@2024 Afarand., IRAN
ISSN: 2008-2630 Iranian Journal of War & Public Health 2016;8(4):225-233
ISSN: 2008-2630 Iranian Journal of War & Public Health 2016;8(4):225-233
Role of Secondary Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Resilience on Academic Motivation and Performance of Veterans’ Student Children
ARTICLE INFO
Article Type
Descriptive & Survey StudyAuthors
Rezapour Mirsaleh Y. (* )Behjat Manesh A. (1)
Tavallaei S.V. (2)
(* ) Counseling Department, Education & Psychology Faculty, Ardakan University, Ardakan, Iran
(1) Education Department, Humanities Science Faculty, Ardakan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ardakan, Iran
(2) Counseling Department, Education & Psychology Faculty, Ardakan University, Ardakan, Iran
Correspondence
Address: Yazd Province, Ardakan City, Ayatollah Khatami Boulvared, Ardakan University, Faculty of Education and PsychologyPhone: +98 (35) 32240991
Fax: +98 (35) 32240991
y.rezapour@ardakan.ac.ir
Article History
Received: May 19, 2016Accepted: September 14, 2016
ePublished: November 21, 2016
ABSTRACT
Aims
The secondary PTSD is a type of post trauma stress disorders that can throw other family members into mental disorders. It is supposed that the secondary PTSD might lead to some educational problems, such as the decline in the academic performance and motivation, in the children of such families. The aim of the study was to investigate the roles of the secondary PTSD and resilience in the academic performance and motivations in the veterans’ children.
Instrument & Methods In the correlational descriptive-analytic study, 187 high-school students, who were the children of veterans, were studied in Ardacan and Meybod townships in the academic year 2014-15. The subjects were selectd by available sampling method. Data was collected using the secondary trauma stress scale (STSS), the resilience scale (CD-RICS), and the academic motivation scale (AMS), as well as the students’ semester GPAs. Data was analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis tests.
Findings The secondary PTSD significantly and reversely correlated with performance (r=-0.37) and the academic motivation (r=-0.39). Nevertheless, resilience significantly and positively correlated with performance (r=0.54) and the academic motivation (r=0.56; p<0.01). In addition, the secondary PTSD and resilience could predict the students’ motivation and academic performance, showing a stronger predicting role for resilience than the secondary PTSD (p<0.05).
Conclusion The secondary PTSD and resilience might have a significant role in the prediction of the motivation and the academic performance in the students who are veternas’ children.
Instrument & Methods In the correlational descriptive-analytic study, 187 high-school students, who were the children of veterans, were studied in Ardacan and Meybod townships in the academic year 2014-15. The subjects were selectd by available sampling method. Data was collected using the secondary trauma stress scale (STSS), the resilience scale (CD-RICS), and the academic motivation scale (AMS), as well as the students’ semester GPAs. Data was analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis tests.
Findings The secondary PTSD significantly and reversely correlated with performance (r=-0.37) and the academic motivation (r=-0.39). Nevertheless, resilience significantly and positively correlated with performance (r=0.54) and the academic motivation (r=0.56; p<0.01). In addition, the secondary PTSD and resilience could predict the students’ motivation and academic performance, showing a stronger predicting role for resilience than the secondary PTSD (p<0.05).
Conclusion The secondary PTSD and resilience might have a significant role in the prediction of the motivation and the academic performance in the students who are veternas’ children.
Keywords:
Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic ,
Resilience, Psychological ,
Motivation,
Academic Performance ,
Veterans,
CITATION LINKS
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[29]King LA, King DW, Fairbank JA, Keane TM, Adams GA. Resilience–recovery factors in post-traumatic stress disorder among female and male Vietnam veterans: Hardiness, postwar social support, and additional stressful life events. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1998;74(2):420-34.
[30]Richardson GE. The metatheory of resilience and resiliency. J Clin Psychol. 2002;58(3):307-21.
[31]Harvey J, Delfabbro PH. Psychological resilience in disadvantaged youth: A critical overview. Aust Psychol. 2004;39(1):3-13.
