@2024 Afarand., IRAN
ISSN: 2383-2150 Journal of Education and Community Health 2018;4(4):39-48
ISSN: 2383-2150 Journal of Education and Community Health 2018;4(4):39-48
Lifestyle of Hormoz Island Residents: A Cross-Sectional Study
ARTICLE INFO
Article Type
Original ResearchAuthors
Aghamolaei Teamur (1)Davoodi Sayed Hossein (2)
Madani Abdoulhossain (1)
Safari-Moradabadi Ali (3)
Dadipoor Sakineh (4*)
(1) Social Determinants in Health Promotion Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
(2) Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
(3) Department of Public Health, School of Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
(4*) Mother and Child Welfare Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
Correspondence
Address: Mother and Child Welfare Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, IranPhone: -
Fax: -
mdadipoor@yahoo.com
Article History
Received: October 18, 2017Accepted: March 20, 2018
ePublished: March 20, 2018
ABSTRACT
Aims
Lifestyle-related diseases are among the most important causes of mortality in Iran. Evidence suggests an association between unhealthy lifestyle and the incidence of diseases and health problems. Therefore, the present study was conducted to determine the status of lifestyle and its related factors among the residents of Hormoz Island, Iran.
Materials & Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted on 400 inhabitants of Hormoz island with the age of over 15 years in 2016. The study population was selected by two-stage cluster sampling method. The demographic information and data related to life-style were collected through a researcher-made questionnaire, confirmed to be reliable and valid. Data analysis was performed in SPSS (version 19) using descriptive statistics, Chi-square test, and one-way ANOVA.
Findings According to the results, the mean age of the participants was 36.1±14.52 years. In terms of lifestyle, the consumption of liquid oil, low-salt food, regular physical activity, and non-smoking had the frequencies of 81%, 20.3%, 37%, and 68.3%, respectively. Furthermore, the mean consumptions of fruits, vegetables, and fish were 2.48, 3.55, and 3.65 food units per week, respectively. Additionally, there was a significant relationship between education level and salt consumption (P=0.002), economic status and type of consumed oil (P<0.005), as well as healthy diet pattern and economic status of individuals (P<0.05).
Conclusion As the findings indicated, the promotion of nutritional knowledge, increased awareness of the disadvantages of smoking in people with low education, implementation of cheap policies, availability of healthy food, increased tobacco taxes, implementation of physical activities, as well as notification and normalization in the field of safety behaviors are among the important factors for the promotion of lifestyle.
Materials & Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted on 400 inhabitants of Hormoz island with the age of over 15 years in 2016. The study population was selected by two-stage cluster sampling method. The demographic information and data related to life-style were collected through a researcher-made questionnaire, confirmed to be reliable and valid. Data analysis was performed in SPSS (version 19) using descriptive statistics, Chi-square test, and one-way ANOVA.
Findings According to the results, the mean age of the participants was 36.1±14.52 years. In terms of lifestyle, the consumption of liquid oil, low-salt food, regular physical activity, and non-smoking had the frequencies of 81%, 20.3%, 37%, and 68.3%, respectively. Furthermore, the mean consumptions of fruits, vegetables, and fish were 2.48, 3.55, and 3.65 food units per week, respectively. Additionally, there was a significant relationship between education level and salt consumption (P=0.002), economic status and type of consumed oil (P<0.005), as well as healthy diet pattern and economic status of individuals (P<0.05).
Conclusion As the findings indicated, the promotion of nutritional knowledge, increased awareness of the disadvantages of smoking in people with low education, implementation of cheap policies, availability of healthy food, increased tobacco taxes, implementation of physical activities, as well as notification and normalization in the field of safety behaviors are among the important factors for the promotion of lifestyle.
