@2024 Afarand., IRAN
ISSN: 2252-0805 The Horizon of Medical Sciences 2016;22(2):159-164
ISSN: 2252-0805 The Horizon of Medical Sciences 2016;22(2):159-164
Comparison between Sedation-Agitation and Visual Analog Scales in Determination of Sedation Status of Patients
ARTICLE INFO
Article Type
Descriptive & Survey StudyAuthors
Alemi A. (1)Moradi Dolab Z. (*)
Delshad Noghabi A. (2)
Hamzei A. (3)
(*) “Student Research Committee” and “Nursing Department, Nursing & Midwifery Faculty”, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
(1) “Social Determinants of Health Research Centre” and “Social Medicine Department, Medicine School”, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
(2) Social Development & Health Promotion Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Science, Gonabad, Iran
(3) Anesthesia & Operating Room Department, Paramedical Faculty, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
Correspondence
Address: Deputy of Education & Research, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Near Asian Road, Gonabad, IranPhone: +985136050376
Fax: +985342222806
zmd445@yahoo.com
Article History
Received: June 16, 2015Accepted: December 23, 2015
ePublished: March 5, 2016
ABSTRACT
Aims
To reduce discomfort and anxiety, providing true sedation for the patients hospitalized in ICU is very important. Therefore, the staff of ICU needs tools to measure effective sedation in the patients. The aim of this study was to assess the sedation status in the patients hospitalized in ICU via Sedation-Agitation Scale (SAS) and to compare the findings with Visual Analog Scale (VAS).
Materials & Methods In this correlational study in 2015, 106 patients hospitalized in the intensive care units of Qaem Hospital of Mashhad, Iran, were selected via quota sampling method and studied. Sedation status of the patients was assessed by the validated Persian version of SAS and VAS. Data was analyzed by SPSS 20 software and Spearman’s correlation coefficient test.
Findings There was a positive and significant correlation between SAS and VAS (p<0.001; r=0.824). The highest scoring of SAS, which was 6, was equivalent to score 3 in VAS. In general, the higher the score of SAS, the higher the score of VAS was.
Conclusion SAS and VAS are in a high correlation to assess sedation. Therefore, SAS can be used as a valid tool in the treatment sector.
Materials & Methods In this correlational study in 2015, 106 patients hospitalized in the intensive care units of Qaem Hospital of Mashhad, Iran, were selected via quota sampling method and studied. Sedation status of the patients was assessed by the validated Persian version of SAS and VAS. Data was analyzed by SPSS 20 software and Spearman’s correlation coefficient test.
Findings There was a positive and significant correlation between SAS and VAS (p<0.001; r=0.824). The highest scoring of SAS, which was 6, was equivalent to score 3 in VAS. In general, the higher the score of SAS, the higher the score of VAS was.
Conclusion SAS and VAS are in a high correlation to assess sedation. Therefore, SAS can be used as a valid tool in the treatment sector.
CITATION LINKS
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[5]Sessler CN, Gosnell MS, Grap MJ, Brophy GM, O'Neal PV, Keane KA, et al. The Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale: Validity and reliability in adult intensive care unit patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;166(10):1338-44.
[6]Kress JP, Pohlman AS, O'Connor MF, Hall JB. Daily interruption of sedative infusions in critically ill patients undergoing mechanical ventilation. New England J Med. 2000;342(20):1471-7.
[7]Carrasco G. Instruments for monitoring intensive care unit sedation. Criti Care. 2000;4(4):217-25.
[8]Sessler CN, Wilhelm W. Analgesia and sedation in the intensive care unit: An overview of the issues. Crit Care. 2008;12(Suppl 3):S1.
[9]Azizi A, Tadrisi SD, Ebadi A, Asad Zandi M, Babatabar Darzi H, Madani SJ, et al. Validity and reliability of Glasgow scale modified by Palma & Cook (GCSC) in adult patients hospitalized in critical care unit. Iran J Crit Care Nurs. 2009;2(2):75-9. [Persian]
[10]Tadrisi S, Madani S, Farmand F, Ebadi A, Karimi Zarchi A, Saghafinia A, et al. Richmond agitation–sedation scale validity and reliability in intensive care unit adult patients Persian version. Iran J Crit Care Nurs. 2009;2(1):15-21. [Persian]
[11]Khan BA, Guzman O, Campbell NL, Walroth T, Tricker J, Hui SL, et al. Comparison and agreement between the Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale and the Riker Sedation-Agitation Scale in evaluating patients' eligibility for delirium assessment in the ICU. Chest. 2012;142(1):48-54.
