@2024 Afarand., IRAN
ISSN: 2538-4384 Geographical Researches 2020;35(2):155-165
ISSN: 2538-4384 Geographical Researches 2020;35(2):155-165
Environmental Risk of Carbon Monoxide Pollutant in Tehran Outdoor Sports Spaces and Recreation Sites
ARTICLE INFO
Article Type
Original ResearchAuthors
Bahmanpour H. (*1)Naghibi SH (2)
Abdi H. (2)
(*1) Department of Environment, Faculty of Engineering, Shahrood Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrood, Iran
(2) Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Human Sciences, Shahrood Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrood, Iran
Correspondence
Address: Shahrood Branch of Islamic Azad University, Daneshgah Boulevard, Shahrood, Iran Postal Code: 3619943189Phone: +98 (21) 44838161
Fax: +98 (21) 88546377
hooman.bahmanpour@gmail.com
Article History
Received: March 25, 2020Accepted: May 11, 2020
ePublished: May 30, 2020
ABSTRACT
Aims & Backgrounds
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the environmental risk of Tehran's sports spaces in terms of the release of carbon monoxide pollutants.
Methodology First, data related to carbon monoxide pollutants were collected from the Tehran Air Pollution Monitoring Center and analyzed from the beginning of April 2018 to the beginning of April 2019. Using Craig's introspection, the corresponding raster was generated and classified. Finally, the classification was done and the relevant map was prepared using the air quality index table (AQI / PSI), the spatial location layer of the sports complex, and the pollution layer of the carbon monoxide was merged using IO technique in the GIS. William Fine's risk assessment method, with two different scenarios, was used to determine the level and rank of environmental risk.
Findings The results showed that the highest and the lowest hourly concentration of carbon monoxide pollutants are recorded in Aqdasiyeh (with 2.39 ppm) and Piroozi (with 2.11 ppm), respectively. The cleanest air was recorded in Aqdasiyeh station (with 77 clean days), while the most polluted air was recorded in Piroozi station (with just7 clean days). Approximately, 30 percent of the days of the year had grouped into categories of "unhealthy" and "unhealthy for sensitive groups". The average hourly and daily concentration of carbon monoxide pollutants was less than permitted levels at all stations, indicating that none of the sports complexes in the study area are at risk for hourly concentrations of carbon monoxide pollutants. According to Scenario A, the risk rating is related to the carbon monoxide pollutant 24, which indicates a non-hazardous situation and a "low-risk level".
Conclusion About 12 sports complexes are directly exposed to this pollutant and it is necessary to adopt management strategies to improve the quality of this type of urban land use.
Methodology First, data related to carbon monoxide pollutants were collected from the Tehran Air Pollution Monitoring Center and analyzed from the beginning of April 2018 to the beginning of April 2019. Using Craig's introspection, the corresponding raster was generated and classified. Finally, the classification was done and the relevant map was prepared using the air quality index table (AQI / PSI), the spatial location layer of the sports complex, and the pollution layer of the carbon monoxide was merged using IO technique in the GIS. William Fine's risk assessment method, with two different scenarios, was used to determine the level and rank of environmental risk.
Findings The results showed that the highest and the lowest hourly concentration of carbon monoxide pollutants are recorded in Aqdasiyeh (with 2.39 ppm) and Piroozi (with 2.11 ppm), respectively. The cleanest air was recorded in Aqdasiyeh station (with 77 clean days), while the most polluted air was recorded in Piroozi station (with just7 clean days). Approximately, 30 percent of the days of the year had grouped into categories of "unhealthy" and "unhealthy for sensitive groups". The average hourly and daily concentration of carbon monoxide pollutants was less than permitted levels at all stations, indicating that none of the sports complexes in the study area are at risk for hourly concentrations of carbon monoxide pollutants. According to Scenario A, the risk rating is related to the carbon monoxide pollutant 24, which indicates a non-hazardous situation and a "low-risk level".
Conclusion About 12 sports complexes are directly exposed to this pollutant and it is necessary to adopt management strategies to improve the quality of this type of urban land use.
CITATION LINKS
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[2]Allen HH, Chia-wei H, Tsai-Chi K, Wei-Cheng W (2009). Risk evaluation of green components to hazardous substance using FMEA and FAHP. Expert Systems with Applications. 36(3):7142-7147.
[3]Ghanbari H, Azizi GH (2007). Numerical simulation of Tehran air pollution behavior based on wind pattern. Natural Geographic Researchs. 68:15-32. [Persian]
[4]Bahmanpour H, Askari Rabori A, Gholami M (2013). The qualitative and quantitative evaluation of urban parks and green spaces in city of Tehran. Advances in Environmental Biology. 7(11):3474-3481. [Persian]
[5]Blair C, Walls J, Davies NW, Jacobson GA (2010). Volatile organic compounds in runners near a roadway: increased blood levels after short-duration exercise. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 44:731-735.
