@2024 Afarand., IRAN
ISSN: 2252-0805 The Horizon of Medical Sciences 2014;20(1):53-57
ISSN: 2252-0805 The Horizon of Medical Sciences 2014;20(1):53-57
Effect of prenatal stresses on the response to pain in rats
ARTICLE INFO
Article Type
Original ResearchAuthors
Soufi Abadi M. (1)HaghdoostYazdi H. (*)
Abbasnezhad A.A. (2)
Amoli N. (3)
Ghadimi F. (3)
(*) Physiology Department, Medicine Faculty, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
(1) Physiology Department, Medicine Faculty, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
(2) Basic Sciences Department, Medicine Faculty, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
(3) Anestetist Department, Paramedical Faculty, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
Correspondence
Address: Physiology Department, Medicine Faculty, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Bahonar Boulevard, Qazvin, IranPhone: +982813336001
Fax: +982813324971
hhaghdoost@yahoo.com
Article History
Received: October 20, 2013Accepted: March 6, 2014
ePublished: April 1, 2014
ABSTRACT
Aims
Due to different types of stress, it is important to recognize its adverse effects on the
nervous system. This study was done to investigate the effect of three types of common
stresses in modern living environment i.e. electromagnetic waves, immobilization and
disturbance, individually and combined on pain threshold in infant rats.
Materials & Methods In this experimental study, 40 pregnant female Sprague rats and all their male infants were studied. Female rats were divided into 5 control, electromagnetic stress, immobilization stress, disturbance stress and combined stress groups. From eighth day of gestation, pregnant rats of stress groups were exposed to stress for 10 consecutive days. 75 days postpartum (after maturity), male rats were subjected to formalin pain test. Measuring the pain intensity was done via scale "zero" (putting the feet on the ground completely), "1" (putting the paw on the ground), "2" (raising the feet) and "3" (biting or licking the feet). Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc tests.
Findings The mean of pain severity at the acute phase of the formalin test between each stress groups and the control group was not significant (p>0.05). The mean of pain severity of the interphase stage of the formalin test was significant only between the electromagnetic stress and the control groups (p<0.05). The mean of pain severity at the chronic stage of formalin test was significant between each of the combined stress (p<0.01) and the immobility stress (p<0.05) groups and the control group.
Conclusion Stress during pregnancy affects the pain behavior of the mature rats.
Materials & Methods In this experimental study, 40 pregnant female Sprague rats and all their male infants were studied. Female rats were divided into 5 control, electromagnetic stress, immobilization stress, disturbance stress and combined stress groups. From eighth day of gestation, pregnant rats of stress groups were exposed to stress for 10 consecutive days. 75 days postpartum (after maturity), male rats were subjected to formalin pain test. Measuring the pain intensity was done via scale "zero" (putting the feet on the ground completely), "1" (putting the paw on the ground), "2" (raising the feet) and "3" (biting or licking the feet). Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc tests.
Findings The mean of pain severity at the acute phase of the formalin test between each stress groups and the control group was not significant (p>0.05). The mean of pain severity of the interphase stage of the formalin test was significant only between the electromagnetic stress and the control groups (p<0.05). The mean of pain severity at the chronic stage of formalin test was significant between each of the combined stress (p<0.01) and the immobility stress (p<0.05) groups and the control group.
Conclusion Stress during pregnancy affects the pain behavior of the mature rats.
CITATION LINKS
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[10]Azhdari Zarmehri H, Semnanian S, Fathollahi Y, Erami E, Khakpay R, Azizi H, et al. Intra-periaqueductal gray matter microinjection of orexin-A decreases formalin-induced nociceptive behaviors in adult male rats. J Pain. 2011;12(2):280-7. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1526590010007431)
[11]Dray A, urban L. New pharmacological strategies for pain relief. Ann Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 1996;36(1):253-80. (http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.pa.36.040196.001345?journalCode=pharmtox)
[12]Porro CA, Cavazzuti M. Spatial and temporal aspects of spinal cord and brainstem activation in the formalin pain model. Prog Neurobiol. 1993;41(5):565-07. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/030100829390044S)
[13]Puig S, Rivot JP, Benson JM. Effect of subcutaneous administration of the chemical halogen formalin, on 5-HT metabolism in the nucleus raphe Magnus and freely moving rats. Brain Res. 1992;36(5):112-24. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/000689939291102K)
[14]Yanga J, Lia W, Liub X, Lia Z, Lib H, Yangb G, et al. Enriched environment treatment counteracts enhanced addictive and depressive-like behavior induced by prenatal chronic stress. Brain Res. 2006;1125(1):132-7. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006899306030745)
[15]Cagiano R, De Salvia MA, Perischella M, Renna G, Tattoli M, Cuomo V. Behavioural changes in the offspring of rats exposed to diazepam during gestation. Eur J Pharmacol. 1990;177(1):67-4.