[12]Price DD, Bush FM, Long S, Harkins SW. A comparison of pain measurement characteristics of mechanical visual analogue and simple numerical rating scales. Pain. 1904;56(2):217-26.
[13]Deloach LJ, Higgins MS, Caplan AB, Stiff JL. The visual analog scale in the immediate postoperative period: intrasubject variability and correlation with a numeric scale. Anesth Analgesia. 1998;86(1):102-6.
[14]Riker RR, Fraser GL, Simmons LE, Wilkins ML. Validating the Sedation-Agitation Scale with the Bispectral Index and Visual Analog Scale in adult ICU patients after cardiac surgery. Intensive Care Med. 2001;27(5):853-8.
[15]Azizi A, Tadrissi SD, Ebadi A, Taghavi N, Mohammedi F, Rauof M, et al. Psychometric analysis of glasgow coma scale modified by palma and cook among patients hospitalized in intensive care unit by untrained evaluators. Knowledge Health. 2013;8(1):35-40. [Persian]
[16]Ashkenazy S, DeKeyser-Ganz F. Assessment of the reliability and validity of the Comfort Scale for adult intensive care patients. Heart Lung. 2011;40(3):e44-51.
[17]Robins LN. How to choose among the riches: selecting a diagnostic instrument. Int Rev Psychiatry. 1994;6(4):265-71.
[18]Moradi Dolab Z. Validation of sedation agitation scale (SAS) in adult patients hospitalized in critical care units [Dissertation]. Gonabad: Gonabad University of Medical Sciences; 2014. [Persian]
[19]Afrasiabifar A, Yaghmaie F, Abdoli S, Abdsydy J. The process of translating research questionnaires and adapt them culturally. J Nurs Midwifey. 2006;54(16):58-67. [Persian]
[20]Bjorner J, Thunedborg K, Kristensen t. The danish SF36 health survey: Translation and preliminary validity studes. J Clin Epidemiol. 1998;51(11):991-9.
[21]Naderi S, Shahbodaghi M, Khatonabadi S, Dadgar H, Jalaie S. Translation of the test of childhood stuttering into Persian and investigation of validity and reliability of the test. J Mod Rehabil. 2011;5(2):29-34. [Persian]
[22]Ely EW, Truman B, Shintani A, Thomason JW, Wheeler AP, Gordon S, et al. Monitoring sedation status over time in ICU patients: Reliability and validity of the Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale (RASS). J Am Med Assoc. 2003;289(22):2983-91.
[23]Helwick L. Stimulation programs for coma patients. Crit Care Nurse. 1994;14(4):47-52.
[24]Brandl KM, Langley KA, Riker R, Dork LA, Qualls CR, Levy H. Confirming the Reliability of the Sedation‐Agitation Scale Administered by ICU Nurses without Experience in Its Use. Pharmacother 2001;21(4):431-6.
[2]Prielipp R, Young CC. Current drugs for sedation of critically ill patients. Semin Anesth Perioper Med Pain. 2001;20(2):85-94.
[3]Detriche O, Berré J, Massaut J, Vincent JL. The Brussels sedation scale: Use of a simple clinical sedation scale can avoid excessive sedation in patients undergoing mechanical ventilation in the intensive care unit. Br J Anaesth. 1999;83(5):698-701.
[4]De Jonghe B, Cook D, Appere-De-Vecchi C, Guyatt G, Meade M, Outin H. Using and understanding sedation scoring systems: a systematic review. Intensive Care Med. 2000;26(3):275-85.
[5]Sessler CN, Gosnell MS, Grap MJ, Brophy GM, O'Neal PV, Keane KA, et al. The Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale: Validity and reliability in adult intensive care unit patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;166(10):1338-44.
