@2024 Afarand., IRAN
ISSN: 2252-0805 The Horizon of Medical Sciences 2013;19(1):7-10
ISSN: 2252-0805 The Horizon of Medical Sciences 2013;19(1):7-10
Comparison of Analgesic Effect of Ethanolic Extract of Scrophularia Megalanta and Diclofenac in Male Rats
ARTICLE INFO
Article Type
Original ResearchAuthors
Soufiabadi M. (*)(*) “Cellular & Molecular Research Center”, & “Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine”, Qazvin University of Medical Science, Qazvin, Iran
Correspondence
Address: Physiology Department, Medical Faculty, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Bahonar Boulevard, Qazvin, Iran. Postal Code: 3419759811Phone: +989128811731
Fax: +982813324971
mohasofi@yahoo.com
Article History
Received: September 3, 2011Accepted: March 4, 2013
ePublished: March 10, 2013
ABSTRACT
Aims
Considering the numerous side effects of common analgesic drugs, finding proper analgesic drugs is important. The Scrophularia is a plant that contains appropriate antiinflammatory compounds. In this study the analgesic effect of diclofenac drug and ethanolic extract made of aerial parts of Scrophularia Megalanta was studied in male rats by formalin inflammatory model.
Materials & Methods Using 48 male rats and applying the formalin test pain model, the pain behavior was examined by intraperitoneal injection of 25, 50, 100 and 200mg/kg concentrations of extract in four treatment groups with diclofenac and control groups. Observation of pain behavior was done for each 15 seconds and total of 60 minutes after the formalin injection and the collected data was calculated for each rat averagely. The findings of different groups of the test at two acute and chronic stages was separately analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey tests using SPSS 15 software.
Findings Both acute and chronic phases of pain resulting from the formalin injection were observed in all groups. In the acute phase, administration of 50mg (p<0.05), 100mg (p<0.01) and 200mg (p<0.001) doses of Scrophularia Megalanta extract decreased the symptoms of pain compared with the control group. Likewise, in the chronic phase, administration of the extract in all used doses caused a significant reduction in pain compared to the control group, especially at minutes 15-40 of the test which was greater in doses of 100 and 200mg.
Conclusion Peripheral injection of the ethanolic extracts of Scrophularia Megalanta has central and peripheral anti-analgesic effect.
Materials & Methods Using 48 male rats and applying the formalin test pain model, the pain behavior was examined by intraperitoneal injection of 25, 50, 100 and 200mg/kg concentrations of extract in four treatment groups with diclofenac and control groups. Observation of pain behavior was done for each 15 seconds and total of 60 minutes after the formalin injection and the collected data was calculated for each rat averagely. The findings of different groups of the test at two acute and chronic stages was separately analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey tests using SPSS 15 software.
Findings Both acute and chronic phases of pain resulting from the formalin injection were observed in all groups. In the acute phase, administration of 50mg (p<0.05), 100mg (p<0.01) and 200mg (p<0.001) doses of Scrophularia Megalanta extract decreased the symptoms of pain compared with the control group. Likewise, in the chronic phase, administration of the extract in all used doses caused a significant reduction in pain compared to the control group, especially at minutes 15-40 of the test which was greater in doses of 100 and 200mg.
Conclusion Peripheral injection of the ethanolic extracts of Scrophularia Megalanta has central and peripheral anti-analgesic effect.
CITATION LINKS
[1] Ramsin B, Andrea MT, Sukdeb D, Ricardo B, Rajive A, Nalini S, et al. Opioid complications and side effects. Pain Physician. 2008;11(2):105-20.
[2] Beehrle DM, Evans D. A review of NSAID complications: Gastrointestinal and more. Prim Care Pract. 1999;3(3):305-15.
[3] Blumenthal M. Asian ginseng: Potential therapeutic uses. Adv Nurse Pract. 2001;9(2):26-8.
[4] Sofiabadi M, Esmaeili MH, Haghdost H, Ghaibi N. The effect of Elaeagnus angustifolia L. leaves extract on pain of male rats. Yafte J. 2008;10(1):23-9. [Persian]
[5] Olmstead RG, DePamphilis CW, Wolfe AD. Whatever happened to the Scrophulariaceae? Fremontia. 2003;30(2):13-22.
[6] Desantos GJ, Piaz Lanza AM, Matellan LF. Biologically active substances from the genus scrophularia. Pharm Biol. 2002;40(1):45-59.
[7] Hartwell JL. Plants used against cancer-an extension of the work of Jonathan. J Ethnopharmacol. 2000;73(3):347- 77.
