context. Behav Neurosci. 2005;119(10):342-5.
[12] Paxinos G, Watson W. The rat brain in stereotaxic coordinates. Indonesia: Academic Press; 2007.
[13] Wise-Faberowski L, Zhang H, Ing R, Pearlstein RD, Warner DS. Isoflurane-induced neuronal degeneration: An evaluation in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures. Anesth Analg. 2005;101(3):651-7.
[14] Ibla JC, Hayashi H, Bajic D, Soriano SG. Prolonged exposure to ketamine increases brain derived neurotrophic factor levels in developing rat brains. Curr Drug Saf. 2009;4(1):11-6.
[15]Hughes P, Dragunow M, Beilharz E, Lawlor P, Gluckman P. MK801 induces immediate-early gene proteins and BDNF mRNA in rat cerebrocortical neurones. Neuroreport. 1993;4(2):183-6.
[16]Bhave SV, Hoffman PL. Ethanol promotes apoptosis in cerebellar granule cells by inhibiting the trophic effect of NMDA. J Neurochem. 1997;68(2):578-86.
[17]Hayashi H, Dikkes P, Soriano SG. Repeated administration of ketamine may lead to neuronal degeneration in the developing rat brain. Paediatr Anaesth. 2002;12(9):770-4.
[18] Getova DP, Doncheva ND. Effects of ketamine on memory and nociception in rats. Folia Med. 2011;53(1):53- 9.
[19] Dong C, Rovnaghi CR, Anand KJ. Ketamine alters the neurogenesis of rat cortical neural stem progenitor cells. Folia Med. 2011;53(1):53-9.
[20]Wai MS, Luan P, Jiang Y, Chan WM, Therese YM, Tsui TY, et al. Long term Ketamine and Ketamine plus alcohol toxicity: What can we learn from animal models? Mini Rev Med Chem. 2012 Apr 17. [Epub ahead of print]
[2] Lanning CF, Harmel MH. Ketamine anesthesia. Annu Rev Med. 1975;26:137-41.
[3]Subramaniam K, Subramaniam BD, Steinbrook RA. Ketamine as adjuvant analgesic to opioids: A quantitative and qualitative systematic review. Anesth Analg. 2004;99:482-95.
[4]Hocking G, Cousins MJ. Ketamine in chronic pain management: An evidence-based review. Anesth Analg. 2003;97:1730-49.
[5]Ikonomidou C, Bosch F, Miksa M, Bittigau P, Vockler J, Dikranian K, et al. Blockade of NMDA receptors and apoptotic neurodegeneration in the developing brain. Science. 1999;283:70-4.
[6] Haberny KA, Paule MG, Scallet AC, Sistare FD, Lester DS, Hanig JP, et al. Ontogeny of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor system and susceptibility to neurotoxicity. Toxicol Sci. 2002;68(1):9-17.
[7] Duman RS, Li N, Liu RJ, Duric V, Aghajanian G. Signaling pathways underlying the rapid antidepressant actions of ketamine. Neuropharmacology. 2012;62(1):35-41.
[8] Jevtovic-Todorovic V, Hartman RE, Izumi Y, Benshoff ND, Dikranian K, Zorumski CF, et al. Early exposure to common anesthetic agents causes widespread neurodegeneration in the developing rat brain and persistent learning deficits. J Neurosci. 2003;23(3):876-82.
[9] Yang MY, Ding F, Jiang XG, Wu XX, Gu ZL, Guo CY, et al. Effects of ketamine and alcohol on learning and memory impairment in mice. Fa Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2012;28(2):115-9.
[10] Deng W, Aimone JB, Gage FH. New neurons and new memories: How does adult hippocampal neurogenesis affect learning and memory? Nat Rev Neurosci. 2010;11(5):339-50.
[11] Hasselmo ME. The role of hippocampal regions CA3 and CA1 in matching entorhinal input with retrieval of associations between objects and context. Behav Neurosci. 2005;119(10):342-5.
[12] Paxinos G, Watson W. The rat brain in stereotaxic coordinates. Indonesia: Academic Press; 2007.
[13] Wise-Faberowski L, Zhang H, Ing R, Pearlstein RD, Warner DS. Isoflurane-induced neuronal degeneration: An evaluation in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures. Anesth Analg. 2005;101(3):651-7.
[14] Ibla JC, Hayashi H, Bajic D, Soriano SG. Prolonged exposure to ketamine increases brain derived neurotrophic factor levels in developing rat brains. Curr Drug Saf. 2009;4(1):11-6.
[15]Hughes P, Dragunow M, Beilharz E, Lawlor P, Gluckman P. MK801 induces immediate-early gene proteins and BDNF mRNA in rat cerebrocortical neurones. Neuroreport. 1993;4(2):183-6.
[16]Bhave SV, Hoffman PL. Ethanol promotes apoptosis in cerebellar granule cells by inhibiting the trophic effect of NMDA. J Neurochem. 1997;68(2):578-86.
[17]Hayashi H, Dikkes P, Soriano SG. Repeated administration of ketamine may lead to neuronal degeneration in the developing rat brain. Paediatr Anaesth. 2002;12(9):770-4.
[18] Getova DP, Doncheva ND. Effects of ketamine on memory and nociception in rats. Folia Med. 2011;53(1):53- 9.
[19] Dong C, Rovnaghi CR, Anand KJ. Ketamine alters the neurogenesis of rat cortical neural stem progenitor cells. Folia Med. 2011;53(1):53-9.
[20]Wai MS, Luan P, Jiang Y, Chan WM, Therese YM, Tsui TY, et al. Long term Ketamine and Ketamine plus alcohol toxicity: What can we learn from animal models? Mini Rev Med Chem. 2012 Apr 17. [Epub ahead of print]