@2024 Afarand., IRAN
ISSN: 2252-0805 The Horizon of Medical Sciences 2017;23(3):187-192
ISSN: 2252-0805 The Horizon of Medical Sciences 2017;23(3):187-192
Comparison of Body Dysmorphic Metacognition based on the Personality Dimensions between Two Behavioral Activation and -Inhibition Systems in Adolescents
ARTICLE INFO
Article Type
Descriptive & Survey StudyAuthors
Amiri S. (* )Rafiei Z. (1 )
Azad-Marzabadi E. (2)
(* ) Psychology Department, Literature & Human Sciences Faculty, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
(1 ) Psychology Department, Literature & Human Sciences Faculty, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
(2) Behavioral Sciences Research Canter, Baqiatollah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran , Iran
Correspondence
Address: Psychology Department, Literature & Human Sciences Faculty, Urmia University, Valfajr Street, Urmia, IranPhone: -
Fax: -
amirysohrab@yahoo.com
Article History
Received: December 20, 2016Accepted: April 8, 2017
ePublished: July 22, 2017
ABSTRACT
Aims
Changes in adolescence stage, which is the most critical periods of life, predispose the adolescents towards various psychological problems. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the meta-cognitive aspects of body dysmorphic based on personality dimensions between Behavioral Activation System (BAS) and Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS) in adolescents.
Materials & Methods In this retrospective (causal/comparative) descriptive study in 2015, 60 male and female high school students of Arak City, Iran, were selected by multistage cluster sampling method. Samples were assigned to 4 groups of 15 individuals according to their standard scores in brain/behavior systems scale; High Behavioral Activation System (HBAS), Low Behavioral Activation System (LBAS), High Behavioral Inhibition System (HBIS) and Low Behavioral Inhibition System (LBIS). The body dysmorphic questionnaire was filled by all participants. Data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of variance, univariate analysis of variance and Scheffe tests.
Findings There were significant differences among 4 groups’ scores in metacognitive physical deformity (p<0.001); in metacognitive control strategies, the LBIS group had the lowest score in comparison with the other personality groups. In materialization of the minds of people, the LBIS personality group’s score was lower in comparison with the HBIS and LBAS groups. The HBAS group had higher scores in positive and negative metacognitive beliefs and the HBIS group had higher score in safety behaviors (p<0.05).
Conclusion Physical deformities metacognitive are affected by personality dimensions in both behavioral activation and inhibition systems.
Materials & Methods In this retrospective (causal/comparative) descriptive study in 2015, 60 male and female high school students of Arak City, Iran, were selected by multistage cluster sampling method. Samples were assigned to 4 groups of 15 individuals according to their standard scores in brain/behavior systems scale; High Behavioral Activation System (HBAS), Low Behavioral Activation System (LBAS), High Behavioral Inhibition System (HBIS) and Low Behavioral Inhibition System (LBIS). The body dysmorphic questionnaire was filled by all participants. Data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of variance, univariate analysis of variance and Scheffe tests.
Findings There were significant differences among 4 groups’ scores in metacognitive physical deformity (p<0.001); in metacognitive control strategies, the LBIS group had the lowest score in comparison with the other personality groups. In materialization of the minds of people, the LBIS personality group’s score was lower in comparison with the HBIS and LBAS groups. The HBAS group had higher scores in positive and negative metacognitive beliefs and the HBIS group had higher score in safety behaviors (p<0.05).
Conclusion Physical deformities metacognitive are affected by personality dimensions in both behavioral activation and inhibition systems.
Keywords:
Body Dysmorphic Disorders ,
Metacognition ,
Behavioral Inhibition System ,
Behavioral Activation System ,
CITATION LINKS
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[28]Amiri S, Hassani J. Assessment of psychometric properties of behavioral activation and behavioral inhibition systems scale associated with impulsivity and anxiety. Razi J Med Sci. 2016;23(144):68-80. [Persian]
[29]Rabiei M, Salahian A, Bahrami F, Palahang H. Construction and standardization of the body dysmorphic metacognition questionnaire. J Mazandaran Univ Med Sci. 2011;21(83):43-52. [Persian]
[30]Wells A, Matthews G. Modeling cognition in emotional disorder: The S-REF model. Behav Res Ther. 1996;34(11-12):881-8.