[32]Tugade MM, Fredrickson BL. Resilient individuals use positive emotions to bounce back from negative emotional experiences. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2004;86(2):320-33.
[33]Betancourt TS, Khan KT. The mental health of children affected by armed conflict: protective processes and pathways to resilience. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2008;20(3):317-28.
[34]Finley EP, Pugh MJ, Palmer RF. Validation of a measure of family resilience among iraq and afghanistan veterans. Mili Behav Health. 2016;4(3):1-5.
[35]Sutherland JA, Cook L, Stetina P, Hernandez C. Women in substance abuse recovery: Measures of resilience and self-differentiation. West J Nurs Res. 2009;31(7):905-22.
[36]MacDermid Wadsworth SM. Family risk and resilience in the context of war and terrorism. J Marriage Fam. 2010;72(3):537-56.
[37]Bride BE, Robinson MM, Yegidis B, Figley CR. Development and validation of the secondary traumatic stress scale. Res Soc Work Pract. 2004;14(1):27-35.
[38]Ahmadi K, Rezapour Y, Davoudi F, Saberi M. Investigate of validity and reliability of secondary trauma stress scale for evaluation of ptsd symptoms in samples of warfare victims’ wives. Iran J War Public Health. 2013;5(3):47-57. [Persian]
[39]Rezapour Mirsaleh Y, Ahmadi K, Davoudi F, Mousavi SZ. Validity, reliability, and factor structure of secondary trauma stress scale (STSS) in a sample of warfare victims’ children. Iran J Psychiatry Clin PSychol. 2014;20(2):134-43. [Persian]
[40]Connor KM, Davidson JR. Development of a new resilience scale: The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD‐RISC). Depress Anxiety. 2003;18(2):76-82.
[41]Keyhani M, Taghvaei D, Rajabi A, Amirpour B. internal consistency and confirmatory factor analysis of the connor-davidson resilience scale (CD-RISC) among nursing female. Iran J Med Educ. 2015;14(10):857-65. [Persian]
[42]Bahrani M. A study of secondary students' academic motivation and the predictive factors. J Soc Sci Human Shiraz Univ. 2005;22(4);104-15. [Persian]
[43]Sayers SL, Farrow VA, Ross J, Oslin DW. Family problems among recently returned military veterans referred for a mental health evaluation. J Clin Psychiatry. 2009;70(2):163-70.
[44]Caselli LT, Motta RW. The effect of PTSD and combat level on Vietnam veterans' perceptions of child behavior and marital adjustment. J Clin Psychol. 1995;51(1):4-12.
[45]Rosenheck R, Fontana A. Transgenerational effects of abusive violence on the children of Vietnam combat veterans. J Trauma Stress. 1998;11(4):731-42.
[46]Astin MC, Lawrence KJ, Foy DW. Posttraumatic stress disorder among battered women: Risk and resiliency factors. Violence Vict. 1993;8(1):17-28.
[47]Saltzman WR, Lester P, Beardslee WR, Layne CM, Woodward K, Nash WP. Mechanisms of risk and resilience in military families: Theoretical and empirical basis of a family-focused resilience enhancement program. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev. 2011;14(3):213-30.
[2]Jenkins SR, Baird S. Secondary traumatic stress and vicarious trauma: A validational study. J Trauma Stress. 2002;15(5):423-32.
[3]Jordan BK, Marmar CR, Fairbank JA, Schlenger WE, Kulka RA, Hough RL, et al. Problems in families of male Vietnam veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1992;60(6):916-26.
[4]Parsons J, Kehle TJ, Owen SV. Incidence of behavior problems among children of Vietnam war veterans. Sch Psychol Int. 1990;11(4):253-9.
[5]Davidson AC, Mellor DJ. The adjustment of children of Australian Vietnam veterans: Is there evidence for the transgenerational transmission of the effects of war-related trauma?. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2001;35(3):345-51.
[6]Solomon Z. The impact of posttraumatic stress disorder in military situations. J Clin Psychiatry. 2001;62(Suppl 17):11-5.