CITATION LINKS
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[4]Mahmoodi Shan GR, Rahmani H, Abdollahi AA, Vakili MA, Sheikh H, Nasiri H. Correlation between nurses' life style and some personal-professional characteristics in Golestan University of Medical Sciences' Hospitals. J Res Dev Nurs Midwifery. 2014;11(1):118-26. [Persian]
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[15]Rahimi Z, Rahbar A, Kheyrollahi F, Ebraze A, Gharlipour Z. Consumption pattern of edible oils and its related factors based on PRECEDE model in urban and rural women referring to health centers in Qom province. Arak Med Univ J. 2017;20(7):34-42. [Persian]
[16]Razanamahefa L, Lafay L, Oseredczuk M, Thiebaut A, Laloux L, Gerber M, et al. Dietary fat consumption of the French population and quality of the data on the composition of the major food groups. Bull Cancer. 2005;92(7):647-57. PMID: 16123004
[17]Agheli N, Assefzadeh S, Rajabi M, Ghoddousi A. Study of calories and macronutrients intake in people of Rasht and Qazvin. J Qazvin Univ Med Sci. 2006;10(1):24-30. [Persian]
[18]Swierad EM, Vartanian LR, King M. The Influence of ethnic and mainstream cultures on african americans’ health behaviors: a qualitative study. Behav Sci. 2017;7(3):49. DOI: 10.3390/bs7030049
[19]Rashidkhani B, Rezazadeh A, Omidvar N, Houshitrad N, Setayeshgar Z. Relationships of major dietary patterns and their association with socioeconomic and demographic factors in 20-50 year-old women in the north of Tehran. Nutr Sci Food Technol. 2008;3(2):1-12. [Persian]
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[21]Wijtzes AI, Jansen W, Jansen PW, Jaddoe VW, Hofman A, Raat H. Maternal educational level and preschool children's consumption of high-calorie snacks and sugar-containing beverages: mediation by the family food environment. Prev Med. 2013;57(5):607-12. PMID: 23988496 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2013.08.014
[22]Dadipoor S, Madani A, Ghanbarnejad A, Safari Moradabadi A, Amani F, Hosseini M, et al. Effective factors related to fast-foods consumption in Bandar Abbas: a community-based study. Iran J Health Educ Health Promot. 2014;2(2):77-86. [Persian]
[23]Lv N, Cason KL. Dietary pattern change and acculturation of Chinese Americans in Pennsylvania. J Am Diet Assoc. 2004;104(5):771-8. PMID: 15127063 DOI: 10.1016/j.jada.2004.02.032
[24]Pasdar Y, Rezaei M, Darbandi M, Niazi P, Faramani RS. Consumption pattern of lipids and the factors affecting their selection among families in Kermanshah (2011). J Kermanshah Univ Med Sci. 2014;18(1):44-52.
[25]Boylan S, Lallukka T, Lahelma E, Pikhart H, Malyutina S, Pajak A, et al. Socio-economic circumstances and food habits in Eastern, Central and Western European populations. Public Health Nutr. 2011;14(4):678-87. PMID: 20843403 DOI: 10.1017/S1368980010002570
[26]Vestfold Heartcare Study Group. Influence on lifestyle measures and five-year coronary risk by a comprehensive lifestyle intervention programme in patients with coronary heart disease. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2003;10(6):429-37. PMID: 14671465 DOI: 10.1097/01.hjr.0000107024.38316.6a
[27]Rafiee A, Dostifar K, Tavasoli E, Alipour F, Darabi T, Ashrafi Hafez A, et al. The lifestyle of married women referring to health centers in West of Ahvaz. Sci J Ilam Univ Med Sci. 2014;22(3):1-9. [Persian]
[28]Salehi S, Naji SA, Sargazi M. The Amount of Consumption of Fruits and Vegetables and Related Factors in the Hospitalized Elderly in Zahedan in 2010. Iran J Ageing. 2012;6(4):30-6. [Persian]
[29]Claro RM, Carmo HC, Machado FM, Monteiro CA. Income, food prices, and participation of fruit and vegetables in the diet. Rev Saude Publica. 2007;41(4):557-64. PMID: 17589753
[30]Kamphuis CB, Giskes K, de Bruijn GJ, Wendel-Vos W, Brug J, Van Lenthe FJ. Environmental determinants of fruit and vegetable consumption among adults: a systematic review. Br J Nutr. 2006;96(4):620-35. PMID: 17010219
[31]Yeh MC, Ickes SB, Lowenstein LM, Shuval K, Ammerman AS, Farris R, et al. Understanding barriers and facilitators of fruit and vegetable consumption among a diverse multi-ethnic population in the USA. Health Promot Int. 2008;23(1):42-51. PMID: 18182418 DOI: 10.1093/heapro/dam044
[32]Konttinen H, Sarlio-Lähteenkorva S, Silventoinen K, Männistö S, Haukkala A. Socio-economic disparities in the consumption of vegetables, fruit and energy-dense foods: the role of motive priorities. Public Health Nutr. 2013;16(5):873-82. PMID: 22857602 DOI: 10.1017/S1368980012003540
[33]Smith KM, Sahyoun NR. Fish consumption: recommendations versus advisories, can they be reconciled? Nutr Rev. 2005;63(2):39-46. PMID: 15762087
[34]Darko FA. Consumer preference for farmed fish in Ghana and Kenya: opportunities for domestic demand-driven aquaculture. Indian: Purdue University; 2011.
