@2024 Afarand., IRAN
ISSN: 0000-0000 Iranian Journal of Isaar Studies 2017;1(2):83-92
ISSN: 0000-0000 Iranian Journal of Isaar Studies 2017;1(2):83-92
Effective Factors on Level of Morale, Happiness and Life Expectancy in Families of Soldiers Killed in War and Veterans' Families; Case Study of Fars Province
ARTICLE INFO
Article Type
Descriptive & Survey StudyAuthors
Babanazari L. (*)Taghavi M.R. (1)
(*) Educational Sciences Department, Shahid Bahonar Faculty, Farhangian University, Shiraz, Iran
(1) Clinical Psychology Department, Education Science & Psychology Faculty, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
Correspondence
Article History
Received: October 1, 2016Accepted: June 14, 2017
ePublished: May 30, 2017
ABSTRACT
Aims
Martyrs and sacrificers' families have higher mental health problems than others due to their particular circumstances, and this makes clear the need to pay more attention to their health. The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors affecting the level of morale, happiness and life expectancy in martyrs and sacrificers' families.
Instrument & Methods In this descriptive-correlational study in 2014, 593 people from martyrs and sacrificers' families in Fars province (Shiraz, Marvdasht, Kazeroun, Abadeh, Darab, Arsanjan, Lar and Neyriz cities) were selected through multistage cluster sampling. Research instruments were Miller's Life Expectancy Questionnaire, Oxford Happiness Scale, Positive And Negative Affect Scales, and Psychosocial Factors Questionnaire. Data were analyzed by independent t-test, one way ANOVA, LSD test and Pearson correlation coefficient.
Findings The level of morale, happiness and life expectancy was negatively correlated with the age (p<0.01). The components of attitude toward exercise, amount of study, religious commitment, social support and the acceptance of the place of sacrifice and martyrdom had a positive and significant correlation with morale, happiness and life expectancy (p<0.05).
Conclusion Factors such as age, attitude towards sport, amount of study, religious commitment, social support, and the acceptance of the place of sacrifice and martyrdom have an impact on the level of morale, happiness and life expectancy in martyrs and sacrificers' families.
Instrument & Methods In this descriptive-correlational study in 2014, 593 people from martyrs and sacrificers' families in Fars province (Shiraz, Marvdasht, Kazeroun, Abadeh, Darab, Arsanjan, Lar and Neyriz cities) were selected through multistage cluster sampling. Research instruments were Miller's Life Expectancy Questionnaire, Oxford Happiness Scale, Positive And Negative Affect Scales, and Psychosocial Factors Questionnaire. Data were analyzed by independent t-test, one way ANOVA, LSD test and Pearson correlation coefficient.
Findings The level of morale, happiness and life expectancy was negatively correlated with the age (p<0.01). The components of attitude toward exercise, amount of study, religious commitment, social support and the acceptance of the place of sacrifice and martyrdom had a positive and significant correlation with morale, happiness and life expectancy (p<0.05).
Conclusion Factors such as age, attitude towards sport, amount of study, religious commitment, social support, and the acceptance of the place of sacrifice and martyrdom have an impact on the level of morale, happiness and life expectancy in martyrs and sacrificers' families.
CITATION LINKS
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[25]Gholami M, Pasha Gh, Sudani M. Therapeutic effectiveness of group education on life expectancy and general health of female patients with thalassemia. Knowledge Res Appl Psychol. 2010;11(42):25-45.
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[27]Pasha Gh, Amini S. The life effect of reality therapy on the life expectancy and the anxiety of martyr's wives. J Soc Psychol .2008;3(9):37-50. [Persian]
[28]Alipour A, Agah Haris M. Reliability and validity of the oxford happiness inventory among Iranian. J Dev Psychol. 2007;3(12):287-98. [Persian]
[29]Bakhshi A, Daemi F, Ajilchi B. Psychometric properties of the positive and negative affect scales in an iranian sample. J Dev Psychol. 2009;5(20):343-53. [Persian]
[30]Alinia Karouei R, Dousti YA, Dehshiri GhR, Heidari MH. Humor styles, subjective well-being, and emotional intelligence in college students. J Iran Psychol. 2009;5(18):159-69.