[7]Agaibi CE, Wilson JP. Trauma, PTSD, and resilience: A review of the literature. Trauma Violence Abuse. 2005;6(3):195-216.
[8]Waysman M, Mikulincer M, Solomon Z, Weisenberg M. Secondary traumatization among wives of posttraumatic combat veterans: A family typology. J Fam Psychol. 1993;7(1):104-18.
[9]Sullivan K, Barr N, Kintzle S, Gilreath T, Castro CA. PTSD and physical health symptoms among veterans: Association with child and relationship functioning. Marriage Fam Rev. 2016;52(7):1-7.
[10]Kerr ME, Bowen M. Family evaluation: An approach based on Bowen theory. New York: Norton & Company; 1988.
[11]Goldenberg H, Goldenberg I. Family therapy: An overview. Belmont: homson Brooks/Cole Publishing Co; 2012.
[12]Dekel R. Couple forgiveness, self-differentiation and secondary traumatization among wives of former POWs. J Soc Pers Relat. 2010;27(7):924-37.
[13]Solomon Z, Dekel R, Zerach G, Horesh D. Differentiation of the self and posttraumatic symptomatology among ex‐POWs and their wives. J Marital Fam Ther. 2009;35(1):60-73.
[14]Haley SA. The Vietnam veteran and his preschool child: Child rearing as a delayed stress in combat veterans. J Contemp Psychother. 1984;14(1):114-21.
[15]Cohen E, Zerach G, Solomon Z. The implication of combat-induced stress reaction, PTSD, and attachment in parenting among war veterans. J Fam Psychol. 2011;25(5):688-98.
[16]Boss P, Couden BA. Ambiguous loss from chronic physical illness: Clinical interventions with individuals, couples, and families. J Clin Psychol. 2002;58(11):1351-60.
[17]Ahmadzadeh GH, Malekian A. Aggression, anxiety & social development in adolescent children of war veterans with PTSD versus those of nonveterans. Yafteh. 2004;5(4):63-9. [Persian]
[18]Radfar Sh, Haghani H, Tavalaei SA, Modirian E, Falahati M. Evaluation of mental health state in veterans family (15-18 Y/O Adolescents). J Mil Med. 2005;7(3):203-9. [Persian]
[19]Haydari Pahlavian A, Farzad Seear K, Eqbalian M. The effect of psycho-social and educational factors on school performance among shahed students. Iran J Psychiatry Clin Psychol. 2000;6(1):60-8. [Persian]
[20]Klarić M, Frančišković T, Klarić B, Kvesić A, Kaštelan A, Graovac M, Diminić Lisica I. Psychological problems in children of war veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Cross-sectional study. Croat Med J. 2008;49(4):491-8.
[21]Vallerand RJ, Pelletier LG, Blais MR, Briere NM, Senecal C, Vallieres EF. The Academic Motivation Scale: A measure of intrinsic, extrinsic, and motivation in education. Educ Psychol Meas. 1992;52(4):1003-17.
[22]Rivkin SG, Hanushek EA, Kain JF. Teachers, schools, and academic performance. Econometrica. 2005;73(2):417-58.
[23]Ruscio AM, Weathers FW, King LA, King DW. Male war-zone veterans' perceived relationships with their children: The importance of emotional numbing. J Trauma Stress. 2002;15(5):351-7.
[24]Harkness LL. Transgenerational transmission of war-related trauma. In: Wilson JP, Raphael B, editors. International handbook of traumatic stress syndromes. New York: Plenum; 1993. pp. 635-43.
[25]Davis-Kean PE. The influence of parent education and family income on child achievement: The indirect role of parental expectations and the home environment. J Fam Psychol. 2005;19(2):294-304.
[26]Rosenheck R. Impact of posttraumatic stress disorder of World War II on the next generation. J Nerv Ment Dis.1986;174(6):319-27.
[27]Lopez EE, Pérez SM, Ochoa GM, Ruiz DM. Adolescent aggression: Effects of gender and family and school environments. J Adolesc. 2008;31(4):433-50.
