@2024 Afarand., IRAN
ISSN: 2383-2150 Journal of Education and Community Health 2018;4(4):30-31
ISSN: 2383-2150 Journal of Education and Community Health 2018;4(4):30-31
Prostate Cancer Screening Behaviors and the Related Beliefs among 50- to 70-year-old Men in Hamadan: Appraisal of Threats and Coping
ARTICLE INFO
Article Type
Original ResearchAuthors
Khosravi Vahid (1)Barati Majid (2)
Moeini Babak (2*)
Mohammadi Younes (3)
(1) Department of Public Health, School of Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan , Iran
(2) Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan , Iran
(3) Modeling of Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan , Iran
Correspondence
Address: Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, IranPhone: -
Fax: -
Article History
Received: October 9, 2017Accepted: February 13, 2018
ePublished: March 20, 2018
ABSTRACT
Aims
Prostate cancer is one of the most prevalent diseases in men, and prostate cancer screening behaviors play an important role in reducing the incidence of this disease. Thus, we performed this study to investigate beliefs related to prostate cancer screening behaviors among men visiting retirement communities in Hamadan, Iran.
Materials & Methods A cross-sectional study of 403 men visiting retirement communities was performed in Hamadan, west of Iran, in 2016. The participants were selected using the multistage random sampling method. The data collection tool consisted of items on demographic characteristics and the protection motivation theory constructs. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation coefficient in SPSS, version 16.
Findings The mean age of the participants was 60.2±5.74 years. According to the findings, the frequency rates of performing prostate-specific antigen and digital rectal examinations were respectively 21.6% and 5.7%, showing an inappropriate condition. In addition, the level of perceived susceptibility to prostate cancer was at a low level (44.91%), but the levels of perceived response and reward efficacy were 77.88% and 75.9%, signifying a relatively desirable level.
Conclusion Based on our results, the levels of perceived susceptibility, perceived reward, fear, and perceived self-efficacy were undesirable. Thus, considering these findings in planning educational interventions seems to be necessary.
Materials & Methods A cross-sectional study of 403 men visiting retirement communities was performed in Hamadan, west of Iran, in 2016. The participants were selected using the multistage random sampling method. The data collection tool consisted of items on demographic characteristics and the protection motivation theory constructs. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation coefficient in SPSS, version 16.
Findings The mean age of the participants was 60.2±5.74 years. According to the findings, the frequency rates of performing prostate-specific antigen and digital rectal examinations were respectively 21.6% and 5.7%, showing an inappropriate condition. In addition, the level of perceived susceptibility to prostate cancer was at a low level (44.91%), but the levels of perceived response and reward efficacy were 77.88% and 75.9%, signifying a relatively desirable level.
Conclusion Based on our results, the levels of perceived susceptibility, perceived reward, fear, and perceived self-efficacy were undesirable. Thus, considering these findings in planning educational interventions seems to be necessary.