[35]Petrenya N, Dobrodeeva L, Brustad M, Bichkaeva F, Menshikova E, Lutfalieva G, et al. Fish consumption and socio-economic factors among residents of Arkhangelsk city and the rural Nenets autonomous area. Int J Circumpolar Health. 2011;70(1):46-58. PMID: 21329575
[36]Mohsennejad A, Khorsandi M, Roozbahani N, Eshrati B. Investigation of fish consumption considering constructs of the transtheoretical model in women 30-50 years old in Arak city, 2014. Arak Med Univ J. 2016;19(1):71-8.
[37]Matlabi M, Sharifirad G, Mostavafi F, Mohebi S, Azadbakht L. Factors affecting fish consumption based on structures of health education. J Health Syst Res. 2012;8(4):523-36.
[38]Nosrati SH, Hayati B, Pishbahar E, Mohammad RR. Analyzing the factors affecting fish consumption among the households of Tabriz county. J Econ Agr Dev. 2013;27(3):230-41. [Persian]
[39]De Vet E, De Nooijer J, De Vries NK, Brug J. The transtheoretical model for fruit, vegetable and fish consumption: associations between intakes, stages of change and stage transition determinants. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2006;3(1):13. PMID: 16784520 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5868-3-13
[40]Rezaeipandari H. Barriers to fish consumption and it’s influencing factors: A comprehensive overview of the relevant evidence in Iran and in the world. J Health Field. 2017;2(1):46-59. [Persian]
[41]Folta SC, Goldberg JP, Seguin R, Reed PN, Nelson ME, Lichtenstein AH. Peer reviewed: factors related to cardiovascular disease risk reduction in midlife and older women: a qualitative study. Prev Chronic Dis. 2008;5(1):A6. PMID: 18081995
[42]Nahab F, Le A, Judd S, Frankel M, Ard J, Newby P, et al. Racial and geographic differences in fish consumption: the REGARDS study. Neurology. 2011;76(2):154-8. PMID: 21178096 DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182061afb
[43]Willett WC, Green A, Stampfer MJ, Speizer FE, Colditz GA, Rosner B, et al. Relative and absolute excess risks of coronary heart disease among women who smoke cigarettes. N Engl J Med. 1987;317(21):1303-9. PMID: 3683458 DOI: 10.1056/NEJM198711193172102
[44]Aghamolaei T, Farshidi H, Safari Moradabadi A, Dadipoor S. Effect of interventions based on the theory of planned behavior on promoting physical activity: a systematic review. J Prev Med. 2017;3(4):15-1. [Persian]
[45]Tokgöz E. Evaluation of health behaviors among lecturers and of affecting factors. [PhD Thesis]. Izmir, Turkey: Dokuz Eylul University of Health Sciences Institute; 2002.
[46]Lusk SL, Kerr MJ, Ronis DL. Health-promoting lifestyles of blue-collar, skilled trade, and white-collar workers. Nurs Res. 1995;44(1):20-4. PMID: 7862540
[47]Duffy ME, Rossow R, Hernandez M. Correlates of health-promotion activities in employed Mexican American women. Nurs Res. 1996;45(1):18-24. PMID: 8570417
[48]Mokhtari AM, Samadi S, Hatami SE, Jalilian H, Khanjani N. Investigating the rate of helmet use and the related factors among motorcyclist in Kerman between 2012-2013. Saf Promot Injury Prev. 2015;2(3):209-14. [Persian]
[49]World Health Organization. Global status report on road safety: time for action. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2009.