[31]Naderi F, Heidari A, Mashalpuor M. The relationship between action flexibility, positive and negative affect with self-efficacy and job satisfaction in employees of Ahwaz Municipality. J Soc Psychol. 2010;3(9):7-24. [Persian]
[32]Golzari M. Creating a scale for assessing the characteristics of religious people and the relationship between these characteristics and mental health [Dissertation]. Tehran: Allameh Tabataba’i University; 2000. [Persian]
[33]Ranjbar S, Tasbihsazan SR, Lotfi Kashani F. the study of the relationship between perceived social protection with welfare of psychologists in women with cancer. Jundishapur Sci Med J. 2012;11(2):223-8. [Persian]
[34]Moody LE, Mcmillan S, Dyspnea and quality of life indicators in hospice patients and their caregivers. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2003;1:9.
[35]Keshavarz A, Vafaeian M. investigating factors affecting happiness. Andishe va Raftar. 2007;2(5):51-62. [Persian]
[36]Safavi M, Mahmoodi M, Natayej Bishe K. Relationship between quality of life and coping strategies in spouses of chemical warfare victims with pulmonary complications of mustard gas in Tehran. Daneshvar. 2010;17(87):9-18. [Persian]
[37]Lotf Abadi H. Developmental Psychology. Tehran: Samt Press; 2013. [Persian]
[38]Mojahed A, Kalantari M, Molavi H, Taher Neshat Doost H, Shakiba M. A comparative study of the mental health of the war injured and martyrs' spouses in Zahedan. J Gonabad Univ Med Sci. 2011;17(4):43-50. [Persian]
[39]Karin G, Albreksten G, Qvarnstrom U. Association between psychosocial factors and happiness among school adolescent. Int J Nurs Pract. 2003;9(3):166-75.
[40]Garusi Farshi MT, Mani A, Bakhshipour A. The Relationship between personality characteristics and happiness among students of Tabriz University. J Psychol. 2006;1(1):143-58. [Persian]
[41]Kangarloo M. The study of social health in non-witnessed and control students of Allameh Tabataba'i University [Dissertation]. Tehran: Allameh Tabataba'i University; 2008. [Persian]
[42]Omidian M. A survey on general health and happiness in Yazd university students. Stud Educ Psychol. 2009;10(1):101-16. [Persian]
[43]Danesh E. A comparison of happiness, physical and mental health in male and female students' married and single of university. J Appl Psychol. 2011;4(4):56-71. [Persian]
[44]Yousefi F, Mohamadkhani M. Investigation of students’ mental health at Kurdistan University of Medical Science and it related with age, gender and their academic courses. Med J Mashad Univ Med Sci. 2014;56(6):354-61. [Persian]
[45] Sahebi L, Ayatollahi SMT. Mental health status of hospitals staffs in Shiraz. Horizon Med Sci. 2007;12(4):26-33. [Persian]
[46]Diener E, Lucas RE. Subjective well-being running head: Emotional well- being. In: Lewis M, Haviland JM, editors. Handbook of emotions. 2nd edition. New York: Guilford; 2000. pp. 325-7.
[47]Hosseini SM. The relationship of life expectancy and psychological hardiness in students (girl and son) of Islamic Azad University, Gachsaran Branch [Dissertation]. Khuzestan: Islamic Azad University; 2009. [Persian]
[48]Hadianfard H. Subjective well-being and religious activities in a group of Muslims. Iran J Psychiatry Clin Psychol. 2005;11(2):224-32. [Persian]
[49]Nateghian S, Mollazade J. Satisfaction of life and happiness in veteran child students in Shiraz University [Internet]. Tehran: The Cultural Website of Martyrdom and Sacrifice; 2010 [cited 2012 May 5]. Available From: https://goo.gl/PAaxpi
[50]Ryan RM, Deci EL. On happiness and human potentials: A review of research on hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Annu Rev Psychol. 2001;52:141-66.
[51]Vallurupalli M, Lauderdale K, Balboni MJ, Phelps AC, Block SD, Kachnic LK, et al. The role of spirituality and religious coping in the quality of life of patients with advanced cancer receiving palliative radiation therapy. J Support Oncol. 2012;10(2):81-7.
[52]Dolan P, Peasgood T, White M. Do we really know what makes us happy? A review of the economic literature on the factors associated with subjective well being. J Econo Psychol. 2008;29(1):94-122.