CITATION LINKS
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[10]Keshavarz Z, Simbar M, Ramezankhani A, Alavi Majd H. Factors influencing the behavior of female-workers in the reproductive age regarding breast and cervical cancer screening based on the Integrated Model of Planned Behavior and Self-Efficacy: a qualitative approach. J Sch Public Health Instit Public Health Res. 2012;9(3):23-36. [Persian]
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[14]Baghianimoghaddam MH, Mohammadi S, Norbala MT, Mazloomi SS. The study of factors relevant to skin cancer preventive behavior in female high school students in Yazd based on protection motivation theory. Knowl Health. 2010;5(1):10-5. [Persian]
[15]Rahaei Z, Ghofranipour F, Morowatisharifabad MA. Psychometric properties of a protection motivation theory questionnaire used for cancer early detection. J Sch Public Health Instit Public Health Res. 2015;12(3):69-79. [Persian]
[16]Mohammadi S, Baghiani Moghadam MH, Noorbala MT, Mazloomi SS, Fallahzadeh H, Daya A. Survey about the role of appearance concern with skin cancer prevention behavior based on protection motivation theory. Dermatol Cosmetic. 2010;1(2):70-7. [Persian]
[17]Jowzi F, Hashemifard T, Morowatisharifabad M, Bashir Z. Factors Associated with Pap smear screening test among women aged 15-49 based on protection motivation theory. Hayat. 2013;19(1):29-40. [Persian]
[18]Tazval J, Ghafari M, Mohtashami Yeganeh F, Babazadeh T, Rabati R. Efficiency of protection motivation theory on prediction of skin cancer and sunlight preventive behaviors in farmers in Ilam county. J Health. 2017;7(5):656-67. [Persian]
[19]Kivistik A, Lang K, Baili P, Anttila A, Veerus P. Women's knowledge about cervical cancer risk factors, screening, and reasons for non-participation in cervical cancer screening programme in Estonia. BMC Womens Health. 2011;11(1):43. PMID: 21951661 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6874-11-43
[20]Mahdavifar M, Sabzevari S, Harandi TF. Using health belief model for assessing health believes about papsmear in women referred to health care centers in Bandar Abbas, Iran. J Health Dev. 2015;4(2):133-45. [Persian]
[21]Çapık C, Gözüm S. Development and validation of health beliefs model scale for prostate cancer screenings (HBM-PCS): Evidence from exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. Eur J Oncol Nurs. 2011;15(5):478-85. PMID: 21256080 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejon.2010.12.003
[22]Jeihooni AK, Kashfi SM, Kashfi SH, Heydarabadi AB, Imanzad M, Hafez AA. Factors associated with prostate cancer screening behavior among men over 50 in Fasa, Iran, based on the PRECEDE model. Electron Physician. 2015;7(2):1054-62. PMID: 26120414 DOI: 10.14661/2015.1054-1062
[23]Ghodsbin F, Zare M, Jahanbin I, Ariafar A, Keshavarzi S. A survey of the knowledge and beliefs of retired men about prostate cancer screening based on health belief model. Int J Community Based Nurs Midwifery. 2014;2(4):279-85. PMID: 25349871
[24]Abuadas MH, Petro-Nustas W, Albikawi ZF. Predictors of participation in prostate cancer screening among older men in Jordan. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2015;16(13):5377-83. PMID: 26225681
[25]Didarloo A, Sharafkhani N, Sorkhabi Z, Pourali R. Survey of prostate cancer-preventive behaviors based on the health belief model constructs among male teachers of Urmia city, in 2015. J Nurs Midwifery Urmia Univ Med Sci. 2016;14(3):271-81. [Persian]
[26]Karimi M, Shamsi M, Araban M, Gholamnia Z, Kasmai P. Pap smear test structures for measuring health belief model and factors affecting women in urban centers covered Zarandieh. Qom Univ Med Sci J. 2012;6(3):52-9. [Persian]
[27]Babazadeh T, Nadrian H, Banayejeddi M, Rezapour B. Determinants of skin cancer preventive behaviors among rural farmers in Iran: an application of protection motivation theory. J Cancer Educ. 2017;32(3):604-12. PMID: 26922176 DOI: 10.1007/s13187-016-1004-7
[28]Sharifirad G, Yarmohammadi P, Sharifabad MA, Rahaei Z. Determination of preventive behaviors for pandemic influenza A/H1N1 based on protection motivation theory among female high school students in Isfahan, Iran. J Educ Health Promot. 2014;3:7. PMID: 24741647 DOI: 10.4103/2277-9531.127556
[29]Zare Sakhvidi MJ, Zare M, Mostaghaci M, Mehrparvar AH, Morowatisharifabad MA, Naghshineh E. Psychosocial predictors for cancer prevention behaviors in workplace using protection motivation theory. Adv Prev Med. 2015;2015:467498. PMID: 26543649 DOI: 10.1155/2015/467498
[30]Baghiani- Moghadam MH, Seyedi-Andi SJ, Shokri-Shirvani J, Khafri S, Ghadimi R, Parsian H. Efficiency of two constructs called "fear of disease" and "perceived severity of disease" on the prevention of gastric cancer: application of protection motivation theory. Caspian J Intern Med. 2015;6(4):201-8. PMID: 26644893
[31]Arabtali B, Solhi M, Shojaeezadeh D, Gohari M. Related factors in using Hearing protection device based on the Protection motivation theory in Shoga factory workers, 2011. Iran Occupat Health. 2015;12(1):1-11. [Persian]
[32]Bashirian S, Fathi Y, Barati M. Comparison of efficacy and threat perception processes in predicting smoking among university students based on extended parallel process model. Sci J Hamadan Univ Med Sci. 2014;21(1):58-65.
