@2024 Afarand., IRAN
ISSN: 2383-2150 Journal of Education and Community Health 2015;2(2):1-9
ISSN: 2383-2150 Journal of Education and Community Health 2015;2(2):1-9
Effects of Progressive Muscle Relaxation Counseling on Anxiety among Primi-gravida Women Referred to Health Care Centers in Hamadan
ARTICLE INFO
Article Type
Original ResearchAuthors
Shobeiri F. (1)Taravati-Javad M. (2*)
Soltani F. (1)
Karami M. (3)
(1) Mother & Child Care Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
(2*) Department of Midwifer, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
(3) Social Determinants of Health Research Center and Department of Epidemiology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
Correspondence
Address: Department of Midwifery, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, IranPhone: +9881-38380293
Fax:
taravati.masoome@gmail.com
Article History
Received: August 14, 2015Accepted: December 18, 2015
ePublished: September 28, 2015
ABSTRACT
Aims
Progressive muscle relaxation is a non-invasive, cost-effective and complication less method which can be performed independently by the individual. Considering the importance of psy-chological problems during pregnancy, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of progressive muscle relaxation counseling on anxiety among primigravida women referred to health care centers in Hamadan, Iran.
Materials & Methods This study was a randomized clinical trial with two groups (experimental and control) with pre-test and post-test. A total of 120 women were referred to health centers in Hamadan who were experiencing their first pregnancy and were consecutively enrolled in the study, after ob-taining informed consents. They were randomly assigned to intervention and control groups (60 women in each group) by allocation concealment. The control group only received routine prenatal care, but the experimental group after two counseling sessions and learning muscle relaxation techniques performed progressive muscle relaxation exercises from 21-22 weeks for 10 weeks, and completed the daily performance sheet of relaxation. The study data collection tools included a demographic questionnaire, Spielberger state-trait anxiety inventory, and the daily performance sheet for the intervention group. Data were analyzed in SPSS 20 using in-dependent samples t-test, Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), and paired t-test.
Findings Data analysis reflected the homogeneity of the state and trait anxiety levels in both groups before the intervention. The results showed that state and trait anxiety in the control group after the intervention was significantly increased (P0.001), but the experimental group showed a significant decrease in state and trait anxiety after the intervention (P0.001).
Conclusion Teaching progressive muscle relaxation techniques to pregnant women can have a significant impact on reducing pregnancy anxiety.
Materials & Methods This study was a randomized clinical trial with two groups (experimental and control) with pre-test and post-test. A total of 120 women were referred to health centers in Hamadan who were experiencing their first pregnancy and were consecutively enrolled in the study, after ob-taining informed consents. They were randomly assigned to intervention and control groups (60 women in each group) by allocation concealment. The control group only received routine prenatal care, but the experimental group after two counseling sessions and learning muscle relaxation techniques performed progressive muscle relaxation exercises from 21-22 weeks for 10 weeks, and completed the daily performance sheet of relaxation. The study data collection tools included a demographic questionnaire, Spielberger state-trait anxiety inventory, and the daily performance sheet for the intervention group. Data were analyzed in SPSS 20 using in-dependent samples t-test, Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), and paired t-test.
Findings Data analysis reflected the homogeneity of the state and trait anxiety levels in both groups before the intervention. The results showed that state and trait anxiety in the control group after the intervention was significantly increased (P0.001), but the experimental group showed a significant decrease in state and trait anxiety after the intervention (P0.001).
Conclusion Teaching progressive muscle relaxation techniques to pregnant women can have a significant impact on reducing pregnancy anxiety.
CITATION LINKS
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[3]Rajeswari S. Efficacy of progressive muscle relaxation on stress,anxiety and pregnancy outcome among primigravidae [PhD thesis]. India: Sri Ramachandra University; 2013.