[28]Sharifi Rad G, Matlabi M, Taghdisi M. The comparative survey of over 25% of war handicapped children students educational condition infected with Post Stress Trauma Disorder (PTSD) and non-war handicapped children students of Chaharmahal-Bakhtiary, Iran. Horizon Med Sci. 2006;12(1):28-33. [Persian]
[29]King LA, King DW, Fairbank JA, Keane TM, Adams GA. Resilience–recovery factors in post-traumatic stress disorder among female and male Vietnam veterans: Hardiness, postwar social support, and additional stressful life events. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1998;74(2):420-34.
[30]Richardson GE. The metatheory of resilience and resiliency. J Clin Psychol. 2002;58(3):307-21.
[31]Harvey J, Delfabbro PH. Psychological resilience in disadvantaged youth: A critical overview. Aust Psychol. 2004;39(1):3-13.
[32]Tugade MM, Fredrickson BL. Resilient individuals use positive emotions to bounce back from negative emotional experiences. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2004;86(2):320-33.
[33]Betancourt TS, Khan KT. The mental health of children affected by armed conflict: protective processes and pathways to resilience. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2008;20(3):317-28.
[34]Finley EP, Pugh MJ, Palmer RF. Validation of a measure of family resilience among iraq and afghanistan veterans. Mili Behav Health. 2016;4(3):1-5.
[35]Sutherland JA, Cook L, Stetina P, Hernandez C. Women in substance abuse recovery: Measures of resilience and self-differentiation. West J Nurs Res. 2009;31(7):905-22.
[36]MacDermid Wadsworth SM. Family risk and resilience in the context of war and terrorism. J Marriage Fam. 2010;72(3):537-56.
[37]Bride BE, Robinson MM, Yegidis B, Figley CR. Development and validation of the secondary traumatic stress scale. Res Soc Work Pract. 2004;14(1):27-35.
[38]Ahmadi K, Rezapour Y, Davoudi F, Saberi M. Investigate of validity and reliability of secondary trauma stress scale for evaluation of ptsd symptoms in samples of warfare victims’ wives. Iran J War Public Health. 2013;5(3):47-57. [Persian]
[39]Rezapour Mirsaleh Y, Ahmadi K, Davoudi F, Mousavi SZ. Validity, reliability, and factor structure of secondary trauma stress scale (STSS) in a sample of warfare victims’ children. Iran J Psychiatry Clin PSychol. 2014;20(2):134-43. [Persian]
[40]Connor KM, Davidson JR. Development of a new resilience scale: The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD‐RISC). Depress Anxiety. 2003;18(2):76-82.
[41]Keyhani M, Taghvaei D, Rajabi A, Amirpour B. internal consistency and confirmatory factor analysis of the connor-davidson resilience scale (CD-RISC) among nursing female. Iran J Med Educ. 2015;14(10):857-65. [Persian]
[42]Bahrani M. A study of secondary students' academic motivation and the predictive factors. J Soc Sci Human Shiraz Univ. 2005;22(4);104-15. [Persian]
[43]Sayers SL, Farrow VA, Ross J, Oslin DW. Family problems among recently returned military veterans referred for a mental health evaluation. J Clin Psychiatry. 2009;70(2):163-70.
[44]Caselli LT, Motta RW. The effect of PTSD and combat level on Vietnam veterans' perceptions of child behavior and marital adjustment. J Clin Psychol. 1995;51(1):4-12.
[45]Rosenheck R, Fontana A. Transgenerational effects of abusive violence on the children of Vietnam combat veterans. J Trauma Stress. 1998;11(4):731-42.
[46]Astin MC, Lawrence KJ, Foy DW. Posttraumatic stress disorder among battered women: Risk and resiliency factors. Violence Vict. 1993;8(1):17-28.
[47]Saltzman WR, Lester P, Beardslee WR, Layne CM, Woodward K, Nash WP. Mechanisms of risk and resilience in military families: Theoretical and empirical basis of a family-focused resilience enhancement program. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev. 2011;14(3):213-30.