@2024 Afarand., IRAN
ISSN: 2383-2150 Journal of Education and Community Health 2014;1(3):28-37
ISSN: 2383-2150 Journal of Education and Community Health 2014;1(3):28-37
Predictors of Tobacco Smoking in Male Adolescents in Hamadan Based on the Theory of Planned Behavior
ARTICLE INFO
Article Type
Original ResearchAuthors
Barati M. (1)Niknami Sh. (1)
Hidarnia A. (1*)
Allahverdipour H. (2)
(1) Department of Health Education, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
(2) Clinical Psychiatry Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Correspondence
Article History
Received: January 8, 2015Accepted: February 25, 2015
ePublished: March 19, 2015
ABSTRACT
Aims
The cognitive determinants of social behaviors play an important role in adolescents' decision-making for starting smoking. The present study was therefore conducted to determine the predictors of tobacco smoking in male adolescents in Hamadan, Iran, based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB).
Materials & Methods The present descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 810 male high school students in Hamadan selected through the multistage sampling method. Data were collected using a self-report questionnaire with a section on participants' demographic information and another section based on the TPB constructs. Data were then analyzed in SPSS-18 and AMOS-18 using the Pearson correlation test and the indices of model fit.
Findings Overall, 17.2% of the male adolescents reported to have smoked cigarettes in the past. Perceived behavioral control, subjective norms and attitude were the best predictors of behavioral intention for tobacco smoking, in the order of importance (P<0.001). Perceived behavioral control (β=-0.59; P<0.001) was a better predictor of the studied behavior than be-havioral intention (β=0.11; P<0.001). In the structural equation model, TPB constructs ac-counted for 32% of behavioral intention variances and 50% of behavior variances.
Conclusion The results demonstrated the poor role of behavioral intention in reporting smoking behaviors in male adolescents. Other psychological factors that affect adolescents' decision-making regarding tobacco smoking should also be scrutinized.
Materials & Methods The present descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 810 male high school students in Hamadan selected through the multistage sampling method. Data were collected using a self-report questionnaire with a section on participants' demographic information and another section based on the TPB constructs. Data were then analyzed in SPSS-18 and AMOS-18 using the Pearson correlation test and the indices of model fit.
Findings Overall, 17.2% of the male adolescents reported to have smoked cigarettes in the past. Perceived behavioral control, subjective norms and attitude were the best predictors of behavioral intention for tobacco smoking, in the order of importance (P<0.001). Perceived behavioral control (β=-0.59; P<0.001) was a better predictor of the studied behavior than be-havioral intention (β=0.11; P<0.001). In the structural equation model, TPB constructs ac-counted for 32% of behavioral intention variances and 50% of behavior variances.
Conclusion The results demonstrated the poor role of behavioral intention in reporting smoking behaviors in male adolescents. Other psychological factors that affect adolescents' decision-making regarding tobacco smoking should also be scrutinized.
CITATION LINKS
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[14]Karimy M, Niknami Sh, Heidarnia AR, Hajizadeh I, Montazeri A. Prevalence and Determinants of Male Ado-lescents’ Smoking in Iran: An Explanation Based on the Theory of Planned Behavior. Iran Red Crescent Med J.2013; 15(3):187-93.
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[19]Morowatisharifabad MA, Fadaeevash N, Allahverdipour H, FallahzadehH. [Study of Smoking Predictors Based on Prototype/Willingness Model among High School Students in Maragheh]. Toloo-E-Behdasht.2012; 11(3):25-35. (Persian)
[20]Abedini S, MorowatiSharifabad M, Chaleshgar Kordasiabi M, Ghanbarnejad A. Predictors of non- hookah smoking among high-school students based on prototype/willingness model. Health Promot Perspect.2014; 4(1):46-53.
[21]Hukkelberg SS, Dykstra JL. Using the Prototype/Willingness model to predict smoking behavior among Norwegian adolescents. Addict Behav.2009; 34(3):270-6.
[22] Allahverdipour H, Heidarnia AR, Kazemnezhad A, Witte K, Shafiee F, Azad Fallah P.[Applying fear appeals theory for preventing drug abuse among male high school students in Tehran]. Scientific Journal of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences.2006; 13(3):43-50. (Persian)
[23]Barati M, Allahverdipour H, Moinei B, Farhadinasab A, Mahjub H, Jalilin F. [Assertiveness skills training efficiency on college students’ persuasive subjective norms against substance abuse]. Scientific Journal of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences.2011; 18(3):40-49. (Persian)
[24] Jalilian F, Allahverdipour H, Moinei B, Moghimbeigi A, Barati M, Mirzaei Alavijeh M. [Prevention of Anabolic Steroids Use Among Gym Users: Application of Peer Education Approach]. Toloo-E-Behdasht.2011; 10(2):45-56. (Persian)
[25]Norman P. The Theory of Planned Behavior and Binge Drinking Among Undergraduate Students: Assessing the Impact of Habit Strength. Addict Behav.2011; 36(5):502-7.