[4]Babanazari L, Kafi SM. [Relationship of pregnancy anxiety to its different periods, sexual satisfaction and demographic factors]. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology.2008;14(2):206-13. (Persian)
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[10]Karamoozian M, Askarizadeh G, Darekordi A. [The impact of prenatal group stress management therapy on anxiety in mothers and newborns physiological parameters]. Journal of Iranian Psychologists.2015; 11(43):259-71. (Persian)
[11]Karimi M, Mojibian M, Hadi-Nodoshan H, Bidaki R, Kholacezadeh G, Rafiee P, and et al. [Relationship between stress during pregnancy and cord blood Ige level]. Journal of Shaeed Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences.2012; 20(2):142-51. (Persian)
[12]Mirbagher-Ajorpaz N, Ranjbar N. [Effects of recitation of holy Quran on anxiety of women before cesarean section: A randomize clinical trial]. J Qom Univ Med Sci.2012; 4(1):15-9. (Persian)
[13]Fink NS, Urech C, Cavelti M, Alder J. Relaxation during pregnancy: what are the benefits for mother, fetus, and the newborn? A systematic review of the literature. J Perinat Neonatal Nurs.2012; 26(4):296-306.
[14]Toosi M, Akbarzadeh M, Zare N, Sharif F. [The role of relaxation training to pregnant mothers on health index of infants]. Journal of Jahrom University of Medical Sciences.2013; 11(1):15-21. (Persian)
[15]- Saeedi M, Ashktorab T, Saatchi K, Zayeri F, Amir-Aliakbari S. [The effect of progressive muscle relaxation on sleep quality of patients undergoing hemodialysis]. Iranian Journal of Critical Care Nursing.2012; 5(1):23-8. (Persian)
[16]Kordi M, Nasiri S, Gharavi M, Ebrahimzadeh S. [Evaluating the effect of progressive muscle relaxation training with guided imagery on the severity of depressive symptoms in postpartum period]. The Iranian Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Infertility.2012; 15(8):17-24. (Persian)
[17]Patel MP. A study to assess the effectiveness of progressive muscle relaxation therapy on stress among staff nurses working in selected hospitals at Vadodara City. IOSR Jounal of Nursing and Health Science.2014; 3(3):34-59.
[18]Heidari A, Saedi S. [The effect of relaxation and gradual stress removal accompanied by biofeedback on the anxiety of the students]. Knowledge & Research in Applied Psychology.2011; 12(3):3-11. (Persian)
[19]Khorsandi M, Ghofranipour F, Heydarnia A, Faghihzadeh S, Vafaei M, Rousta F, and et al. The effect of childbirth preparation classes on childbirth fear and normal delivery among primiparous women. Arak Medical University Journal.2008; 11(3):29-36. (Persian)
[20]Mahram B. Validity of Spielberger state-trait anxiety inventory (STAI) in Mashhad city. Tehran: Allameh Tabatabaei University; 1993. (Persian)
[21]Solter C. Comprehensive reproductive health and family planning training curriculum.module 3:counseling for family planing services. Medical Services Pathfinder International. January 1998 Revised March 2000.
[22]Guszkowska M, Langwald M, Sempolska K. Influence of a relaxation session and an exercise class on emotional states in pregnant women. J Reprod Infant Psychol.2013; 31(2):121-33.
[23]Rahimi F, Ahmadi M, Rosta F, Majd HA, Valiani M. [Effect of relaxation training on pregnancy anxiety in high risk women]. Journal of Safety Promotion and Injury Prevention.2014; 2(3):180-8. (Persian)
[24]Bastani F, Hidarnia A, Montgomery KS, Aguilar-Vafaei ME, Kazemnejad A. [Does relaxation education in anxious primigravid Iranian women influence adverse pregnancy outcomes?: a randomized controlled trial]. J Perinat Neonatal Nurs.2006; 20(2):138-46.
[25]- Spielberg C, Gorsuch R, Lushene R. Manual for the State/Trait Anxiety Inventory. Palo Alto. CA: Consulting Psychologists Press; 1970.
[26]Manzoni GM, Pagnini F, Castelnuovo G, Molinari E. Relaxation training for anxiety: a ten-years systematic review with meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry.2008; 8(1):41.
[27]Bastani F, Hidarnia A, Kazemnejad A, Vafaei M, Kashanian M. A randomized controlled trial of the effects of applied relaxation training on reducing anxiety and perceived stress in pregnant women. J Midwifery Womens Health.2005; 50(4):e36-40.
