@2024 Afarand., IRAN
ISSN: 2008-2630 Iranian Journal of War & Public Health 2014;6(3):101-107
ISSN: 2008-2630 Iranian Journal of War & Public Health 2014;6(3):101-107
Comparison of Personality Trait and Marital Satisfaction in Veterans with- and without Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
ARTICLE INFO
Article Type
Original ResearchAuthors
Mohammadyfar M.A. (1 )Najafi M. (* )
(* ) Clinical Psychology Department, Psychology and Education Faculty, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran
(1 ) Educational Psychology Department, Psychology and Education Faculty, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran
Correspondence
Article History
Received: September 7, 2013Accepted: March 11, 2014
ePublished: April 2, 2014
ABSTRACT
Aims
Post-traumatic stress disorder has negative consequences on physical,
psychological health and marital satisfaction of veterans. Also, previous studies have
suggested an association between personality and post-traumatic stress. The aim of
present study was the comparison of personality trait and marital satisfaction in
veterans with and without post-traumatic stress disorder.
Materials & Methods In this causal-comparative study, 200 veterans whose names were recorded in the Martyr Foundation and Veterans Affairs Administration of Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari province were selected through cluster random sampling method. The tool that used was Lee and Ashton personality traits questionnaire; ENRICH Marital Satisfaction Scale and the demographic questionnaire. Data were analyzed using multivariate and univariate analyzes of variance.
Findings Marital satisfaction and personality traits scores in the two veterans with and without post-traumatic disorders had significant difference (p<0.001). Veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder reported lower scores in components of personality issues, marital relations, conflict resolution, financial management, leisure, sex, children and marriage. Also, veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder reported lower scores in subscales of extraversion, agreement conscientiousness and openness.
Conclusion Marital satisfaction and personality traits in veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder is less than veterans without post-traumatic stress disorder.
Materials & Methods In this causal-comparative study, 200 veterans whose names were recorded in the Martyr Foundation and Veterans Affairs Administration of Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari province were selected through cluster random sampling method. The tool that used was Lee and Ashton personality traits questionnaire; ENRICH Marital Satisfaction Scale and the demographic questionnaire. Data were analyzed using multivariate and univariate analyzes of variance.
Findings Marital satisfaction and personality traits scores in the two veterans with and without post-traumatic disorders had significant difference (p<0.001). Veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder reported lower scores in components of personality issues, marital relations, conflict resolution, financial management, leisure, sex, children and marriage. Also, veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder reported lower scores in subscales of extraversion, agreement conscientiousness and openness.
Conclusion Marital satisfaction and personality traits in veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder is less than veterans without post-traumatic stress disorder.
CITATION LINKS
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[2]Bradbury TN, Fincham FD, Beach SR. Research on the nature and determinants of marital satisfaction: A decade in review. J Marriage Fam. 2000;62(4):964-80.
[3]Ellis BJ. The evolution of sexual attraction: evaluative mechanisms in women. In: The Adapted Mind : Evolutionary Psychology and the Generation of Culture. Barkow JH, Cosmides L, Tooby J, Editors. New York: Oxford University Press; 1995. pp. 267-288.
[4]Sprecher S, Schwartz P, Harvey J, Hatfield E. The businessoflove.com: Relationship initiation at Internet Matching Services. In: Sprecher S, Wenzel A, Harvey J, Editors. Handbook of Relationship Initiation. New York: Psychology Press; 2008. pp. 249-268.
[5]Orathinkal J, Vansteenwegen A. The effect of forgiveness on marital satisfaction in relation to marital stability. Contemp Fam Ther. 2006;28(2):251-60.
[6]Claxton A, O'Rourke N, Smith JZ, DeLongis A. Personality traits and marital satisfaction within enduring relationships: An intra-couple discrepancy approach. J Soc Pers Relat. 2012;29(3):375-96.