[26]Karimy M, Niknami Sh, Hidarnia AR, Hajizadeh I. Intention to start cigarette smoking among Iranian male adolescents: usefulness of an extended version of the theory of planned behavior. Heart Asia.2012; 4:120-4.
[27]Barati M, Allahverdipour H, Moeini B, Farhadinasab A, Mahjub H, Jalilian F. [Evaluation of Problem Solving Skills Training (P.S.S.T) on College Students’ Perceived Behavioral Control Against Psychoactive Drug Abuse]. Toloo-E-Behdasht.2011; 10(2):81-93. (Persian)
[28]McMillan B, Onner M. Applying an Extended Version of the Theory of Planned Behavior to Illicit Drug Use among Students. J Appl Soc Psychol.2003; 33(8):1662-83.
[29]Tavousi M, Montazeri A, Taremian F, Hajizadeh E, Heidarnia AR. [Factors Associated with Substance Abuse in Adolescents by Using the Theory of Planned Behavior]. Social Welfare Quarterly.2012; 12(44):93-109. (Persian)
[30]Sheeran P, Orbell S. Do Intentions Predict Condom Use? Meta-Analysis and Examination of Six Moderator Variables. Br J Soc Psychol.1998; 37(2):231-250.
[31]Beck L, Ajzen I. Predicting Dishonest Actions Using the Theory of Planned Behavior. J Res Pers.1991; 25(3):285-301.
[2] Leila Pasharavesh, Sepideh Khoshbo, Mansour Rezaei, Mohammad Reza Saiedi. [Frequency and Related Factors of Smoking in High School Girls in Kermanshah]. Journal of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences.2010; 13(4):309-19. (Persian)
[3] Karimy M, Niknami S, Hidarnia A, Hajizadeh E, Shamsi M. Personal Attitudes, Risk Perception and Perceived Vulnerability toward Water Pipe Smoking among Male Students in Zarandieh. Health Education & Health Promotion.2013; 1(2):47-59.
[4] Alaie-Kharayem R, Kadivar P, MohamadKhani S, Sarami G, Alaie-Kharayem M. [Analyzing the causation model of effective factors on consuming the narcotics by the juveniles of Karaj]. Police-e-Zan.2010; 4(12):52-76. (Persian)
[5]Bashirian S, Fathi Y, Barati M. [Comparison of Efficacy and Threat Perception Processes in Predicting Smoking among University Students Based on Extended Parallel Process Model]. Scientific Journal of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences.2014; 21(1):58-65. (Persian)
[6]Farhadinasab A, Allahverdipour H, Bashirian S, Mahjoub H .Lifetime Pattern of Substance Abuse, Parental Support, Religiosity, and Locus of Control in Adolescent and Young Male Users. Iran J Public Health.2008; 37(4):88-95.
[7]Bashirian S, Haidarnia AR, Allahverdipour H, Hajizadeh E. [Application of Theory of Planned Behavior in Predicting Factors of Substance Abuse in Adolescents]. Journal of Fasa University of Medical Sciences.2012; 2(3):156-62. (Persian)
[8] Moeini B, Poorolajal J, Gharghani ZG. Prevalence of Cigarette Smoking and Associated Risk Factors among Adolescents in Hamadan City, West of Iran in 2010. J Res Health Sci.2012; 12(1):31-7.
[9]Tavousi M, Heidarnia AR, Montazeri A, Taremian F, Akbari H, Haeri AA. [Distinction Between Two Controls Constructs: An Application of the Theory of Planned Behavior for Substance Abuse Avoidance in Adolescents]. Horizon of Medical Sciences.2009; 15(3):36-44. (Persian)
[10]Barati M, Allahverdipour H, Moinei B, Farhadinasab A, Mahjub H. [Evaluation of theory of planned behavior-based education in prevention of MDMA (ecstasy) use among university students]. Medical Journal of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences.2011; 33(3):20-9. (Persian)
[11]Todd J, Mullan B. Using the Theory of Planned Behaviour and Prototype Willingness Model to Target Binge Drinking in Female Undergraduate University Students. Addict Behav.2011; 36(10):980-6.
[12]Glanz K, Rimer BK, Viswanath K. Health Behavior and Health Education: Theory, Reasearch and Practic. 4th ed. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass publisher, 2008; PP: 67-92.
[13] Bashirian S, Hidarnia A, Allahverdipour H, Hajizadeh E. Application of the Theory of Planned Behavior to Predict Drug Abuse Related Behaviors among Adolescents. J Res Health Sci.2012; 12(1):54-9.