[28]Alder J, Urech C, Fink N, Bitzer J, Hoesli I. Response to induced relaxation during pregnancy: comparison of women with high versus low levels of anxiety. J Clin Psychol Med Settings.2011; 18(1):13-21.
[29]Deckro GR, Ballinger KM, Hoyt M, Wilcher M, Dusek J, Myers P, and et al. The evaluation of a mind/body intervention to reduce psychological distress and perceived stress in college students. J Am Coll Health.2002; 50(6):281-7.
[30]Pawlow LA, Jones GE. The impact of abbreviated progressive muscle relaxation on salivary cortisol. Biol Psychol.2002; 60(1):1-16.
[31]Teixeira J, Martin D, Prendiville O, Glover V. The effects of acute relaxation on indices of anxiety during pregnancy. J Psychosom Obstet Gynecol.2005; 26(4):271-6.
[32]Tragea C, Chrousos GP, Alexopoulos EC, Darviri C. A randomized controlled trial of the effects of a stress management programme during pregnancy. Complement Ther Med.2014; 22(2):203-11.
[2]Akbarzade M, Toosi M, Zare N, Sharif F. [Effect of relaxation and attachment behaviors training on anxiety in first-time mothers in Shiraz city, 2010: A randomized clinical trial]. J Qom Univ Med Sci.2013; 6(4):14-23. (Persian)
[3]Rajeswari S. Efficacy of progressive muscle relaxation on stress,anxiety and pregnancy outcome among primigravidae [PhD thesis]. India: Sri Ramachandra University; 2013.
[4]Babanazari L, Kafi SM. [Relationship of pregnancy anxiety to its different periods, sexual satisfaction and demographic factors]. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology.2008;14(2):206-13. (Persian)
[5]Rafiee B, Akbarzade M, Asadi N, Zare N. [Comparison of attachment and relaxation training effects on anxiety in third trimester and postpartum depression among primipara women]. Journal of Hayat.2013; 19(1):76-88. (Persian)
[6]Sadock BJ, Sadock VA. Synopsis of psychiatry:behavioral sciences clinical. Poorafkari N (translator). 10th ed. Tehran: Sharab Publisher; 2007. (Persian)
[7]Tafazoli M, Zaremobini F, Mokhber N, Emami A. [The effects of lavender oil inhalation on level of anxiety during first stage of labor in primigravida women]. The Quarterly Journal of Fundamentals of Mental Health.2011; 12(4):720-6. (Persian)
[8]Sam ML. Effectiveness of progressive muscle relaxation technique on anxiety. Sinhgad e-Journal of Nursing.2014; 17(1):23-5.
[9]Malekpour-Afshar F, Salari P, Azarpedjouh H, Ismaeili H. [Evaluation of the education module preparing for childbirth on the level of anxiety during pregnancy and labor in primigravida women]. Journal of Shaeed Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences.2005; 13(3):9. (Persian)
[10]Karamoozian M, Askarizadeh G, Darekordi A. [The impact of prenatal group stress management therapy on anxiety in mothers and newborns physiological parameters]. Journal of Iranian Psychologists.2015; 11(43):259-71. (Persian)
[11]Karimi M, Mojibian M, Hadi-Nodoshan H, Bidaki R, Kholacezadeh G, Rafiee P, and et al. [Relationship between stress during pregnancy and cord blood Ige level]. Journal of Shaeed Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences.2012; 20(2):142-51. (Persian)
[12]Mirbagher-Ajorpaz N, Ranjbar N. [Effects of recitation of holy Quran on anxiety of women before cesarean section: A randomize clinical trial]. J Qom Univ Med Sci.2012; 4(1):15-9. (Persian)
[13]Fink NS, Urech C, Cavelti M, Alder J. Relaxation during pregnancy: what are the benefits for mother, fetus, and the newborn? A systematic review of the literature. J Perinat Neonatal Nurs.2012; 26(4):296-306.