[7]Radfar Sh, Haghani H, Tavalaei SA, Modirian E, Falahati M. Evaluation of mental health state in veterans family (15-18 Y/O Adolescents). J Mil Med.2005;7(3):203-9. [Persian]
[8]Safdari R, Akbari M, Tofighi S, Moinolghorabaei M, Karami G. A comparative survey of clinical information management system of war-related mental diseases. Payavard Salamat. 2009;3(2):57-64.
[9]Khodaeeardakani M, Karami GH. The prevalence of psychiatric disorders in veterans of Iraq war against Iran. Tehran: Fourth Symposium on the prevention and treatment of neurological complications; 2009.
[10]Gordon KC, Baucom DH. A multitheoretical intervention for promoting recovery from extramarital affairs. Clin Psychol Sci Prac. 2000;6(4):382-99.
[11]Salimi SH, Azad-Marzabadi E, Karaminia R, Mirzamani M, Hosseini-Sangtrashani A. Being a wife of a veteran with psychiatric problem of chemical warfare exposure: A preliminary report from Iran. Iran J Psychiatr. 2006;1(2):65-9.
[12]Johnson H, Thompson A. The development and maintenance of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in civilian adult survivors of war trauma and torture: A review. Clin Psychol Rev. 2008;28(1):36-47.
[13]Caughlin JP, Huston TL, Houts RM. How does personality matter in marriage? An examination of trait anxiety, interpersonal negativity, and marital satisfaction. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2000;78(2):326-36.
[14]Cloninger CR. Biology of personality dimensions. Curr Opin Psychiatr. 2000;13(6):611-16.
[15]Malouff JM, Thorsteinsson EB, Schutte NS, Bhullar N, Rooke SE. The five-factor model of personality and relationship satisfaction of intimate partners: A meta-analysis. J Res Pers. 2010;44(1):124-7.
[16]Baron KG, Smith TW, Butner J, Nealey-Moore J, Hawkins MW, Uchino BN. Hostility, anger and marital adjustment: Concurrent and prospective association with psychosocial vulnerability. J Behav Med. 2007;30(1):1-10.
[17]Fauerbach JA, Lawrence JW, Schmidt CW, Munster IS, Costa PT. Personality predictors of injury-related posttraumatic stress disorder. J Nervous Ment Dis. 2000;188(8):510-7.
[18]Hyer L, Braswell L, Albrecht B, Boyd S, Boudewyns P, Talbert S. Relationship of NEO-PI to personality styles and severity of trauma in chronic PTSD victims. J Clin Psychol. 1994;50(5):699-707.
[19]Zhang X, Liu M, Zhu M, Shi J, Cheng L. Personality predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder in orphaned survivors of the Sichuan earthquake. Soc Behav Pers. 2010;38(8):1057-60.
[20]Watson D, Hubbard B, Wiese D. General traits of personality and affectivity as predictor of satisfaction in intimate relationship: Evidence from self and partner-ratings. J Pers. 2000;68(3):413-49.
[21]Donnellan MB, Conger RD, Bryant CM. The big five and enduring marriages. J Res Pers. 2004;38(5):481-504.
[22]Rajabi G, Nabgani K. Relationship between personality characteristics and components of love with marital satisfaction in married employees of public administration in Ahwaz. Couns Res Dev. 2007;7(25):7-25.
[23]Cook JM, Riggs DS, Thompson R, Coyne JC, Shiekh JI. Post-traumatic stress disorder and current relationship functioning among World War II exprisoners of war. J Fam Psychol. 2004;18(1):36-45.
[24]Nateghian S, Mollazadeh J, Gudarzi MA, Rahimi CH. Forgiveness and marital satisfaction in combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder and their wives. Fundam Ment Health. 2008;10(37):33-46. [Persian]
[25]Cox BJ, MacPherson PS, Enns MW, McWilliams LA. Neuroticism and self-criticism associated with posttraumatic stress disorder in a nationally representative sample. Behav Res Ther. 2004;42(1):105-14.