[8] Chuan C, Li-na Duan, Xiao-long Z, Bing-long C, Chengxin F. Molecular authentication of geo-authentic Scrophularia ningpoensis. J Zhejiang Univ Sci. 2011;12(5):393-8.
[9] Saracoglu I, calis I, Inone M, Ogihara Y. Selective cytototoxic and cytostatic activity of some phenyl propanoid glycosides. Fintoterapia. 1997;68:434-8.
[10] Azadmehr A, Afshari A, Baradaran B, Hajiaghaee R, Rezazadeh S, Monsef-Esfahani H. Suppression of nitric oxide production in activated murine peritoneal macrophages in vitro and ex vivo by Scrophularia striata ethanolic extract. J Ethnopharmacol. 2009;124(1):166-9.
[11] Bas E, Recio M, Abdallah M, Mane Z, Gine R, Cerda- Nicolasb M , et al. Inhibition of the pro-inflammatory mediators’ production and anti-inflammatory effect of the iridoid scrovalentinoside. J Ethnopharmacol. 2007;110(3):419-27.
[12] Monsef-Esfahani HR, Hajiaghaee R, Shahverdi AR, Khorramizadeh MR, Amini M. Flavonoids, cinnamic acid and phenyl propanoid from aerial parts of Scrophularia striata. Pharm Biol. 2010;48(3):333-6.
[13] Azhdari Zarmehri H, Semnanian S, Fathollahi Y, Erami E, Khakpay R, Azizi H, et al. Intra-periaqueductal gray matter microinjection of orexin-A decreases formalininduced nociceptive behaviors in adult male rats. J Pain. 2011;12(2):280-7.
[14] Mohajjel Nayebi A, Rezazadeh H. Involvement of serotoninergic mechanism in analgesia by castration and flutamide, a testosterone antagonist, in the rat formalin test. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2004;77(1):9-14.
[15] Puig S, Rivot JP, Benson JM. Effect of subcutaneous administration of the chemical halogen formalin, on 5-HT metabolism in the nucleus raphe Magnus and freely moving rats. Brain Res. 1992;36(5):112-24.
[16]Alcaraz MG, Hoult RS. Action of flavonoids and the novel anti-inflammatory flavone, Hypolaetin-8-Glucoside, on prostaglandins biosynthesis and activation. Biol Pharmacol. 1985;34:2477-82.
[17] Ahmadiani A, Hosseiny J, Semnanian S. Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of Elaeagnus angustifolia fruit extract. J Ethnopharmacol. 2000;72(1- 2):287-92.
[18] Chi YM, Nakamura M, Yoshizawa T, Zhao XY, Yan WM, Hashimoto F, et al. Anti-inflammatory activities of alpha-truxillic acid derivatives and their monomer components. Biol Pharm Bull. 2005;28(9):1776-8.
[19] Ahmed MS, Tanbouly ND, Islam WT, Sleem AA, Senousy AS. Antiinflammatory flavonoids from Opuntia dillenii (Ker-Gawl) Haw: Flowers growing in Egypt. Phytother Res. 2005;19(9):807-9.
[20] Valerio DA, Georgetti SR, Magro DA, Casagrande R, Cunha TM, Vicentini FT, et al. Quercetin reduces inflammatory pain: Inhibition of oxidative stress and cytokine production. J Nat Prod. 2009;72(11):1975-9.
[21] Filho AW, Filho VC, Olinger L, de Souza MM. Quercetine: Further investigation of its antinociceptive properties and mechanisms of action. Arch Pharm Res. 2008;31(6):713-21.
[22] Heine S, Michalakis S, Kallenborn-Gerhardt W, Lu R, Lim HY, Weiland J, et al. CNGA3: A target of spinal nitric oxide/cGMP signaling and modulator of inflammatory pain hypersensitivity. J Neurosci. 2011;31(31):11184-92.
[23] Tegeder I, Scheving R, Wittig I, Geisslinger G. SNO-ing at the nociceptive synapse? Pharmacol Rev. 2011;63(2):366- 89.
[2] Beehrle DM, Evans D. A review of NSAID complications: Gastrointestinal and more. Prim Care Pract. 1999;3(3):305-15.
[3] Blumenthal M. Asian ginseng: Potential therapeutic uses. Adv Nurse Pract. 2001;9(2):26-8.
