@2024 Afarand., IRAN
ISSN: 2008-2630 Iranian Journal of War & Public Health 2017;9(2):61-66
ISSN: 2008-2630 Iranian Journal of War & Public Health 2017;9(2):61-66
Effect of Neuro-Linguistic Programming on Mental Toughness in Veteran and Disabled Athletes
ARTICLE INFO
Article Type
Original ResearchAuthors
Akbarzade B. (1)Ahar S. (*)
Dadashzade M. (2 )
(*) Motor Behavior Department, Physical Education & Sport Sciences Faculty, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
(1) Sport Psychology Department, Physical Education & Sport Sciences Faculty, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran
(2 ) Evaluating & Measuring Department, Psychology & Educational Faculty, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran
Correspondence
Article History
Received: November 14, 2016Accepted: January 31, 2017
ePublished: April 24, 2017
ABSTRACT
Aims
Any success in sport contests depends on mental preparation, alongside the physical and technical readiness, in the veteran and disabled athletes. The aim of the study was to investigate the effectiveness of the neuro-linguistic programming strategies training courses on the mental toughness in the veteran and disabled athletes.
Materials & Methods In the controlled pretest-posttest semi-experimental study, 30 male veteran and disabled athletes with physical-motor disabilities were studied in Tabriz in 2016. The subjects, selected via available sampling method from GFT Sitting Volleyball Team, were randomly divided into two groups including experimental (n=15 persons) and control (n=15 persons) groups. Data was collected by Sheard et al. Questionnaire for mental toughness. After the pretest, sixteen 30-minute training sessions of neuro-linguistic programming strategies were conducted in experimental group. Data was analyzed using multivariate ANCOVA.
Findings At the posttest stage, the mean score of mental toughness in experimental group was significantly higher than control group (p=0.001). The mean scores of confidence (p=0.026) and control (p=0.001) in experimental group were significantly higher than control group. However, the groups were not significantly different in sustainability (p=0.673).
Conclusion Improving their sport activities, teaching the neuro-linguistic programming strategies affects the mental toughness in the veteran and disabled athletes.
Materials & Methods In the controlled pretest-posttest semi-experimental study, 30 male veteran and disabled athletes with physical-motor disabilities were studied in Tabriz in 2016. The subjects, selected via available sampling method from GFT Sitting Volleyball Team, were randomly divided into two groups including experimental (n=15 persons) and control (n=15 persons) groups. Data was collected by Sheard et al. Questionnaire for mental toughness. After the pretest, sixteen 30-minute training sessions of neuro-linguistic programming strategies were conducted in experimental group. Data was analyzed using multivariate ANCOVA.
Findings At the posttest stage, the mean score of mental toughness in experimental group was significantly higher than control group (p=0.001). The mean scores of confidence (p=0.026) and control (p=0.001) in experimental group were significantly higher than control group. However, the groups were not significantly different in sustainability (p=0.673).
Conclusion Improving their sport activities, teaching the neuro-linguistic programming strategies affects the mental toughness in the veteran and disabled athletes.
CITATION LINKS
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[24]Savardelavar M, Bagheri AH. Using NLP in sport psychology; neuro-linguistic programming affects on boxer state-sport confidence by using Meta-models method. Eur J Exp Biol. 2012;2(5):1922-7.
[25]Lazarus J, Cohen R. Sport psychology and use of neuro linguistic programming (NLP) in sport. J Health Soc Environ Issues. 2009;10(1):5-12.
[26]Akbarzadeh B. The Effect of Neuro-linguistic programming strategies on general self-efficacy, sport self-confidence and athletic performance of sitting volleyball team [Dissertation]. Tehran: Allameh Tabataba'i University; 2016. [Persian]
[27]Moraru CE, Radu LE, Grosu EF, Puni AR. Influence of mental training on the execution technique in rhythmic gymnastics. Glob J Humanit Soc Sci. 2015;1(1):26-34.
[28]Grosu EF, Grosu VT, Preja CA, Iuliana BB. Neuro-linguistic programming based on the concept of modelling. Procedia Soc Behav Sci. 2014;116:3693-9.
[29]Saunders DE. A psycho-educational programme for cricket players using neuro-linguistic programming [Dissertation] Stellenbosch: University of Stellenbosch; 2009.
[30]Kashani V, Shiri H, Manasei H. Psychometric properties and normalization of persian version of mental toughness scale (MTS). Res Univ Sport. 2015;7(2):83-98. [Persian]
[31]Williams JM, Harris DV. Applied sport psychology: Personal growth to peak performance; 2nd edition. Mountain View, CA, US: Mayfield Publishing Co; 1993. pp. 285-305.
[32]Zamini S, Hosseini Nasab SD, Hashemi T. The effect of NLP strategies training on self-efficacy and problem solving among girl students. J Psychol. 2009;13(3):258-71. [Persian]
[33]Moghtader L, Hasanzade R, Mirzaeian B, Dusti YA. Effectiveness of group cognitive behavioral therapy and group cognitive hypnotism on anxiety and depression in women with premenstrual syndrome. J Holist Nurs Midwifery. 2016;26(81):96-105. [Persian]
[2]Lucas-Carrasco R, Eser E, Hao Y, McPherson KM, Green A, Kullmann L, et al. The quality of care and support (QOCS) for people with disability scale: development and psychometric properties. Res Dev Disabil. 2011;32(3):1212-25.
[3]Salehi M, Tavakol HK, Shabani M, Ziaei T. The relationship between self-esteem and sexual self-concept in people with physical-motor disabilities. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2015; 17(1):e25359.