[14]Toosi M, Akbarzadeh M, Zare N, Sharif F. [The role of relaxation training to pregnant mothers on health index of infants]. Journal of Jahrom University of Medical Sciences.2013; 11(1):15-21. (Persian)
[15]- Saeedi M, Ashktorab T, Saatchi K, Zayeri F, Amir-Aliakbari S. [The effect of progressive muscle relaxation on sleep quality of patients undergoing hemodialysis]. Iranian Journal of Critical Care Nursing.2012; 5(1):23-8. (Persian)
[16]Kordi M, Nasiri S, Gharavi M, Ebrahimzadeh S. [Evaluating the effect of progressive muscle relaxation training with guided imagery on the severity of depressive symptoms in postpartum period]. The Iranian Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Infertility.2012; 15(8):17-24. (Persian)
[17]Patel MP. A study to assess the effectiveness of progressive muscle relaxation therapy on stress among staff nurses working in selected hospitals at Vadodara City. IOSR Jounal of Nursing and Health Science.2014; 3(3):34-59.
[18]Heidari A, Saedi S. [The effect of relaxation and gradual stress removal accompanied by biofeedback on the anxiety of the students]. Knowledge & Research in Applied Psychology.2011; 12(3):3-11. (Persian)
[19]Khorsandi M, Ghofranipour F, Heydarnia A, Faghihzadeh S, Vafaei M, Rousta F, and et al. The effect of childbirth preparation classes on childbirth fear and normal delivery among primiparous women. Arak Medical University Journal.2008; 11(3):29-36. (Persian)
[20]Mahram B. Validity of Spielberger state-trait anxiety inventory (STAI) in Mashhad city. Tehran: Allameh Tabatabaei University; 1993. (Persian)
[21]Solter C. Comprehensive reproductive health and family planning training curriculum.module 3:counseling for family planing services. Medical Services Pathfinder International. January 1998 Revised March 2000.
[22]Guszkowska M, Langwald M, Sempolska K. Influence of a relaxation session and an exercise class on emotional states in pregnant women. J Reprod Infant Psychol.2013; 31(2):121-33.
[23]Rahimi F, Ahmadi M, Rosta F, Majd HA, Valiani M. [Effect of relaxation training on pregnancy anxiety in high risk women]. Journal of Safety Promotion and Injury Prevention.2014; 2(3):180-8. (Persian)
[24]Bastani F, Hidarnia A, Montgomery KS, Aguilar-Vafaei ME, Kazemnejad A. [Does relaxation education in anxious primigravid Iranian women influence adverse pregnancy outcomes?: a randomized controlled trial]. J Perinat Neonatal Nurs.2006; 20(2):138-46.
[25]- Spielberg C, Gorsuch R, Lushene R. Manual for the State/Trait Anxiety Inventory. Palo Alto. CA: Consulting Psychologists Press; 1970.
[26]Manzoni GM, Pagnini F, Castelnuovo G, Molinari E. Relaxation training for anxiety: a ten-years systematic review with meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry.2008; 8(1):41.
[27]Bastani F, Hidarnia A, Kazemnejad A, Vafaei M, Kashanian M. A randomized controlled trial of the effects of applied relaxation training on reducing anxiety and perceived stress in pregnant women. J Midwifery Womens Health.2005; 50(4):e36-40.
[28]Alder J, Urech C, Fink N, Bitzer J, Hoesli I. Response to induced relaxation during pregnancy: comparison of women with high versus low levels of anxiety. J Clin Psychol Med Settings.2011; 18(1):13-21.
[29]Deckro GR, Ballinger KM, Hoyt M, Wilcher M, Dusek J, Myers P, and et al. The evaluation of a mind/body intervention to reduce psychological distress and perceived stress in college students. J Am Coll Health.2002; 50(6):281-7.
[30]Pawlow LA, Jones GE. The impact of abbreviated progressive muscle relaxation on salivary cortisol. Biol Psychol.2002; 60(1):1-16.
[31]Teixeira J, Martin D, Prendiville O, Glover V. The effects of acute relaxation on indices of anxiety during pregnancy. J Psychosom Obstet Gynecol.2005; 26(4):271-6.
[32]Tragea C, Chrousos GP, Alexopoulos EC, Darviri C. A randomized controlled trial of the effects of a stress management programme during pregnancy. Complement Ther Med.2014; 22(2):203-11.