[14]Karimy M, Niknami Sh, Heidarnia AR, Hajizadeh I, Montazeri A. Prevalence and Determinants of Male Ado-lescents’ Smoking in Iran: An Explanation Based on the Theory of Planned Behavior. Iran Red Crescent Med J.2013; 15(3):187-93.
[15]Ghavidel N, Samadi M, Kharmanbiz A, Asadi A, Feyzi A, Ahmadi R, et al. [Investigation of Substance Use Prevalence and the Interrelated Factors Involved Through Third-Year High School Students in Nazarabad City From January 2008 to June 2008]. Razi Journal of Medical Sciences.2012; 19(97):28-36. (Persian)
[16]Bidel Z, Nazarzadeh M, SaburMohammadi M, Zareimanesh E, Tazval J, Mohamadi E, et al. [Smoking Stages, Prevalence of Drug Abuse and Role of Associated Psychological and Social Factors: a Study on Male High School Stu-dents in Ilam City]. Journal of Kerman University of Medical Sciences.2014; 21(1):81-93. (Persian)
[17]Mohammadkhani Sh. [Prevalence of Cigarette Smoking, Alcohol Drinking and Illegal Drugs Use among Iranian Adolescents]. Journal of Kerman University of Medical Sciences.2012; 19(1):32-48. (Persian)
[18]Mohammadizeidi E, Pakpour A. Effectiveness of an Educational Intervention Based on Theory of Planned Behavior to Reduce Intentions to Smoke among Secondary School Students. Journal of Research&Health.2013; 3(4): 504-13.
[19]Morowatisharifabad MA, Fadaeevash N, Allahverdipour H, FallahzadehH. [Study of Smoking Predictors Based on Prototype/Willingness Model among High School Students in Maragheh]. Toloo-E-Behdasht.2012; 11(3):25-35. (Persian)
[20]Abedini S, MorowatiSharifabad M, Chaleshgar Kordasiabi M, Ghanbarnejad A. Predictors of non- hookah smoking among high-school students based on prototype/willingness model. Health Promot Perspect.2014; 4(1):46-53.
[21]Hukkelberg SS, Dykstra JL. Using the Prototype/Willingness model to predict smoking behavior among Norwegian adolescents. Addict Behav.2009; 34(3):270-6.
[22] Allahverdipour H, Heidarnia AR, Kazemnezhad A, Witte K, Shafiee F, Azad Fallah P.[Applying fear appeals theory for preventing drug abuse among male high school students in Tehran]. Scientific Journal of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences.2006; 13(3):43-50. (Persian)
[23]Barati M, Allahverdipour H, Moinei B, Farhadinasab A, Mahjub H, Jalilin F. [Assertiveness skills training efficiency on college students’ persuasive subjective norms against substance abuse]. Scientific Journal of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences.2011; 18(3):40-49. (Persian)
[24] Jalilian F, Allahverdipour H, Moinei B, Moghimbeigi A, Barati M, Mirzaei Alavijeh M. [Prevention of Anabolic Steroids Use Among Gym Users: Application of Peer Education Approach]. Toloo-E-Behdasht.2011; 10(2):45-56. (Persian)
[25]Norman P. The Theory of Planned Behavior and Binge Drinking Among Undergraduate Students: Assessing the Impact of Habit Strength. Addict Behav.2011; 36(5):502-7.
[26]Karimy M, Niknami Sh, Hidarnia AR, Hajizadeh I. Intention to start cigarette smoking among Iranian male adolescents: usefulness of an extended version of the theory of planned behavior. Heart Asia.2012; 4:120-4.
[27]Barati M, Allahverdipour H, Moeini B, Farhadinasab A, Mahjub H, Jalilian F. [Evaluation of Problem Solving Skills Training (P.S.S.T) on College Students’ Perceived Behavioral Control Against Psychoactive Drug Abuse]. Toloo-E-Behdasht.2011; 10(2):81-93. (Persian)
[28]McMillan B, Onner M. Applying an Extended Version of the Theory of Planned Behavior to Illicit Drug Use among Students. J Appl Soc Psychol.2003; 33(8):1662-83.
[29]Tavousi M, Montazeri A, Taremian F, Hajizadeh E, Heidarnia AR. [Factors Associated with Substance Abuse in Adolescents by Using the Theory of Planned Behavior]. Social Welfare Quarterly.2012; 12(44):93-109. (Persian)
[30]Sheeran P, Orbell S. Do Intentions Predict Condom Use? Meta-Analysis and Examination of Six Moderator Variables. Br J Soc Psychol.1998; 37(2):231-250.
[31]Beck L, Ajzen I. Predicting Dishonest Actions Using the Theory of Planned Behavior. J Res Pers.1991; 25(3):285-301.