@2024 Afarand., IRAN
ISSN: 2383-2150 Journal of Education and Community Health 2018;4(4):56-64
ISSN: 2383-2150 Journal of Education and Community Health 2018;4(4):56-64
Relationship of Perceived Social Support and Self-actualization with Life Expectancy in the Elderly in Tehran
ARTICLE INFO
Article Type
Original ResearchAuthors
Najafi Marzieh (1)Baseri Ahmad (2*)
(1) Department of Psychology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
(2*) Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Imam Hossein University, Tehran, Iran
Correspondence
Address: Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Imam Hossein University, Tehran, IranPhone: -
Fax: -
Ahmadbas@gmail.com
Article History
Received: October 17, 2019Accepted: January 5, 2018
ePublished: March 20, 2018
ABSTRACT
Aims
Given that the elderly population has been increasing in recent years in Iran, studying their life expectancy and its related factors is necessary. Thus, we aimed to examine the relationship of perceived social support and self-actualization with life expectancy in the elderly of Tehran city.
Materials & Methods This descriptive correlational study was conducted on 200 elderly (nursing home residents and non-residents) of Tehran in 2016. The participants were selected using the convenience sampling method. Maslow’s self-actualization, Miller’s life expectancy, and Norbeck’s perceived social support questionnaires were used for data collection. Then, the data were analyzed by using Pearson correlation coefficient and regression analysis in SPSS, version 20.
Findings We found a significant positive relationship between perceived social support and life expectancy, self-actualization and life expectancy, as well as self-actualization and perceived social support in the elderly of Tehran (P<0.05). Also, the results of regression analysis showed that perceived social support and self-actualization had a direct effect on life expectancy. The results also revealed that the effect of perceived social support on life expectancy in nursing home residents was more than in non-residents. Moreover, the effect of self-actualization on life expectancy in non-resident elderlies was stronger than in nursing home residents (P<0.05).
Conclusion Findings of this study suggest that providing suitable grounds for quality improvement and promoting and creating perceived social support and self-actualization in the elderly can enhance their life expectancy.
Materials & Methods This descriptive correlational study was conducted on 200 elderly (nursing home residents and non-residents) of Tehran in 2016. The participants were selected using the convenience sampling method. Maslow’s self-actualization, Miller’s life expectancy, and Norbeck’s perceived social support questionnaires were used for data collection. Then, the data were analyzed by using Pearson correlation coefficient and regression analysis in SPSS, version 20.
Findings We found a significant positive relationship between perceived social support and life expectancy, self-actualization and life expectancy, as well as self-actualization and perceived social support in the elderly of Tehran (P<0.05). Also, the results of regression analysis showed that perceived social support and self-actualization had a direct effect on life expectancy. The results also revealed that the effect of perceived social support on life expectancy in nursing home residents was more than in non-residents. Moreover, the effect of self-actualization on life expectancy in non-resident elderlies was stronger than in nursing home residents (P<0.05).
Conclusion Findings of this study suggest that providing suitable grounds for quality improvement and promoting and creating perceived social support and self-actualization in the elderly can enhance their life expectancy.
CITATION LINKS
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[2]Candeloro JM, Caromano FA. Effects of a hydrotherapy program on flexibility and muscular strength in elderly women. Rev Bras Fisioter. 2007;11(4):267-72.
[3]Golparvar M, Bozorgmehri K, Kazemi MS. Integrative relationship between retirement syndromes components with general health symptoms among retired adults. Iran J Ageing. 2011;6(2):15-25. [Persian]
[4]Sanaei MS, Zardoshtian R, Noruzi HR. The effect of physical activities on quality of life and hope life in older adults of Mazandaran province. Sport Manag Rev. 2013;5(17):135-57. [Persian]
[5]Pasha A, Amini S. Reality therapy impact on life expectancy and anxiety wives of martyrs. J New Find Psychol. 2010;37(9):37-51. [Persian]
[6]Bahadori Khosroshagi G, Hashemi Nosrat Abadi T. The relationship between hope and resilience with Psychological well-Being in Students. J Clin Psychol. 2012;6(22):41-50. [Persian]
[7]Khaledian M, Sohrabi F. The efficacy of group logo therapy on reducing depression and increasing life expectancy in the empty nest syndrome. J Clin Psychol Stud. 2014;4(15):79-104. [Persian]
[8]Griffin B, Loh V, Hesketh B. A mental model of factors associated with subjective life expectancy. Soc Sci Med. 2013;82:79-86. PMID: 23453320 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.01.026
[9]Sanderson CA. Health psychology. 2nd ed. New York: Wiley Global Education; 2012.
[10]Jafarizade H, Seyed Madah SB, Noorozi K, Rahgozar M. Evaluation of care-elderly frail health problems and their carers living in the 13th district of Tehran. Tehran: Old Ideas; 2007. [Persian]
[11]Gallangher LP, Truglio-Londrigan M. Community support: older adult's perceptions. Clin Nurs Res. 2004;13(1):3-23. PMID: 14768765 DOI: 10.1177/1054773803259466
[12]Schultz DP, Schultz SE. Theories of Personality. 11th ed. Boston: Cengage Learning; 2016.