[53]Mattioli JL, Repinski R, Chappy SL. The meaning of hope and social support in patients receiving chemotherapy. Oncol Nurs Forum. 2008;35(5):822-9.
[54]Hesam M, Asayesh H, Ghorbani M, Shariati AR, Nasiri H. The relationship of perceived social support, mental health and life satisfaction in martyrs and veterans students of state University in Gorgan. J Res Dev Nurs Midwifery. 2011;8(1):34-41. [Persian]
[55]Zahedi Asl M, Salehi S. Social support and social health of spouses of psychiatric and veterans of Tehran. Soc Work Res J.2014;1(1):207-44. [Persian]
[56]Hughes E, Tomlinson A, Blumenthal JA, Davidson J, Sketch MH, Watkins LL. Social support and religiosity as coping strategies for anxiety in hospitalized cardiac patients. Annu Behav Med. 2004;28(3):179-85.
[57]Noein A, Kajbaf MB, Frodastan M. Desirable social behaviors and self-sacrifice in Isfahan citizens. J Appl Soc. 2013;24(2):201-20. [Persian]
[58]Malti T, Gummerum M, Keller M, Buchmann M. Children's moral motivation, sympathy, and prosocial behavior. Child Dev. 2009;80(2):442-60.
[59]Carlo G, Vicenta Mestre M, Samper P, Tur A, Armenta Brian E. Feelings or cognitions moral cognitions and emotions as longitudinal predictors of prosocial and aggressive behaviors. Personal Individ Differ. 2010;48(8):872-7.
[2]Hewitt JP. The myth of self-steem: Finding happiness and solving problems in America. London: Palgrave Macmillan Co; 1998.
[3]Shirkavand Sh. The effect of morale on organizational climate. Tadbir. 2001;117:96-97. [Persian]
[4]Keeler E, Guralnik JM, Tian H, Wallace RB, Reuben DB. The impact of functional status on life expectancy in older persons. J Gerontol Biol Sci Med Sci. 2010;65A(7):727-33.
[5]Greitemeyer T, Osswald S. Effects of prosocial videc games on prosocial behavior. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2010;98(2):211-21.
[6]Loke SC, Abdolah SS, Chai ST, Hamid TA, Yahaya N. Assessment of factors influencing morale in the elderly. PLoS One. 2011;6(1):e16490.
[7]Shokri H. Investigating the organizational climate of the school on the morale of teachers and staff of high schools in district 3 of Shiraz [Dissertation]. Shiraz: Shiraz State Management Education Center; 2002. [Persian]
[8]Jahromi Shapour Sh, Ahmadi E, Darvishpour Faraghe S. Investigating the relationship between organizational climate and organizational commitment and spirituality from the viewpoints of secondary school secondary school teachers in Marvdasht city in the academic year of the years 2009-2010. J Manag Syst. 2010;1(1):107-28. [Persian]
[9]Danaei Fard H, Khaefollahi AA, Yazdani S. The explanation of the effect of internal and external factors on the morale of faculty members. High Educ Lett J. 2011;4(14):9-29. [Persian]
[10]Mohamadi Shahblaghi F. Investigating the relationship between hope and coping effectiveness in patients with cancer admitted to the Cancer Institute affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences [Dissertation]. Kerman: Kerman University of Medical Sciences; 1994. [Persian].
[11]Corey G. Theory and practice in group counseling and Psychology. 8th edition. London: Brooks Cole; 2011.
[12]Snyder CR, Lapointe AB, Crowson JJ, Early S. Preferences of high –and low hope people for self-refrential in put. Cogn Emot. 1998;12(6):807-23.
[13]Valle MF, Huebner ES, Suldo SM. Further evaluation of the children's hope scale. J Psychoeduc Assess. 2004;22(4):320-37.
[14]Snyder CR, Ritschel LA, Rand KL, Berg CJ. Balancing psychological assessments: Including hope and strengths in client reports. J Clin Psychol. 2006;62(1):33-46.
[15] Argyle M. Psychology of happiness. 2nd edition. Kalntari M, translator. London: Routledge Press; 2002.
[16]Neshat Doost H, Kalantari M, Mehrabi H, Palahang H, Nouri NS, Soltani I. Predicting factors of happiness in mobarekeh steal company personnel. J Appl Sociol. 2009;20(1):105-18. [Persian]
[17]Azmoode P, Shahidi Sh, Danesh E. Relationship between religious orientation with hardiness and happiness in students. J Psychol. 2007;11(1):60-74.