[26]Gil S. Pre-traumatic personality as a predictor of posttraumatic stress disorder among undergraduate students exposed to a terrorist attack: A prospective study in Israel. Pers Individual Differ. 2005;39(4):819-27.
[27]Engelhard IM, van den Hout MA. Preexisting neuroticism, subjective stressor severity, and posttraumatic stress in soldiers deployed to Iraq. Can J Psychiatr. 2007;52(2):505-9.
[28]Miller MW, Resick PA. Internalizing and externalizing subtypes in female sexual assault survivors: Implications for the understanding of complex PTSD. Behav Ther. 2007;38(1),58-71.
[29]Wolf EJ, Miller MW, Harrington KM, Reardon A. Personality-based latent classes of posttraumatic psychopathology: Personality disorders and the internalizing/externalizing model. J Abnorm Psychol. 2012;121(1):256-62.
[30]James LM, Van Kampen E, Miller RD, Engdahl BE. Risk and protective factors associated with symptoms of post-traumatic stress, depression, and alcohol misuse in OEF/OIF veterans. Mil Med. 2013;178(2):159:65.
[31]Ahmadi K, Zarei A, Arabnia AR. The study of effective factors on marital adjusment among veterans with PTSD. J Mil Med. 2006;8(3):165-74. [Persian]
[32]Jakšić N, Brajković1 L, Ivezić E, Topić R, Jakovljević M. The role of personality traits in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Psychiatr Danub. 2012;24(3):256-66.
[33]Fowers BJ, Olson DH. Predicting marital success with prepare: A predictive validity study. J Marital Fam Ther. 1986;12(4):403-13.
[34]http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1752-0606.1986.tb00673.x/abstract?deniedAccessCustomisedMessage=&userIsAuthenticated=false
[35]Lee K, Ashton MC. Psychometric properties of the HEXACO personality inventory. Multivariate Behav Res. 2004;39(2):329-58.
[36]Palahang H, Neshatdoost HT, Molavi H. Normalization factor personality questionnaire hexaco-pi-r 6 students. Mode Psychol Res. 2009;4(1):43-61. [Persian]
[37]Sherman M, Zanotti D, Jones DE. Key elements in couples therapy with veterans with combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Prof Psychol Res Prac. 2005;36(6):626-33.
[38]Dabbaghi P, Bolhari J. The Effect of war related PTSD on wife’s marital satisfaction, mental health and children’s behavioral problems. J Iran Army Uni Med Sci. 2009;7(1):1-7.
[39]Klaric M, Franciskovic T, Stevanovic A, Petrov B, Jonovska S, Moro IN. Marital quality and relationship satisfaction in war veterans and their wives in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Eur J Psychotraumatol. 2011;2:8077.
[40]Zarrabi H, Najafi K, Shirazi M, Farahi H, Nazifi F, Tadrisi M. The impact of postraumatic stress disorder on partner iranian veterans. Acta Medica Iranica. 2008;46(2):120-4.
[41]Cook A, Spinazzola J, Ford J, Lanktree C, Blaustein M, Cloitre M, et al. Complex trauma in children and adolescents. Psychiatric Ann. 2005;35(5):390-9.
[42]Knežević G, Opačić G, Savić D, Priebe S. Do personality traits predict post-traumatic stress?: A prospective study in civilians experiencing air attacks. Psychol Med. 2005;35(5):659-63.
[43]Breslau N, David GC, Andreski P, Peterson E. Traumatic events and post-traumatic stress disorder in an urban population of young adults. Arch Gen Psychiatr. 1991:48(3):216-22.
[44]Fauerbach JA, Lawrence JW, Schmidt CW, Munster AM, Costa PT. Personality predictors of injury-related posttraumatic stress disorder. J Nervous Ment Dis. 2000;188(8):510-7.