[31]Rachman S, Shafran R. Cognitive distortions: Thought-action fusion. Clin Psychol Psychother. 1999;6(2):80-5.
[32]Meyer B, Johnson SL, Winters R. Responsiveness to threat and incentive in bipolar disorder: Relations of the BIS/BAS scales with symptoms. J Psychopathol Behav Assess. 2001;23(3):133-43.
[33]Kimbrel NA. A model of the development and maintenance of generalized social phobia. Clin Psychol Rev. 2008;28(4):592-612.
[34]Fullana M, Mataix-Cols D, Trujillo JL, Caseras X, Serrano F, Alonso P, et al. Personality characteristics in obsessive–compulsive disorder and individuals with subclinical obsessive–compulsive problems. Br J Clin Psychol. 2004;43(4):387-98.
[35]Pinto-Meza A, Caseras X, Soler J, Puigdemont D, Perez V, Torrubia R. Behavioral inhibition and behavioral activation systems in current and recovered major depression participants. Personal Individ Dif. 2006;40(2):215-26.
[36]Alloy LB, Abramson LY, Walshaw PD, Cogswell A, Grandin LD, Hughes ME, et al. Behavioral approach system and behavioral inhibition system sensitivities and bipolar spectrum disorders: Prospective prediction of bipolar mood episodes. Bipolar Disord. 2008;10(2):310-22.
[37]Tull MT, Gratz KL, Latzman RD, Kimbrel NA, Lejuez CW. Reinforcement sensitivity theory and emotion regulation difficulties: A multimodal investigation. Personal Individ Differ. 2010;49:989-94.
[38]Bijttebier P, Beck I, Claes L, Vandereycken W. Gray’s Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory as a framework for research on personality–psychopathology associations. Clin Psychol Rev. 2009;29(5):421-30.
[2]Rudiger JA, Cash TF, Roehrig M, Thompson JK. Day-to-day body-image states: Prospective predictors of intra-individual level and variability. Body Image. 2007;4(1):1-9.
[3]Cash TF, Smolak L. Body image: A handbook of science, practice, and prevention. 2nd edition. New York: Guilford Press; 2011.
[4]Greenberg JL, Markowitz S. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for adolescent body dysmorphic disorder. Cogn Behav Pract. 2010;17(3):248-58.
[5]American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic & statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th edition. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2013.
[6]Phillips KA, Menard W, Fay C, Weisberg R. Demographic characteristics, phenomenology, comorbidity, and family history in 200 individuals with body dysmorphic disorder. Psychosomatics. 2005;46(4):317-25.
[7]Phillips KA. The broken mirror: Understanding and treating body dysmorphic disorder (Revised & Expanded Edition). Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2005.
[8]Hadley SJ, Greenberg J, Hollander E. Diagnosing and treatment of body dysmorphic disorder in adolescents. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2002;4(2):108-13.
[9]Wilhelm S. Feeling good about the way you look: A program for overcoming body image problems. 1st edition. New York: The Guildford Press; 2006.
[10]Schieber K, Kollei I, de Zwaan M, Müller A, Martin A. Personality traits as vulnerability factors in body dysmorphic disorder. Psychiatry Res. 2010;201(1):242-6.
[11]Philips KA. Understanding body dysmorphic disorder. Oxford: Oxford University Press 2009.
[12]Flavell JH. Metacognition and cognitive monitoring: A new area of cognitive developmental inquiry. Am Psychol. 1979;34(10):906-11.
[13]Wells A. Metacognitive therapy for anxiety and depression. New York: Guilford Press; 2009.
[14]Wells A. Emotional disorders and metacognition: Innovative cognitive therapy. New York: John Wiley & Sons; PP: 3-54; 2000.
[15]Cooper MJ, Osman S. Metacognition in body dysmorphic disorder- a preliminary exploration. J Cogn Psychother. 2007;21(3):148-55.
[16]Veale D. Advances in a cognitive behavioral model of body dysmorphic disorder. Body Image. 2004;1(1):113-25.
[17]Gander M, Sevecke K, Buchheim A. Eating disorders in adolescence: Attachment issues from a developmental perspective. Front Psychol. 2015;6:1136.