[18]Makvandi B, Najarian B, Shokrkon H, Liami F. Comparison of the depression scale of controlled students of Ahwaz secondary schools with non-Shahed students of the same schools and other Ahvaz secondary schools. Q J Educ.1993;34:43-60. [Persian]
[19]Rahmani N, Akbar Nataj K, Ailpour H. Assessment and Comparison of self esteem and depression in war handicappeds and non war handicappeds children of Shahed guidance schools in Sari city. Iran J War Public Health. 2012;4(4):29-34. [Persian]
[20]Fakhri Z, Danesh E, Shahidi SH, Saliminia AR. Quality of value system and self-efficacy in children having veteran and non-veteran father. J Appl Psychol. 2013;6(4):25-42. [Persian]
[21]Asadollahi A. Study of mental health of spinal cord and non-spinal cord injured in Isfahan province in 1990. J Isfahan Med Sch. 1990;3:22-6.
[22]Alipour A, Noorbala AA, Ezheie J, Motieian H. Happiness and immune function. J Psychol. 2000;4(3):219-33. [Persian]
[23]Bahreinian SAM, Borhani H. Mental health in group of war veterans and their spouses in Qom. Res Medicat. 2003;27(4):305-13. [Persian]
[24]Hosseinian E, Soodani M, Mehrabizade Honarmand M. Efficacy of group logotherapy on cancer patients' life expectation. J Behav Sci. 2010;3(4):287-92. [Persian]
[25]Gholami M, Pasha Gh, Sudani M. Therapeutic effectiveness of group education on life expectancy and general health of female patients with thalassemia. Knowledge Res Appl Psychol. 2010;11(42):25-45.
[26]Kazemian Moghadam K, Mehrabizade Honarmand M. The Relationship between religious attitude with happiness and mental health of female and male students of Behbahan Islamic Azad University. J Psychol Relig. 2009;2(4):157-74. [Persian]
[27]Pasha Gh, Amini S. The life effect of reality therapy on the life expectancy and the anxiety of martyr's wives. J Soc Psychol .2008;3(9):37-50. [Persian]
[28]Alipour A, Agah Haris M. Reliability and validity of the oxford happiness inventory among Iranian. J Dev Psychol. 2007;3(12):287-98. [Persian]
[29]Bakhshi A, Daemi F, Ajilchi B. Psychometric properties of the positive and negative affect scales in an iranian sample. J Dev Psychol. 2009;5(20):343-53. [Persian]
[30]Alinia Karouei R, Dousti YA, Dehshiri GhR, Heidari MH. Humor styles, subjective well-being, and emotional intelligence in college students. J Iran Psychol. 2009;5(18):159-69.
[31]Naderi F, Heidari A, Mashalpuor M. The relationship between action flexibility, positive and negative affect with self-efficacy and job satisfaction in employees of Ahwaz Municipality. J Soc Psychol. 2010;3(9):7-24. [Persian]
[32]Golzari M. Creating a scale for assessing the characteristics of religious people and the relationship between these characteristics and mental health [Dissertation]. Tehran: Allameh Tabataba’i University; 2000. [Persian]
[33]Ranjbar S, Tasbihsazan SR, Lotfi Kashani F. the study of the relationship between perceived social protection with welfare of psychologists in women with cancer. Jundishapur Sci Med J. 2012;11(2):223-8. [Persian]
[34]Moody LE, Mcmillan S, Dyspnea and quality of life indicators in hospice patients and their caregivers. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2003;1:9.
[35]Keshavarz A, Vafaeian M. investigating factors affecting happiness. Andishe va Raftar. 2007;2(5):51-62. [Persian]
[36]Safavi M, Mahmoodi M, Natayej Bishe K. Relationship between quality of life and coping strategies in spouses of chemical warfare victims with pulmonary complications of mustard gas in Tehran. Daneshvar. 2010;17(87):9-18. [Persian]
[37]Lotf Abadi H. Developmental Psychology. Tehran: Samt Press; 2013. [Persian]
[38]Mojahed A, Kalantari M, Molavi H, Taher Neshat Doost H, Shakiba M. A comparative study of the mental health of the war injured and martyrs' spouses in Zahedan. J Gonabad Univ Med Sci. 2011;17(4):43-50. [Persian]
[39]Karin G, Albreksten G, Qvarnstrom U. Association between psychosocial factors and happiness among school adolescent. Int J Nurs Pract. 2003;9(3):166-75.