[6]Bono R, Degan R, Pazzi M, Romanazzi V, Rovere R (2006). Benzene and formaldehyde in air of two winter olympic venues of Torino 2006. Enviroment International. 36(3):268-275.
[7]Brunekreef ST, Holgate S (2002). Air pollution and health. The Lancet Conference Alerts. 360 (9341):1233–1242.
[8]Campbell M, Li Q, Gingrich S, Macfarlene R, Cheng S (2005). Should people be physically active outdoors on smog alert days? Canadian Journal of Public Health. 96:24-28.
[9]Carlisle AJ, Sharp NC (2001). Exercise and outdoor ambient air pollution. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 35(4):214-222.
[10]Daisey JM, Angell WJ, Apte MG (2003). Indoor air quality, ventilation and health symptoms in schools: analysis of existing information. Indoor Air. 13(1):53–64.
[11]Florida-James G, Donaldson K, Stone V (2004). Athens 2004: The pollution climate and athletic performance. Journal Sports Science. 22(10):967-80.
[12]Folinsbee LJ (2001). Air pollution: Acute and chronic effects. 2nd ed. London: The Royal Society of Medicine.
[13]Holzer K (2012). Respiratory symptoms during exercise. In: Brukner P, Brukner and Khan clinical editor. sports medicine.4th ed. McGraw-Hill.
[14]O'Brien TD, Noyes J, Spencer LH, Kubis HP, Hastings RP, Whitaker R (2016). Systematic review of physical activity and exercise interventions to improve health, fitness and well-being of children and young people who use wheelchairs. BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine. 2(1).
[15]International Agency for Research on Cancer [Internet]. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Latest world cancer statistics Global cancer burden raises to 14.1 million new cases in 2012: Marked increase in breast cancers must be addressed. [Published 2013, 3 March; Cited 2013, 15 May]. France: IARC Publications. Available From: https://www.who.int/
[16]Kim YM, Harrad S, Harrison R (2001). Concentrations and sources of volatile organic compounds in urban domestic and public microenvironments. Environmental Science & Technology. 35(6):147-53.
[17]Lippi G, Guidi GC, Maffulli N (2008). Air pollution and sports performance in Beijing. International Journal of Sports Medicine. 29(8):696-898.
[18]Mohaghegh S, Hajian M (2013). Sport and air pollution. Journal of Medical Council of Iran. 31(3):237-249.
[19]Nameni A, Tayebi-Sani SM, Fahiminejad A, Morsal B (2019). Environmental risk assessment of sports complexes in Tehran within Air Pollutant. Quarterly Journal of Human Geographic. 11(2):164-179. [Persian]
[20]Nasibullina A (2015). Education for sustainable development and environmental ethics. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences. 214:1077-1082.
[21]Rohani A, Tayebi Sani SM, Bahmanpour H, Morsal B (2017). Spatial assessment and environmental sustainability assessment of Tehran Shemiran sports complexes in connection with zoning of air pollution: in the direction of sustainable development and environmental protection. Quarterly of Geography (Regional Planning). 8(1):215-236.
[22]Raub JA, Benignus VA (2002). Carbon monoxide and the nervous system. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 26(8):925-940.
[23]Swain DP, Brawner CA (2014). ACSM's resource manual for guidelines for exercise testing and prescription. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Publisher.
[24]TAQCC (2016). Teharan air quality control company. Report of Tehranz, Tehran Municipality, Nashr-e- Shahr. pp 265.
[25]United States Environmental Protection Agency [Internet]. An examination of EPA risk assessment principles and practices. [Published 2004, 17 March; Cited 2006, 4 November]. Washington, D.C: USEPA Publications. Available From: https://www.epa.gov/
[26]Vedal S, Brauer M, White RJ (2003). Air pollution and daily mortality in a city with low levels of pollution. Environ Health Prospect. 111(1):45-51.
[27]Wark K, Warner CF, Davis WT (1998). Air pollution: Its origin and control. 3rd ed. London: Pearson.
[28]WB (2015). Air pollution cost in global, World Bank Reports.
[29]World Health Organization [Internet]. Air quality and health. [Published 2017, 7 January; Cited 2019, 3 March]. Geneva: WHO Publications. Available From: https://www.who.int/
[30]Wu D, Xu Y, Zhang S (2015). Will joint regional air pollution control be more cost-effective? An empirical study of China's Beijing Tianjin Hebei region. Journal of Environmental Management. 149:27-36.
[31]Zammori F, Gabbrielli R (2012). ANP/RPN: A multi criteria evaluation of the risk priority number. Quality and Reliability Engineering International. 28(1):104-85.