[16]Cannizzaro C, Cannizzaro E, Gagliano M, Mangiapane N. Behavioural responsiveness to picrotoxin and desipramine in adult rats prenatally exposed to different benzodiazepine receptor agonists. Neuropsychopharmacol. 1995;5(4):523-6.
[17]Pivina SG, Shamolina TS, Akulova VK, Ordian NE. Sensitiveness to social stress in female rats with alteration of the pituitary-adrenal axis stress reactivity. Ross Fiziol Zh IM Sechenova. 2007;93(11):1319-25.
[18]Nazari Z, Sahraei H, Sadoughi M. The effect of chronic stress in pregnant mothers on the responsiveness to morphine in mice: a behavioral sensitization study. Yafteh. 2008;10(3):47-56.
[19]Fujioka T, Sakata Y, Yaamaguchi K, Shibasaki T, Kato H, Nakamura S. The effects of prenanatal stress the development of hypothalamicparaventricular neurons in fetal rats. Neuroscience. 1999;92(3):1079-88.
[20]Kademian S, Pérez MF, Keller EA. Perinatal undernutrition: changes in brain opiate receptor density. Nutr Neurosci. 2002;5(1):53-7.
[21]Huizink AC, Mulder EJ, Buitelaar JK. Prenatal stress and risk for psychopathology: specific effects or induction of general susceptibility. Psychol Bulletin. 2004;130(1):115-42.
[22]Shahraki MR, MirShekari H, Palan MJ. The comparison of nociceptive effect of Teucrium polium and morphine in female rats. Horizon Med Sci. 2006;12(1):10-4.
[23]Heine S, Michalakis S, Kallenborn GW, Lu R, Lim HY, Weiland J, et al. CNGA3: a target of spinal nitric oxide/cGMP signaling and modulator of inflammatory pain hypersensitivity. J Neurosci. 2011;31(31):11184-92.
[24]Tegeder I, Scheving R, Wittig I, Geisslinger G. SNO-ing at the nociceptive synapse? Pharmacol Rev. 2011;63(2):366-89.
[25]Geisler S, Bérod A, Zahm DS, Rostène W. Brain neurotensin, psychostimulants, and stress: emphasis on neuroanatomical substrates. Elsevier pept. 2006;27(10):2364-84.
[26]Celikozlu SD, Ozyurt MS, Cimbiz A, Yardimoglu MY, Cayci MK, Ozay Y. The effects of long-term exposure of magnetic field via 900-MHz GSM radiation on some biochemical parameters and brain histology in rats. Electromagnetic Biol Med. 2012;31(4):344-55.
[27]Zare S, Hayatgeibi H, Alivandi S, Ebadi AG. Effects of whole-body magnetic field on changes of glucose and cortisol hormone in guinea pigs. Am J Biochem Biotechnol. 2005;1(4): 217-9.
[2]Kofman O. The role of prenatal stress in the etiology of developmental behavioural disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2002;26(4):457-70.