[40]Garusi Farshi MT, Mani A, Bakhshipour A. The Relationship between personality characteristics and happiness among students of Tabriz University. J Psychol. 2006;1(1):143-58. [Persian]
[41]Kangarloo M. The study of social health in non-witnessed and control students of Allameh Tabataba'i University [Dissertation]. Tehran: Allameh Tabataba'i University; 2008. [Persian]
[42]Omidian M. A survey on general health and happiness in Yazd university students. Stud Educ Psychol. 2009;10(1):101-16. [Persian]
[43]Danesh E. A comparison of happiness, physical and mental health in male and female students' married and single of university. J Appl Psychol. 2011;4(4):56-71. [Persian]
[44]Yousefi F, Mohamadkhani M. Investigation of students’ mental health at Kurdistan University of Medical Science and it related with age, gender and their academic courses. Med J Mashad Univ Med Sci. 2014;56(6):354-61. [Persian]
[45] Sahebi L, Ayatollahi SMT. Mental health status of hospitals staffs in Shiraz. Horizon Med Sci. 2007;12(4):26-33. [Persian]
[46]Diener E, Lucas RE. Subjective well-being running head: Emotional well- being. In: Lewis M, Haviland JM, editors. Handbook of emotions. 2nd edition. New York: Guilford; 2000. pp. 325-7.
[47]Hosseini SM. The relationship of life expectancy and psychological hardiness in students (girl and son) of Islamic Azad University, Gachsaran Branch [Dissertation]. Khuzestan: Islamic Azad University; 2009. [Persian]
[48]Hadianfard H. Subjective well-being and religious activities in a group of Muslims. Iran J Psychiatry Clin Psychol. 2005;11(2):224-32. [Persian]
[49]Nateghian S, Mollazade J. Satisfaction of life and happiness in veteran child students in Shiraz University [Internet]. Tehran: The Cultural Website of Martyrdom and Sacrifice; 2010 [cited 2012 May 5]. Available From: https://goo.gl/PAaxpi
[50]Ryan RM, Deci EL. On happiness and human potentials: A review of research on hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Annu Rev Psychol. 2001;52:141-66.
[51]Vallurupalli M, Lauderdale K, Balboni MJ, Phelps AC, Block SD, Kachnic LK, et al. The role of spirituality and religious coping in the quality of life of patients with advanced cancer receiving palliative radiation therapy. J Support Oncol. 2012;10(2):81-7.
[52]Dolan P, Peasgood T, White M. Do we really know what makes us happy? A review of the economic literature on the factors associated with subjective well being. J Econo Psychol. 2008;29(1):94-122.
[53]Mattioli JL, Repinski R, Chappy SL. The meaning of hope and social support in patients receiving chemotherapy. Oncol Nurs Forum. 2008;35(5):822-9.
[54]Hesam M, Asayesh H, Ghorbani M, Shariati AR, Nasiri H. The relationship of perceived social support, mental health and life satisfaction in martyrs and veterans students of state University in Gorgan. J Res Dev Nurs Midwifery. 2011;8(1):34-41. [Persian]
[55]Zahedi Asl M, Salehi S. Social support and social health of spouses of psychiatric and veterans of Tehran. Soc Work Res J.2014;1(1):207-44. [Persian]
[56]Hughes E, Tomlinson A, Blumenthal JA, Davidson J, Sketch MH, Watkins LL. Social support and religiosity as coping strategies for anxiety in hospitalized cardiac patients. Annu Behav Med. 2004;28(3):179-85.
[57]Noein A, Kajbaf MB, Frodastan M. Desirable social behaviors and self-sacrifice in Isfahan citizens. J Appl Soc. 2013;24(2):201-20. [Persian]
[58]Malti T, Gummerum M, Keller M, Buchmann M. Children's moral motivation, sympathy, and prosocial behavior. Child Dev. 2009;80(2):442-60.
[59]Carlo G, Vicenta Mestre M, Samper P, Tur A, Armenta Brian E. Feelings or cognitions moral cognitions and emotions as longitudinal predictors of prosocial and aggressive behaviors. Personal Individ Differ. 2010;48(8):872-7.