[13]Maslow AH. Motivation and personality. New York: Harper & Row; 1975.
[14]Koltko-Rivera ME. Rediscovering the later version of Maslow's hierarchy of needs: Self-transcendence and opportunities for theory, research, and unification. Rev Gen Psychol. 2006;10(4):302-17.
[15]Sligman MP. Fundamental assumption. Psychologist. 2003;16(3):126-27.
[16]Ghanbari HA, Mojarrad KA, Ghanbari HA. The relationship between older people's mental health with their family support and psychosocial well-being. J Res Rehabilit Sci. 2012;8(6):1123-31. [Persian]
[17]Adams TR, Rabin LA, Da Silva VG, Katz MJ, Fogel J, Lipton RB. Social support buffers the impact of depressive symptoms on life satisfaction in old age. Clin Gerontol. 2016;39(2):139-57. PMID: 27418714 DOI: 10.1080/07317115.2015.1073823
[18]Sadegh ML, Delshad NA, Farhadi A, Nazari S, Eshghizade M, Chopanvafa F, et al. Life satisfaction in older adults: role of perceived social support. J Sabzevar Univ Med Sci. 2015;6(22):1043-51. [Persian]
[19]Kang HW, Park M, Wallace JP. The impact of perceived social support, loneliness, and physical activity on quality of life in South Korean older adults. J Sport Health Sci. 2018;7(2):237-44. DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2016.05.003
[20]Rashedi V, Rezaei M, Gharib M, Nabavi SH. Social support for the elderly: Comparison between home and nursing home. J North Khorasan Univ Med Sci. 2013;5(2):351-6. [Persian]
[21]Hawro T, Maurer M, Hawro M, Kaszuba A, Cierpiałkowska L, Królikowska M, et al. In psoriasis, levels of hope and quality of life are linked. Arch Dermatol Res. 2014;306(7),661-6. PMID: 24566824 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-014-1455-9
[22]Detailed results of the general population and housing census. Statistical Center (Iran). Available at: URL: http://www.amar.org.ir/; 2011.
[23]Pourabdol S, Abbasi M, Pirani Z, Abbasi M. The relationship between life expectancy and psychological well-being with quality of life in the elderly. J Aging Psychol. 2015;1(1):57-65. [Persian]
[24]Jalilian A, Rafiey H. Reliability and validity of the Persian version of norbeck social support questionnaire. [Master Thesis]. Tehran: University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences; 2008. [Persian]
[25]Esmaeil Khani F. Construction and validation of a scale to measure self-actualization & a review of its relationship with psychological tenacity, perfectionism and academic performance of male and female students of Islamic Azad University of Ahvaz. [Master Thesis]. Ahvaz: Islamic Azad University of Ahvaz; 2001. [Persian]
[26]Barzegar Bafrooei K, Kamali Zarch M, Afkhami Aghda M. Comparison of perceived social support and life expectancy in the elderly resident and non-resident of nursing homes in Yazd. Toloo-E-Behdasht. 2015;4(14):88-99. [Persian]
[27]Rimaz S, Gharibnavaz H, Abolghasemi J, Seraji S. The relationship of different dimensions of social support with older adults’ quality of life in the 8th district of Tehran in 2013. J Educ Community Health. 2015;2(1):29-37. [Persian]
[28]Seyfzadeh A. The relationship between perceived social support and health in the elderly adult’s case study: Azarshahr. J Gerontol. 2016;1(1):40-7. DOI: 10.18869/acadpub.joge.1.1.56 [Persian]
[29]Motamedi Shalamzar A, Ejeie J, Azad Fallah P, Kyamanesh AR. Examine the role of social support on life satisfaction, general health and loneliness among the elderly over 60 years old. J Psychol. 2002;6(2):115-33. [Persian]
[30]Sharifi Ali A. A comparison between the level of happiness among the elderly living at home and that of senior home residents. Iran J Ageing. 2011;6(3):49-55. [Persian]
[31]Boero ME, De Francesco A, Vizzuso P, Dessì S. An observational study on the factors of successful aging in a sample of nonagenarian patients in a rehabilitation hospital complex. J Popul Ageing. 2017;10:403-16.
[32]Poorsheikhali F, Alavi HR. Correlation of parents’ religious behavior with family’s emotional relations and students’ self-actualization. J Religion Health. 2015;54(1):235-41. [Persian]
[33]Sijuwade PO. Self-Actualization and locus of control as a function of institutionalization and non-institutionalization in the elderly. Eur J Soc Sci. 2007;4(2):1-6.
[34]Stein E, Ross M. You and your aging parents. New York: Harper and Row; 2005.
[35]Berk L. Development through the lifespan. 4th ed. Boston: Pearson; 2007.
[36]Litwin H. social network type and morale in old age. Gerontologist. 2001;41(4):516-24. PMID: 11490050
[37]Keith KD. Cross-cultural psychology: contemporary themes and perspectives. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons; 2011.