[50]Orouji MA, Charkazi A, Yazdanpoor F, Naemi M. The attitude of motorcycle drivers about helmet use based on health belief model (HBM) in Khomein city, 2010. J Gorgan Bouyeh. 2011;8(20):14-23.
[2]Saber MR, Rajabzade R, Nasiry ZG. Relationship of lifestyle and hypertension in administrative employees in Bojnourd rural areas. J North Khorasan Univ Med Sci. 2013;5:785-91. [Persian]
[3]Smith BJ, Tang KC, Nutbeam D. WHO health promotion glossary: new terms. Health Promot Int. 2006;21(4):340-5. PMID: 16963461 DOI: 10.1093/heapro/dal033
[4]Mahmoodi Shan GR, Rahmani H, Abdollahi AA, Vakili MA, Sheikh H, Nasiri H. Correlation between nurses' life style and some personal-professional characteristics in Golestan University of Medical Sciences' Hospitals. J Res Dev Nurs Midwifery. 2014;11(1):118-26. [Persian]
[5]Declaration M. The first global ministerial conference on healthy lifestyles and noncommunicable disease control, Moscow. Geneva, World Health Organization; 2011.
[6]Phipps C. Fundamental of nursing. Philadelphia: Lippincott; 2001.
[7]Wang C, Li W, Yin L, Bo J, Peng Y, Wang Y, et al. Comparison of healthy lifestyle behaviors among individuals with and without cardiovascular diseases from urban and rural areas in China: a cross-sectional study. PloS One. 2017;12(8):e0181981. PMID: 28771516 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181981
[8]Saint Onge JM, Krueger PM. Health lifestyle behaviors among US adults. SSM Populat Health. 2017;3:89-98. DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2016.12.009
[9]Dadipoor S, Ghiaspour T, Ramazankhani A, Aghamolaei T, Safari-Moradabadi A. Correlation of smoking and students’ general health at Bandar Abbas university of medical sciences. Health Educ Health Promot. 2016;4(4):7-17.
[10]Amiri F, Lotfi MH, Fallahzadeh H, Forouzannia SK. The association between lifestyle-related risk factors and coronary artery disease in residents of Yazd province: a case-control study. J Health Dev. 2016;5(2):98-109. [Persian]
[11]Mohammadi KH, Mirzadeh KM, Nasrabadi E, Rafie SF. Network analysis cooperation between local people ecology Of Hormuz Island and tourists. J Hormozgan Cult Res Rev. 2017;6(12):6-19. [Persian]
[12]Estaji Z, Akbarzadeh R, Tadayyonfar M, Rahnama F, Zardouz H, Najar L. Study of the life style of people in Sabzevar, Iran. J Sabzevar Univ Med Sci. 2006;13(3):134-9.
[13]Jafari F, Kholdi N, Davati A, Nezamdust Z. The study of oils consumption pattern and its related factors in east Tehran. J Fasa Univ Med Sci. 2013;3(3):202-7. [Persian]
[14]Kelishadi R, Sadry GH, Hashemipour M, Sarrafzadegan N, Alikhassy H, Bashardoust N, et al. Lipid profile and fat intake of adolescents: Isfashan healthy heart program-heart health promotion from children. Koomesh. 2003;4(3-4):167-76. [Persian]
[15]Rahimi Z, Rahbar A, Kheyrollahi F, Ebraze A, Gharlipour Z. Consumption pattern of edible oils and its related factors based on PRECEDE model in urban and rural women referring to health centers in Qom province. Arak Med Univ J. 2017;20(7):34-42. [Persian]
[16]Razanamahefa L, Lafay L, Oseredczuk M, Thiebaut A, Laloux L, Gerber M, et al. Dietary fat consumption of the French population and quality of the data on the composition of the major food groups. Bull Cancer. 2005;92(7):647-57. PMID: 16123004
[17]Agheli N, Assefzadeh S, Rajabi M, Ghoddousi A. Study of calories and macronutrients intake in people of Rasht and Qazvin. J Qazvin Univ Med Sci. 2006;10(1):24-30. [Persian]
[18]Swierad EM, Vartanian LR, King M. The Influence of ethnic and mainstream cultures on african americans’ health behaviors: a qualitative study. Behav Sci. 2017;7(3):49. DOI: 10.3390/bs7030049