[45]Poorafshar S, Ahmadinodeh K, Eliasi MH. Evaluation of secondary PTSD and marital satisfaction among wives of veterans with PTSD. Mil Psychol. 2009;1(1):67-76. [Persian]
[46]Jakovljević M, Brajković L, Jakšić N, Lončar M, Aukst Margetić B, Lasić D. Posttrumatic stress disorders (PTSD) from different perspectives: A transdisciplinary integrative approach. Psychiatr Danub. 2012;24(3):246-55.
[47]Sutker PB, Davis JM, Uddo M, Ditta SR. War zone stress, personal resources and PYSD in Persian Gulf War returnees. J Abnorm Psychol. 1995;104(3):444-52.
[48]Lecic-Tosevski D, Gavrilovic J, Knesevic K, Priebe S. Personality factors and posttraumatic stress: Associations in civilians one year after air attacks. J Pers Disord. 2003;17(6):537-49.
[49]Ožura A, Ihan A, Musek J. Can the big five factors of personality predict lymphocyte counts?. Psychiatr Danub. 2012;24(1):66-72.
[50]Bouchard TJ, McGue M. Genetic and environmental influences on human psychological differences. J Neurobiol. 2003;54(1):4-45.
[51]Korotkov D. Does personality moderate the relationship between stress and health behavior? Expanding the nomological network of the five-factor model. J Res Pers. 2008;42(6);1418-26.
[52]Lee-Baggley D, Preece M, Delgonis A. Coping with interpersonal stress: Role of big five traits. J Pers. 2005;73(5):1141-80.
[2]Bradbury TN, Fincham FD, Beach SR. Research on the nature and determinants of marital satisfaction: A decade in review. J Marriage Fam. 2000;62(4):964-80.
[3]Ellis BJ. The evolution of sexual attraction: evaluative mechanisms in women. In: The Adapted Mind : Evolutionary Psychology and the Generation of Culture. Barkow JH, Cosmides L, Tooby J, Editors. New York: Oxford University Press; 1995. pp. 267-288.
[4]Sprecher S, Schwartz P, Harvey J, Hatfield E. The businessoflove.com: Relationship initiation at Internet Matching Services. In: Sprecher S, Wenzel A, Harvey J, Editors. Handbook of Relationship Initiation. New York: Psychology Press; 2008. pp. 249-268.
[5]Orathinkal J, Vansteenwegen A. The effect of forgiveness on marital satisfaction in relation to marital stability. Contemp Fam Ther. 2006;28(2):251-60.
[6]Claxton A, O'Rourke N, Smith JZ, DeLongis A. Personality traits and marital satisfaction within enduring relationships: An intra-couple discrepancy approach. J Soc Pers Relat. 2012;29(3):375-96.
[7]Radfar Sh, Haghani H, Tavalaei SA, Modirian E, Falahati M. Evaluation of mental health state in veterans family (15-18 Y/O Adolescents). J Mil Med.2005;7(3):203-9. [Persian]
[8]Safdari R, Akbari M, Tofighi S, Moinolghorabaei M, Karami G. A comparative survey of clinical information management system of war-related mental diseases. Payavard Salamat. 2009;3(2):57-64.
[9]Khodaeeardakani M, Karami GH. The prevalence of psychiatric disorders in veterans of Iraq war against Iran. Tehran: Fourth Symposium on the prevention and treatment of neurological complications; 2009.
[10]Gordon KC, Baucom DH. A multitheoretical intervention for promoting recovery from extramarital affairs. Clin Psychol Sci Prac. 2000;6(4):382-99.
[11]Salimi SH, Azad-Marzabadi E, Karaminia R, Mirzamani M, Hosseini-Sangtrashani A. Being a wife of a veteran with psychiatric problem of chemical warfare exposure: A preliminary report from Iran. Iran J Psychiatr. 2006;1(2):65-9.
[12]Johnson H, Thompson A. The development and maintenance of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in civilian adult survivors of war trauma and torture: A review. Clin Psychol Rev. 2008;28(1):36-47.
[13]Caughlin JP, Huston TL, Houts RM. How does personality matter in marriage? An examination of trait anxiety, interpersonal negativity, and marital satisfaction. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2000;78(2):326-36.