[4] Sofiabadi M, Esmaeili MH, Haghdost H, Ghaibi N. The effect of Elaeagnus angustifolia L. leaves extract on pain of male rats. Yafte J. 2008;10(1):23-9. [Persian]
[5] Olmstead RG, DePamphilis CW, Wolfe AD. Whatever happened to the Scrophulariaceae? Fremontia. 2003;30(2):13-22.
[6] Desantos GJ, Piaz Lanza AM, Matellan LF. Biologically active substances from the genus scrophularia. Pharm Biol. 2002;40(1):45-59.
[7] Hartwell JL. Plants used against cancer-an extension of the work of Jonathan. J Ethnopharmacol. 2000;73(3):347- 77.
[8] Chuan C, Li-na Duan, Xiao-long Z, Bing-long C, Chengxin F. Molecular authentication of geo-authentic Scrophularia ningpoensis. J Zhejiang Univ Sci. 2011;12(5):393-8.
[9] Saracoglu I, calis I, Inone M, Ogihara Y. Selective cytototoxic and cytostatic activity of some phenyl propanoid glycosides. Fintoterapia. 1997;68:434-8.
[10] Azadmehr A, Afshari A, Baradaran B, Hajiaghaee R, Rezazadeh S, Monsef-Esfahani H. Suppression of nitric oxide production in activated murine peritoneal macrophages in vitro and ex vivo by Scrophularia striata ethanolic extract. J Ethnopharmacol. 2009;124(1):166-9.
[11] Bas E, Recio M, Abdallah M, Mane Z, Gine R, Cerda- Nicolasb M , et al. Inhibition of the pro-inflammatory mediators’ production and anti-inflammatory effect of the iridoid scrovalentinoside. J Ethnopharmacol. 2007;110(3):419-27.
[12] Monsef-Esfahani HR, Hajiaghaee R, Shahverdi AR, Khorramizadeh MR, Amini M. Flavonoids, cinnamic acid and phenyl propanoid from aerial parts of Scrophularia striata. Pharm Biol. 2010;48(3):333-6.
[13] Azhdari Zarmehri H, Semnanian S, Fathollahi Y, Erami E, Khakpay R, Azizi H, et al. Intra-periaqueductal gray matter microinjection of orexin-A decreases formalininduced nociceptive behaviors in adult male rats. J Pain. 2011;12(2):280-7.
[14] Mohajjel Nayebi A, Rezazadeh H. Involvement of serotoninergic mechanism in analgesia by castration and flutamide, a testosterone antagonist, in the rat formalin test. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2004;77(1):9-14.
[15] Puig S, Rivot JP, Benson JM. Effect of subcutaneous administration of the chemical halogen formalin, on 5-HT metabolism in the nucleus raphe Magnus and freely moving rats. Brain Res. 1992;36(5):112-24.
[16]Alcaraz MG, Hoult RS. Action of flavonoids and the novel anti-inflammatory flavone, Hypolaetin-8-Glucoside, on prostaglandins biosynthesis and activation. Biol Pharmacol. 1985;34:2477-82.
[17] Ahmadiani A, Hosseiny J, Semnanian S. Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of Elaeagnus angustifolia fruit extract. J Ethnopharmacol. 2000;72(1- 2):287-92.
[18] Chi YM, Nakamura M, Yoshizawa T, Zhao XY, Yan WM, Hashimoto F, et al. Anti-inflammatory activities of alpha-truxillic acid derivatives and their monomer components. Biol Pharm Bull. 2005;28(9):1776-8.
[19] Ahmed MS, Tanbouly ND, Islam WT, Sleem AA, Senousy AS. Antiinflammatory flavonoids from Opuntia dillenii (Ker-Gawl) Haw: Flowers growing in Egypt. Phytother Res. 2005;19(9):807-9.
[20] Valerio DA, Georgetti SR, Magro DA, Casagrande R, Cunha TM, Vicentini FT, et al. Quercetin reduces inflammatory pain: Inhibition of oxidative stress and cytokine production. J Nat Prod. 2009;72(11):1975-9.
[21] Filho AW, Filho VC, Olinger L, de Souza MM. Quercetine: Further investigation of its antinociceptive properties and mechanisms of action. Arch Pharm Res. 2008;31(6):713-21.
[22] Heine S, Michalakis S, Kallenborn-Gerhardt W, Lu R, Lim HY, Weiland J, et al. CNGA3: A target of spinal nitric oxide/cGMP signaling and modulator of inflammatory pain hypersensitivity. J Neurosci. 2011;31(31):11184-92.
[23] Tegeder I, Scheving R, Wittig I, Geisslinger G. SNO-ing at the nociceptive synapse? Pharmacol Rev. 2011;63(2):366- 89.