[18]Gray JA. Framework for a taxonomy of psychiatric disorder. In: van Gozen S, van de Poll N, Sergeant JA, editors. Emotions: Essays on emotion theory. Hillsdale, NJ, US: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 1993. pp. 29-59.
[19]Corr PJ. Reinforcement sensitivity theory (RST): Introduction. In: Corr PJ, editor. The reinforcement sensitivity theory of personality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2008. pp. 1-43.
[20]Tapper K, Baker L, Jiga-Boy G, Haddock G, Maio GR. Sensitivity to reward and punishment: Associations with diet, alcohol consumption, and smoking. Personal Individ Dif. 2015;72:79-84.
[21]Corr PJ. Gray’s reinforcement sensitivity theory: Tests of the joint subsystems hypothesis of anxiety and impulsivity. Personal Individ Dif. 2002;33:511-32.
[22]Gray JA, Mcnaughton N. The neuropsychology of anxiety: An enquiry into the functions of the septo-hippocampal system. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2000.
[23]Carver CS, White TL. Behavioral inhibition, behavioral activation, and affective responses to impending reward and punishment: the BIS/BAS scales. J Personal Soc Psychol. 1994;67(2):319-33.
[24]Cohen LJ, Kingston P, Bell A, Kwon J, Aronowitz B, Hollander E. Comorbid personality impairment in body dysmorphic disorder. Compr Psychiatry. 2000;41(1):4-12.
[25]Mancuso SG, Knoesen NP, Chamberlain JA, Cloninger CR, Castle DJ. The temperament and character profile of a body dysmorphic disorder outpatient sample. Personal Ment Health. 2009;3(4):284-94.
[26]Buhlmann U, Etcoff NL, Wilhelm S. Facial attractiveness ratings and perfectionism in body dysmorphic disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Anxiety Disord. 2008;22(3):540-7.
[27]Phillips KA. Body dysmorphic disorder: Recognizing and treating imagined ugliness. World Psychiatry. 2004;3(1):12-7.
[28]Amiri S, Hassani J. Assessment of psychometric properties of behavioral activation and behavioral inhibition systems scale associated with impulsivity and anxiety. Razi J Med Sci. 2016;23(144):68-80. [Persian]
[29]Rabiei M, Salahian A, Bahrami F, Palahang H. Construction and standardization of the body dysmorphic metacognition questionnaire. J Mazandaran Univ Med Sci. 2011;21(83):43-52. [Persian]
[30]Wells A, Matthews G. Modeling cognition in emotional disorder: The S-REF model. Behav Res Ther. 1996;34(11-12):881-8.
[31]Rachman S, Shafran R. Cognitive distortions: Thought-action fusion. Clin Psychol Psychother. 1999;6(2):80-5.
[32]Meyer B, Johnson SL, Winters R. Responsiveness to threat and incentive in bipolar disorder: Relations of the BIS/BAS scales with symptoms. J Psychopathol Behav Assess. 2001;23(3):133-43.
[33]Kimbrel NA. A model of the development and maintenance of generalized social phobia. Clin Psychol Rev. 2008;28(4):592-612.
[34]Fullana M, Mataix-Cols D, Trujillo JL, Caseras X, Serrano F, Alonso P, et al. Personality characteristics in obsessive–compulsive disorder and individuals with subclinical obsessive–compulsive problems. Br J Clin Psychol. 2004;43(4):387-98.
[35]Pinto-Meza A, Caseras X, Soler J, Puigdemont D, Perez V, Torrubia R. Behavioral inhibition and behavioral activation systems in current and recovered major depression participants. Personal Individ Dif. 2006;40(2):215-26.
[36]Alloy LB, Abramson LY, Walshaw PD, Cogswell A, Grandin LD, Hughes ME, et al. Behavioral approach system and behavioral inhibition system sensitivities and bipolar spectrum disorders: Prospective prediction of bipolar mood episodes. Bipolar Disord. 2008;10(2):310-22.
[37]Tull MT, Gratz KL, Latzman RD, Kimbrel NA, Lejuez CW. Reinforcement sensitivity theory and emotion regulation difficulties: A multimodal investigation. Personal Individ Differ. 2010;49:989-94.
[38]Bijttebier P, Beck I, Claes L, Vandereycken W. Gray’s Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory as a framework for research on personality–psychopathology associations. Clin Psychol Rev. 2009;29(5):421-30.