[14]Cloninger CR. Biology of personality dimensions. Curr Opin Psychiatr. 2000;13(6):611-16.
[15]Malouff JM, Thorsteinsson EB, Schutte NS, Bhullar N, Rooke SE. The five-factor model of personality and relationship satisfaction of intimate partners: A meta-analysis. J Res Pers. 2010;44(1):124-7.
[16]Baron KG, Smith TW, Butner J, Nealey-Moore J, Hawkins MW, Uchino BN. Hostility, anger and marital adjustment: Concurrent and prospective association with psychosocial vulnerability. J Behav Med. 2007;30(1):1-10.
[17]Fauerbach JA, Lawrence JW, Schmidt CW, Munster IS, Costa PT. Personality predictors of injury-related posttraumatic stress disorder. J Nervous Ment Dis. 2000;188(8):510-7.
[18]Hyer L, Braswell L, Albrecht B, Boyd S, Boudewyns P, Talbert S. Relationship of NEO-PI to personality styles and severity of trauma in chronic PTSD victims. J Clin Psychol. 1994;50(5):699-707.
[19]Zhang X, Liu M, Zhu M, Shi J, Cheng L. Personality predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder in orphaned survivors of the Sichuan earthquake. Soc Behav Pers. 2010;38(8):1057-60.
[20]Watson D, Hubbard B, Wiese D. General traits of personality and affectivity as predictor of satisfaction in intimate relationship: Evidence from self and partner-ratings. J Pers. 2000;68(3):413-49.
[21]Donnellan MB, Conger RD, Bryant CM. The big five and enduring marriages. J Res Pers. 2004;38(5):481-504.
[22]Rajabi G, Nabgani K. Relationship between personality characteristics and components of love with marital satisfaction in married employees of public administration in Ahwaz. Couns Res Dev. 2007;7(25):7-25.
[23]Cook JM, Riggs DS, Thompson R, Coyne JC, Shiekh JI. Post-traumatic stress disorder and current relationship functioning among World War II exprisoners of war. J Fam Psychol. 2004;18(1):36-45.
[24]Nateghian S, Mollazadeh J, Gudarzi MA, Rahimi CH. Forgiveness and marital satisfaction in combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder and their wives. Fundam Ment Health. 2008;10(37):33-46. [Persian]
[25]Cox BJ, MacPherson PS, Enns MW, McWilliams LA. Neuroticism and self-criticism associated with posttraumatic stress disorder in a nationally representative sample. Behav Res Ther. 2004;42(1):105-14.
[26]Gil S. Pre-traumatic personality as a predictor of posttraumatic stress disorder among undergraduate students exposed to a terrorist attack: A prospective study in Israel. Pers Individual Differ. 2005;39(4):819-27.
[27]Engelhard IM, van den Hout MA. Preexisting neuroticism, subjective stressor severity, and posttraumatic stress in soldiers deployed to Iraq. Can J Psychiatr. 2007;52(2):505-9.
[28]Miller MW, Resick PA. Internalizing and externalizing subtypes in female sexual assault survivors: Implications for the understanding of complex PTSD. Behav Ther. 2007;38(1),58-71.
[29]Wolf EJ, Miller MW, Harrington KM, Reardon A. Personality-based latent classes of posttraumatic psychopathology: Personality disorders and the internalizing/externalizing model. J Abnorm Psychol. 2012;121(1):256-62.
[30]James LM, Van Kampen E, Miller RD, Engdahl BE. Risk and protective factors associated with symptoms of post-traumatic stress, depression, and alcohol misuse in OEF/OIF veterans. Mil Med. 2013;178(2):159:65.
[31]Ahmadi K, Zarei A, Arabnia AR. The study of effective factors on marital adjusment among veterans with PTSD. J Mil Med. 2006;8(3):165-74. [Persian]
[32]Jakšić N, Brajković1 L, Ivezić E, Topić R, Jakovljević M. The role of personality traits in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Psychiatr Danub. 2012;24(3):256-66.