[33]Tesson S, Richards I, Porter D, Phillips KA, Rankin N, Musiello T, et al. Women’s preferences for contralateral prophylactic mastectomy: an investigation using protection motivation theory. Patient Educ Couns. 2016;99(5):814-22. PMID: 27529090
[34]Karmakar M, Pinto SL, Jordan TR, Mohamed I, Holiday-Goodman M. Predicting Adherence to aromatase inhibitor therapy among breast cancer survivors: an application of the protection motivation theory. Breast Cancer. 2017;11:1178223417694520. PMID: 28469437 DOI: 10.1177/1178223417694520
[35]Dehdari T, Hassani L, Hajizadeh E, Shojaeizadeh D, Nedjat S, Abedini M. Effects of an educational intervention based on the protection motivation theory and implementation intentions on first and second pap test practice in Iran. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2014;15(17):7257-61. PMID: 25227824
[36]Khorsandi M. The assessment of the protection motivation theory construct of skin cancer preventive behaviors in rural women. Sci J Hamadan Nurs Midwifery Facul. 2016;24(4):229-37. [Persian] DOI: 10.21859/nmj-24043
[37]Thrul J, Stemmler M, Bühler A, Kuntsche E. Adolescents’ protection motivation and smoking behaviour. Health Educ Res. 2013;28(4):683-91. PMID: 23766453 DOI: 10.1093/her/cyt062
[2]Torre LA, Bray F, Siegel RL, Ferlay J, Lortet‐Tieulent J, Jemal A. Global cancer statistics, 2012. CA Cancer J Clin. 2015;65(2):87-108. DOI:10.3322/caac.21262
[3]World Health Organization. Noncommunicable diseases country profiles 2014. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2014.
[4]Zare M, Ghodsbin F, Jahanbin I, Ariafar A, Keshavarzi S, Izadi T. The effect of health belief model-based education on knowledge and prostate cancer screening behaviors: a randomized controlled trial. In J Community Based Nurs Midwifery. 2016;4(1):57-68. PMID: 26793731
[5]Najafi F, Moradinazar M, Barati M, Ahmadijouybari T, Karami-Matin B. Correlation between risk factors for non-communicable diseases and common cancers in Iran: Ecological study. Int Business Manag. 2016;10(15):3015-9.
[6]Barati M, Amirzargar MA, Bashirian S, Kafami V, Mousali AA, Moeini B. Psychological predictors of prostate cancer screening behaviors among men over 50 years of age in Hamadan: perceived threat and efficacy. Iran J Cancer Prev. 2016;9(4):e4144. PMID: 27761205 DOI: 10.17795/ijcp-4144
[7]Qaseem A, Barry MJ, Denberg TD, Owens DK, Shekelle P; Clinical Guidelines Committee of the American College of Physicians. Screening for prostate cancer: a guidance statement from the clinical guidelines committee of the american college of physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2013;158(10):761-9. PMID: 23567643 DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-158-10-201305210-00633
[8]Hosseini M, Jahani Y, Mahmoudi M, Eshraghian MR, Yahyapour Y, Keshtkar AA. The assessment of risk factors for prostate cancer in Mazandaran province, Iran. J Gorgan Univ Med Sci. 2008;10(3):58-64. [Persian]
[9]Society AC. Cancer facts & figures 2013. Atlanta, United State: American Cancer Society; 2013.