[19]Rashidkhani B, Rezazadeh A, Omidvar N, Houshitrad N, Setayeshgar Z. Relationships of major dietary patterns and their association with socioeconomic and demographic factors in 20-50 year-old women in the north of Tehran. Nutr Sci Food Technol. 2008;3(2):1-12. [Persian]
[20]Gholizadeh H, Rostamian Motlagh Z, Badsar M, Shams A. Culture and nutrition knowledge, and their relationship with food insecurity among rural households in Kermanshah county, Iran. J Rural Res. 2017;8(1):54-67. [Persian]
[21]Wijtzes AI, Jansen W, Jansen PW, Jaddoe VW, Hofman A, Raat H. Maternal educational level and preschool children's consumption of high-calorie snacks and sugar-containing beverages: mediation by the family food environment. Prev Med. 2013;57(5):607-12. PMID: 23988496 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2013.08.014
[22]Dadipoor S, Madani A, Ghanbarnejad A, Safari Moradabadi A, Amani F, Hosseini M, et al. Effective factors related to fast-foods consumption in Bandar Abbas: a community-based study. Iran J Health Educ Health Promot. 2014;2(2):77-86. [Persian]
[23]Lv N, Cason KL. Dietary pattern change and acculturation of Chinese Americans in Pennsylvania. J Am Diet Assoc. 2004;104(5):771-8. PMID: 15127063 DOI: 10.1016/j.jada.2004.02.032
[24]Pasdar Y, Rezaei M, Darbandi M, Niazi P, Faramani RS. Consumption pattern of lipids and the factors affecting their selection among families in Kermanshah (2011). J Kermanshah Univ Med Sci. 2014;18(1):44-52.
[25]Boylan S, Lallukka T, Lahelma E, Pikhart H, Malyutina S, Pajak A, et al. Socio-economic circumstances and food habits in Eastern, Central and Western European populations. Public Health Nutr. 2011;14(4):678-87. PMID: 20843403 DOI: 10.1017/S1368980010002570
[26]Vestfold Heartcare Study Group. Influence on lifestyle measures and five-year coronary risk by a comprehensive lifestyle intervention programme in patients with coronary heart disease. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2003;10(6):429-37. PMID: 14671465 DOI: 10.1097/01.hjr.0000107024.38316.6a
[27]Rafiee A, Dostifar K, Tavasoli E, Alipour F, Darabi T, Ashrafi Hafez A, et al. The lifestyle of married women referring to health centers in West of Ahvaz. Sci J Ilam Univ Med Sci. 2014;22(3):1-9. [Persian]
[28]Salehi S, Naji SA, Sargazi M. The Amount of Consumption of Fruits and Vegetables and Related Factors in the Hospitalized Elderly in Zahedan in 2010. Iran J Ageing. 2012;6(4):30-6. [Persian]
[29]Claro RM, Carmo HC, Machado FM, Monteiro CA. Income, food prices, and participation of fruit and vegetables in the diet. Rev Saude Publica. 2007;41(4):557-64. PMID: 17589753
[30]Kamphuis CB, Giskes K, de Bruijn GJ, Wendel-Vos W, Brug J, Van Lenthe FJ. Environmental determinants of fruit and vegetable consumption among adults: a systematic review. Br J Nutr. 2006;96(4):620-35. PMID: 17010219
[31]Yeh MC, Ickes SB, Lowenstein LM, Shuval K, Ammerman AS, Farris R, et al. Understanding barriers and facilitators of fruit and vegetable consumption among a diverse multi-ethnic population in the USA. Health Promot Int. 2008;23(1):42-51. PMID: 18182418 DOI: 10.1093/heapro/dam044
[32]Konttinen H, Sarlio-Lähteenkorva S, Silventoinen K, Männistö S, Haukkala A. Socio-economic disparities in the consumption of vegetables, fruit and energy-dense foods: the role of motive priorities. Public Health Nutr. 2013;16(5):873-82. PMID: 22857602 DOI: 10.1017/S1368980012003540
[33]Smith KM, Sahyoun NR. Fish consumption: recommendations versus advisories, can they be reconciled? Nutr Rev. 2005;63(2):39-46. PMID: 15762087
[34]Darko FA. Consumer preference for farmed fish in Ghana and Kenya: opportunities for domestic demand-driven aquaculture. Indian: Purdue University; 2011.