[33]Fowers BJ, Olson DH. Predicting marital success with prepare: A predictive validity study. J Marital Fam Ther. 1986;12(4):403-13.
[34]http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1752-0606.1986.tb00673.x/abstract?deniedAccessCustomisedMessage=&userIsAuthenticated=false
[35]Lee K, Ashton MC. Psychometric properties of the HEXACO personality inventory. Multivariate Behav Res. 2004;39(2):329-58.
[36]Palahang H, Neshatdoost HT, Molavi H. Normalization factor personality questionnaire hexaco-pi-r 6 students. Mode Psychol Res. 2009;4(1):43-61. [Persian]
[37]Sherman M, Zanotti D, Jones DE. Key elements in couples therapy with veterans with combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Prof Psychol Res Prac. 2005;36(6):626-33.
[38]Dabbaghi P, Bolhari J. The Effect of war related PTSD on wife’s marital satisfaction, mental health and children’s behavioral problems. J Iran Army Uni Med Sci. 2009;7(1):1-7.
[39]Klaric M, Franciskovic T, Stevanovic A, Petrov B, Jonovska S, Moro IN. Marital quality and relationship satisfaction in war veterans and their wives in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Eur J Psychotraumatol. 2011;2:8077.
[40]Zarrabi H, Najafi K, Shirazi M, Farahi H, Nazifi F, Tadrisi M. The impact of postraumatic stress disorder on partner iranian veterans. Acta Medica Iranica. 2008;46(2):120-4.
[41]Cook A, Spinazzola J, Ford J, Lanktree C, Blaustein M, Cloitre M, et al. Complex trauma in children and adolescents. Psychiatric Ann. 2005;35(5):390-9.
[42]Knežević G, Opačić G, Savić D, Priebe S. Do personality traits predict post-traumatic stress?: A prospective study in civilians experiencing air attacks. Psychol Med. 2005;35(5):659-63.
[43]Breslau N, David GC, Andreski P, Peterson E. Traumatic events and post-traumatic stress disorder in an urban population of young adults. Arch Gen Psychiatr. 1991:48(3):216-22.
[44]Fauerbach JA, Lawrence JW, Schmidt CW, Munster AM, Costa PT. Personality predictors of injury-related posttraumatic stress disorder. J Nervous Ment Dis. 2000;188(8):510-7.
[45]Poorafshar S, Ahmadinodeh K, Eliasi MH. Evaluation of secondary PTSD and marital satisfaction among wives of veterans with PTSD. Mil Psychol. 2009;1(1):67-76. [Persian]
[46]Jakovljević M, Brajković L, Jakšić N, Lončar M, Aukst Margetić B, Lasić D. Posttrumatic stress disorders (PTSD) from different perspectives: A transdisciplinary integrative approach. Psychiatr Danub. 2012;24(3):246-55.
[47]Sutker PB, Davis JM, Uddo M, Ditta SR. War zone stress, personal resources and PYSD in Persian Gulf War returnees. J Abnorm Psychol. 1995;104(3):444-52.
[48]Lecic-Tosevski D, Gavrilovic J, Knesevic K, Priebe S. Personality factors and posttraumatic stress: Associations in civilians one year after air attacks. J Pers Disord. 2003;17(6):537-49.
[49]Ožura A, Ihan A, Musek J. Can the big five factors of personality predict lymphocyte counts?. Psychiatr Danub. 2012;24(1):66-72.
[50]Bouchard TJ, McGue M. Genetic and environmental influences on human psychological differences. J Neurobiol. 2003;54(1):4-45.
[51]Korotkov D. Does personality moderate the relationship between stress and health behavior? Expanding the nomological network of the five-factor model. J Res Pers. 2008;42(6);1418-26.
[52]Lee-Baggley D, Preece M, Delgonis A. Coping with interpersonal stress: Role of big five traits. J Pers. 2005;73(5):1141-80.