[10]Keshavarz Z, Simbar M, Ramezankhani A, Alavi Majd H. Factors influencing the behavior of female-workers in the reproductive age regarding breast and cervical cancer screening based on the Integrated Model of Planned Behavior and Self-Efficacy: a qualitative approach. J Sch Public Health Instit Public Health Res. 2012;9(3):23-36. [Persian]
[11]Oliver JS, Grindel CG, DeCoster J, Ford CD, Martin MY. Benefits, barriers, sources of influence, and prostate cancer screening among rural men. Public Health Nurs. 2011;28(6):515-22. PMID: 22092461 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1446.2011.00956.x
[12]Jemal A, Siegel R, Xu J, Ward E. Cancer statistics, 2010. CA Cancer J Clin. 2010;60(5):277-300. PMID: 20610543 DOI: 10.3322/caac.20073
[13]Cancer. Early detection of cancer. World Health Organization. Available at: URL: http://www.who.int/cancer/detection/en; 2013.
[14]Baghianimoghaddam MH, Mohammadi S, Norbala MT, Mazloomi SS. The study of factors relevant to skin cancer preventive behavior in female high school students in Yazd based on protection motivation theory. Knowl Health. 2010;5(1):10-5. [Persian]
[15]Rahaei Z, Ghofranipour F, Morowatisharifabad MA. Psychometric properties of a protection motivation theory questionnaire used for cancer early detection. J Sch Public Health Instit Public Health Res. 2015;12(3):69-79. [Persian]
[16]Mohammadi S, Baghiani Moghadam MH, Noorbala MT, Mazloomi SS, Fallahzadeh H, Daya A. Survey about the role of appearance concern with skin cancer prevention behavior based on protection motivation theory. Dermatol Cosmetic. 2010;1(2):70-7. [Persian]
[17]Jowzi F, Hashemifard T, Morowatisharifabad M, Bashir Z. Factors Associated with Pap smear screening test among women aged 15-49 based on protection motivation theory. Hayat. 2013;19(1):29-40. [Persian]
[18]Tazval J, Ghafari M, Mohtashami Yeganeh F, Babazadeh T, Rabati R. Efficiency of protection motivation theory on prediction of skin cancer and sunlight preventive behaviors in farmers in Ilam county. J Health. 2017;7(5):656-67. [Persian]
[19]Kivistik A, Lang K, Baili P, Anttila A, Veerus P. Women's knowledge about cervical cancer risk factors, screening, and reasons for non-participation in cervical cancer screening programme in Estonia. BMC Womens Health. 2011;11(1):43. PMID: 21951661 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6874-11-43
[20]Mahdavifar M, Sabzevari S, Harandi TF. Using health belief model for assessing health believes about papsmear in women referred to health care centers in Bandar Abbas, Iran. J Health Dev. 2015;4(2):133-45. [Persian]
[21]Çapık C, Gözüm S. Development and validation of health beliefs model scale for prostate cancer screenings (HBM-PCS): Evidence from exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. Eur J Oncol Nurs. 2011;15(5):478-85. PMID: 21256080 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejon.2010.12.003
[22]Jeihooni AK, Kashfi SM, Kashfi SH, Heydarabadi AB, Imanzad M, Hafez AA. Factors associated with prostate cancer screening behavior among men over 50 in Fasa, Iran, based on the PRECEDE model. Electron Physician. 2015;7(2):1054-62. PMID: 26120414 DOI: 10.14661/2015.1054-1062
[23]Ghodsbin F, Zare M, Jahanbin I, Ariafar A, Keshavarzi S. A survey of the knowledge and beliefs of retired men about prostate cancer screening based on health belief model. Int J Community Based Nurs Midwifery. 2014;2(4):279-85. PMID: 25349871