[35]Petrenya N, Dobrodeeva L, Brustad M, Bichkaeva F, Menshikova E, Lutfalieva G, et al. Fish consumption and socio-economic factors among residents of Arkhangelsk city and the rural Nenets autonomous area. Int J Circumpolar Health. 2011;70(1):46-58. PMID: 21329575
[36]Mohsennejad A, Khorsandi M, Roozbahani N, Eshrati B. Investigation of fish consumption considering constructs of the transtheoretical model in women 30-50 years old in Arak city, 2014. Arak Med Univ J. 2016;19(1):71-8.
[37]Matlabi M, Sharifirad G, Mostavafi F, Mohebi S, Azadbakht L. Factors affecting fish consumption based on structures of health education. J Health Syst Res. 2012;8(4):523-36.
[38]Nosrati SH, Hayati B, Pishbahar E, Mohammad RR. Analyzing the factors affecting fish consumption among the households of Tabriz county. J Econ Agr Dev. 2013;27(3):230-41. [Persian]
[39]De Vet E, De Nooijer J, De Vries NK, Brug J. The transtheoretical model for fruit, vegetable and fish consumption: associations between intakes, stages of change and stage transition determinants. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2006;3(1):13. PMID: 16784520 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5868-3-13
[40]Rezaeipandari H. Barriers to fish consumption and it’s influencing factors: A comprehensive overview of the relevant evidence in Iran and in the world. J Health Field. 2017;2(1):46-59. [Persian]
[41]Folta SC, Goldberg JP, Seguin R, Reed PN, Nelson ME, Lichtenstein AH. Peer reviewed: factors related to cardiovascular disease risk reduction in midlife and older women: a qualitative study. Prev Chronic Dis. 2008;5(1):A6. PMID: 18081995
[42]Nahab F, Le A, Judd S, Frankel M, Ard J, Newby P, et al. Racial and geographic differences in fish consumption: the REGARDS study. Neurology. 2011;76(2):154-8. PMID: 21178096 DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182061afb
[43]Willett WC, Green A, Stampfer MJ, Speizer FE, Colditz GA, Rosner B, et al. Relative and absolute excess risks of coronary heart disease among women who smoke cigarettes. N Engl J Med. 1987;317(21):1303-9. PMID: 3683458 DOI: 10.1056/NEJM198711193172102
[44]Aghamolaei T, Farshidi H, Safari Moradabadi A, Dadipoor S. Effect of interventions based on the theory of planned behavior on promoting physical activity: a systematic review. J Prev Med. 2017;3(4):15-1. [Persian]
[45]Tokgöz E. Evaluation of health behaviors among lecturers and of affecting factors. [PhD Thesis]. Izmir, Turkey: Dokuz Eylul University of Health Sciences Institute; 2002.
[46]Lusk SL, Kerr MJ, Ronis DL. Health-promoting lifestyles of blue-collar, skilled trade, and white-collar workers. Nurs Res. 1995;44(1):20-4. PMID: 7862540
[47]Duffy ME, Rossow R, Hernandez M. Correlates of health-promotion activities in employed Mexican American women. Nurs Res. 1996;45(1):18-24. PMID: 8570417
[48]Mokhtari AM, Samadi S, Hatami SE, Jalilian H, Khanjani N. Investigating the rate of helmet use and the related factors among motorcyclist in Kerman between 2012-2013. Saf Promot Injury Prev. 2015;2(3):209-14. [Persian]
[49]World Health Organization. Global status report on road safety: time for action. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2009.
[50]Orouji MA, Charkazi A, Yazdanpoor F, Naemi M. The attitude of motorcycle drivers about helmet use based on health belief model (HBM) in Khomein city, 2010. J Gorgan Bouyeh. 2011;8(20):14-23.