[4]Asken MJ, Goodling MD. Sport psychology: An undeveloped discipline from among the sport sciences for disabled athletes. Hum Kinet J. 1986;3(4):312-19.
[5]Poursoltani Zarandi H, Rahmaninia F, Dejahang M, Mohaddes F. Comparing the mental health of the athletic and non- athletic physically- disabled people. Iran J Health Phys Act. 2011;2(1):6-10. [Persian]
[6]Sheard M, Golby J, Van Wersch A. Progress toward construct validation of the sports mental toughness questionnaire (SMTQ). Eur J Psychol Assess. 2009;25(3):186-93.
[7]Weinberg R, Butt J, Culp B. Coaches' views of mental toughness and how it is built. Int J Sport Exerc Psychol. 2011;9(2):156-72.
[8]Jones G. How the best of the best get better and better. Harv Bus Rev. 2008;86(6):123-7.
[9]Williams AM, Elliott D. Anxiety, expertise, and visual search strategy in karate. J Sport Exerc Psychol. 1999;21(4):362-75.
[10]Goldberg AS. Sports slump busting: 10 steps to mental toughness and peak performance. Tamarac, Florida: Llumina Press; 2005.
[11]Gucciardi DF, Gordon S, Dimmock JA. Evaluation of a mental toughness training program for youth-aged Australian footballers: II. a quantitative analysis. J Appl Sport Psychol. 2009;21(3):324-39.
[12]Jones G. Hanton S, Connaughton D. What is this thing called mental toughness? An investigation of elite sport performers. J Appl Sport Psychol. 2002;14(3):205-18.
[13]Madrigal L, Hamill S, Gill DL. Mind over matter: The development of the mental toughness scale (MTS). Sport Psychol. 2013;27(1):62-77.
[14]Crust L. A review and conceptual re-examination of mental toughness: Implications for future researchers. Personal Individ Differ. 2008;45(7):576-83.
[15]Motasharrei E, Abdoli B, Vaez Mousavi SMK, Farsi AR. Mental toughness: Trait or developmental capability? effectiveness evaluation of psychological skills training. Sport Psychol Stud. 2015;4(13):67-88. [Persian]
[16]Nicholls AR, Polman RC, Levy AR, Backhouse SH. Mental toughness, optimism, pessimism, and coping among athletes. Personal Individ Differ. 2008;44(5):1182-92.
[17]Horsburgh VA, Schermer JA, Veselka L, Vernon PA. A behavioural genetic study of mental toughness and personality. Personal Individ Differ. 2009;46(2):100-5.
[18]Sheard M, Golby J. Effect of a psychological skills training program on swimming performance and positive psychological development. Int J Sport Exerc Psychol. 2006;4(2):149-69.
[19]Mattie P, Munroe-Chandler K. Examining the relationship between mental toughness and imagery use. J Appl Sport Psychol. 2012;24(2):144-56.
[20]Tenenbaum G, Eklund RC. Handbook of sport psychology. 3rd edition. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley; 2007.
[21]Harman RL, O'neill C. Neuro linguistic programming for counselors. J Couns Dev. 1981;59(7):449-53.
[22]Tosey P, Mathison J. Neuro-linguistic programming and learning theory: A response. Curric J. 2003;14(3):371-88.
[23]Savardelavar M. Neuro-linguistic program: theory and Psychological applications. Tehran: Arjmand Publication; 2010. [Persian]
[24]Savardelavar M, Bagheri AH. Using NLP in sport psychology; neuro-linguistic programming affects on boxer state-sport confidence by using Meta-models method. Eur J Exp Biol. 2012;2(5):1922-7.
[25]Lazarus J, Cohen R. Sport psychology and use of neuro linguistic programming (NLP) in sport. J Health Soc Environ Issues. 2009;10(1):5-12.
[26]Akbarzadeh B. The Effect of Neuro-linguistic programming strategies on general self-efficacy, sport self-confidence and athletic performance of sitting volleyball team [Dissertation]. Tehran: Allameh Tabataba'i University; 2016. [Persian]
[27]Moraru CE, Radu LE, Grosu EF, Puni AR. Influence of mental training on the execution technique in rhythmic gymnastics. Glob J Humanit Soc Sci. 2015;1(1):26-34.
[28]Grosu EF, Grosu VT, Preja CA, Iuliana BB. Neuro-linguistic programming based on the concept of modelling. Procedia Soc Behav Sci. 2014;116:3693-9.
[29]Saunders DE. A psycho-educational programme for cricket players using neuro-linguistic programming [Dissertation] Stellenbosch: University of Stellenbosch; 2009.
[30]Kashani V, Shiri H, Manasei H. Psychometric properties and normalization of persian version of mental toughness scale (MTS). Res Univ Sport. 2015;7(2):83-98. [Persian]
[31]Williams JM, Harris DV. Applied sport psychology: Personal growth to peak performance; 2nd edition. Mountain View, CA, US: Mayfield Publishing Co; 1993. pp. 285-305.
[32]Zamini S, Hosseini Nasab SD, Hashemi T. The effect of NLP strategies training on self-efficacy and problem solving among girl students. J Psychol. 2009;13(3):258-71. [Persian]
[33]Moghtader L, Hasanzade R, Mirzaeian B, Dusti YA. Effectiveness of group cognitive behavioral therapy and group cognitive hypnotism on anxiety and depression in women with premenstrual syndrome. J Holist Nurs Midwifery. 2016;26(81):96-105. [Persian]