[24]Abuadas MH, Petro-Nustas W, Albikawi ZF. Predictors of participation in prostate cancer screening among older men in Jordan. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2015;16(13):5377-83. PMID: 26225681
[25]Didarloo A, Sharafkhani N, Sorkhabi Z, Pourali R. Survey of prostate cancer-preventive behaviors based on the health belief model constructs among male teachers of Urmia city, in 2015. J Nurs Midwifery Urmia Univ Med Sci. 2016;14(3):271-81. [Persian]
[26]Karimi M, Shamsi M, Araban M, Gholamnia Z, Kasmai P. Pap smear test structures for measuring health belief model and factors affecting women in urban centers covered Zarandieh. Qom Univ Med Sci J. 2012;6(3):52-9. [Persian]
[27]Babazadeh T, Nadrian H, Banayejeddi M, Rezapour B. Determinants of skin cancer preventive behaviors among rural farmers in Iran: an application of protection motivation theory. J Cancer Educ. 2017;32(3):604-12. PMID: 26922176 DOI: 10.1007/s13187-016-1004-7
[28]Sharifirad G, Yarmohammadi P, Sharifabad MA, Rahaei Z. Determination of preventive behaviors for pandemic influenza A/H1N1 based on protection motivation theory among female high school students in Isfahan, Iran. J Educ Health Promot. 2014;3:7. PMID: 24741647 DOI: 10.4103/2277-9531.127556
[29]Zare Sakhvidi MJ, Zare M, Mostaghaci M, Mehrparvar AH, Morowatisharifabad MA, Naghshineh E. Psychosocial predictors for cancer prevention behaviors in workplace using protection motivation theory. Adv Prev Med. 2015;2015:467498. PMID: 26543649 DOI: 10.1155/2015/467498
[30]Baghiani- Moghadam MH, Seyedi-Andi SJ, Shokri-Shirvani J, Khafri S, Ghadimi R, Parsian H. Efficiency of two constructs called "fear of disease" and "perceived severity of disease" on the prevention of gastric cancer: application of protection motivation theory. Caspian J Intern Med. 2015;6(4):201-8. PMID: 26644893
[31]Arabtali B, Solhi M, Shojaeezadeh D, Gohari M. Related factors in using Hearing protection device based on the Protection motivation theory in Shoga factory workers, 2011. Iran Occupat Health. 2015;12(1):1-11. [Persian]
[32]Bashirian S, Fathi Y, Barati M. Comparison of efficacy and threat perception processes in predicting smoking among university students based on extended parallel process model. Sci J Hamadan Univ Med Sci. 2014;21(1):58-65.
[33]Tesson S, Richards I, Porter D, Phillips KA, Rankin N, Musiello T, et al. Women’s preferences for contralateral prophylactic mastectomy: an investigation using protection motivation theory. Patient Educ Couns. 2016;99(5):814-22. PMID: 27529090
[34]Karmakar M, Pinto SL, Jordan TR, Mohamed I, Holiday-Goodman M. Predicting Adherence to aromatase inhibitor therapy among breast cancer survivors: an application of the protection motivation theory. Breast Cancer. 2017;11:1178223417694520. PMID: 28469437 DOI: 10.1177/1178223417694520
[35]Dehdari T, Hassani L, Hajizadeh E, Shojaeizadeh D, Nedjat S, Abedini M. Effects of an educational intervention based on the protection motivation theory and implementation intentions on first and second pap test practice in Iran. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2014;15(17):7257-61. PMID: 25227824
[36]Khorsandi M. The assessment of the protection motivation theory construct of skin cancer preventive behaviors in rural women. Sci J Hamadan Nurs Midwifery Facul. 2016;24(4):229-37. [Persian] DOI: 10.21859/nmj-24043
[37]Thrul J, Stemmler M, Bühler A, Kuntsche E. Adolescents’ protection motivation and smoking behaviour. Health Educ Res. 2013;28(4):683-91. PMID: 23766453 DOI: 10.1093/her/cyt062