[6]Kress JP, Pohlman AS, O'Connor MF, Hall JB. Daily interruption of sedative infusions in critically ill patients undergoing mechanical ventilation. New England J Med. 2000;342(20):1471-7.
[7]Carrasco G. Instruments for monitoring intensive care unit sedation. Criti Care. 2000;4(4):217-25.
[8]Sessler CN, Wilhelm W. Analgesia and sedation in the intensive care unit: An overview of the issues. Crit Care. 2008;12(Suppl 3):S1.
[9]Azizi A, Tadrisi SD, Ebadi A, Asad Zandi M, Babatabar Darzi H, Madani SJ, et al. Validity and reliability of Glasgow scale modified by Palma & Cook (GCSC) in adult patients hospitalized in critical care unit. Iran J Crit Care Nurs. 2009;2(2):75-9. [Persian]
[10]Tadrisi S, Madani S, Farmand F, Ebadi A, Karimi Zarchi A, Saghafinia A, et al. Richmond agitation–sedation scale validity and reliability in intensive care unit adult patients Persian version. Iran J Crit Care Nurs. 2009;2(1):15-21. [Persian]
[11]Khan BA, Guzman O, Campbell NL, Walroth T, Tricker J, Hui SL, et al. Comparison and agreement between the Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale and the Riker Sedation-Agitation Scale in evaluating patients' eligibility for delirium assessment in the ICU. Chest. 2012;142(1):48-54.
[12]Price DD, Bush FM, Long S, Harkins SW. A comparison of pain measurement characteristics of mechanical visual analogue and simple numerical rating scales. Pain. 1904;56(2):217-26.
[13]Deloach LJ, Higgins MS, Caplan AB, Stiff JL. The visual analog scale in the immediate postoperative period: intrasubject variability and correlation with a numeric scale. Anesth Analgesia. 1998;86(1):102-6.
[14]Riker RR, Fraser GL, Simmons LE, Wilkins ML. Validating the Sedation-Agitation Scale with the Bispectral Index and Visual Analog Scale in adult ICU patients after cardiac surgery. Intensive Care Med. 2001;27(5):853-8.
[15]Azizi A, Tadrissi SD, Ebadi A, Taghavi N, Mohammedi F, Rauof M, et al. Psychometric analysis of glasgow coma scale modified by palma and cook among patients hospitalized in intensive care unit by untrained evaluators. Knowledge Health. 2013;8(1):35-40. [Persian]
[16]Ashkenazy S, DeKeyser-Ganz F. Assessment of the reliability and validity of the Comfort Scale for adult intensive care patients. Heart Lung. 2011;40(3):e44-51.
[17]Robins LN. How to choose among the riches: selecting a diagnostic instrument. Int Rev Psychiatry. 1994;6(4):265-71.
[18]Moradi Dolab Z. Validation of sedation agitation scale (SAS) in adult patients hospitalized in critical care units [Dissertation]. Gonabad: Gonabad University of Medical Sciences; 2014. [Persian]
[19]Afrasiabifar A, Yaghmaie F, Abdoli S, Abdsydy J. The process of translating research questionnaires and adapt them culturally. J Nurs Midwifey. 2006;54(16):58-67. [Persian]
[20]Bjorner J, Thunedborg K, Kristensen t. The danish SF36 health survey: Translation and preliminary validity studes. J Clin Epidemiol. 1998;51(11):991-9.
[21]Naderi S, Shahbodaghi M, Khatonabadi S, Dadgar H, Jalaie S. Translation of the test of childhood stuttering into Persian and investigation of validity and reliability of the test. J Mod Rehabil. 2011;5(2):29-34. [Persian]
[22]Ely EW, Truman B, Shintani A, Thomason JW, Wheeler AP, Gordon S, et al. Monitoring sedation status over time in ICU patients: Reliability and validity of the Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale (RASS). J Am Med Assoc. 2003;289(22):2983-91.
[23]Helwick L. Stimulation programs for coma patients. Crit Care Nurse. 1994;14(4):47-52.
[24]Brandl KM, Langley KA, Riker R, Dork LA, Qualls CR, Levy H. Confirming the Reliability of the Sedation‐Agitation Scale Administered by ICU Nurses without Experience in Its Use. Pharmacother 2001;21(4):431-6.