[3]Sadaghiani MM, Saboory E. Prenatal stress potentiates pilocarpine-induced epileptic behaviors in infant rats both time and sex dependently. Epil Behav. 2010;18(3):166-70. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1525505010003100)
[4]Rangon CM, Fortes S, Lelièvre V, Leroux P, Plaisant F, Joubert C, Lanfumey L, Cohen-Salmon C, Gressens P. Chronic mild stress during gestation worsens neonatal brain lesions in mice. J Neurosci. 2007;27(28):7532-40. (http://www.jneurosci.org/content/27/28/7532.short)
[5]Hansen D, Lou HC, Nordentoft M, Pryds OA, Jensen FR, Nim J, Hemmingsen RP. The significance of psychosocial stress for pregnancy course and fetal development. Ugeskr Laeger. 1996;158(17):2369-72. (http://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/8685988/reload=0;jsessionid=gEAkppzB3mjtBqkANb3F.12)
[6]Slamberova R, Schindler CJ, Pometlova M, Urkuti C, Purow-Sokol JA, Vathy I. Prenatal morphine exposure alters learning and memory in male rats. Physiol Behav. 2001;73(1-2):93-103. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031938401004693)
[7]Chiou LC, Yeh GC, Fan SH, How CH, Chuang KC, Tao PL. Prenatal morphine exposure decreases analgesia but not K+ channel activation. Neuroreport. 2003;14(2):239-42. (http://journals.lww.com/neuroreport/Abstract/2003/02100/Prenatal_morphine_exposure_decreases_analgesia_but.16.aspx)
[8]Sarkaki A, Heydari A, Shahraki M. The effect of noise stress during fetal life on pain in rats. J Kerman Uni Med Sci. 2000;7(2):53-9. (http://webamooz.kmu.ac.ir/en/index.php/kmus/article/view/344)
[9]Butkevich IP, Vershinina EA. Prenatal stress alters time characteristics and intensity of formalin-induced pain responses in juvenile rats. Brain Res. 2001;915(1):88-93. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006899301028190)
[10]Azhdari Zarmehri H, Semnanian S, Fathollahi Y, Erami E, Khakpay R, Azizi H, et al. Intra-periaqueductal gray matter microinjection of orexin-A decreases formalin-induced nociceptive behaviors in adult male rats. J Pain. 2011;12(2):280-7. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1526590010007431)
[11]Dray A, urban L. New pharmacological strategies for pain relief. Ann Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 1996;36(1):253-80. (http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.pa.36.040196.001345?journalCode=pharmtox)
[12]Porro CA, Cavazzuti M. Spatial and temporal aspects of spinal cord and brainstem activation in the formalin pain model. Prog Neurobiol. 1993;41(5):565-07. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/030100829390044S)
[13]Puig S, Rivot JP, Benson JM. Effect of subcutaneous administration of the chemical halogen formalin, on 5-HT metabolism in the nucleus raphe Magnus and freely moving rats. Brain Res. 1992;36(5):112-24. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/000689939291102K)
[14]Yanga J, Lia W, Liub X, Lia Z, Lib H, Yangb G, et al. Enriched environment treatment counteracts enhanced addictive and depressive-like behavior induced by prenatal chronic stress. Brain Res. 2006;1125(1):132-7. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006899306030745)
[15]Cagiano R, De Salvia MA, Perischella M, Renna G, Tattoli M, Cuomo V. Behavioural changes in the offspring of rats exposed to diazepam during gestation. Eur J Pharmacol. 1990;177(1):67-4.
[16]Cannizzaro C, Cannizzaro E, Gagliano M, Mangiapane N. Behavioural responsiveness to picrotoxin and desipramine in adult rats prenatally exposed to different benzodiazepine receptor agonists. Neuropsychopharmacol. 1995;5(4):523-6.
[17]Pivina SG, Shamolina TS, Akulova VK, Ordian NE. Sensitiveness to social stress in female rats with alteration of the pituitary-adrenal axis stress reactivity. Ross Fiziol Zh IM Sechenova. 2007;93(11):1319-25.
[18]Nazari Z, Sahraei H, Sadoughi M. The effect of chronic stress in pregnant mothers on the responsiveness to morphine in mice: a behavioral sensitization study. Yafteh. 2008;10(3):47-56.
[19]Fujioka T, Sakata Y, Yaamaguchi K, Shibasaki T, Kato H, Nakamura S. The effects of prenanatal stress the development of hypothalamicparaventricular neurons in fetal rats. Neuroscience. 1999;92(3):1079-88.
[20]Kademian S, Pérez MF, Keller EA. Perinatal undernutrition: changes in brain opiate receptor density. Nutr Neurosci. 2002;5(1):53-7.
[21]Huizink AC, Mulder EJ, Buitelaar JK. Prenatal stress and risk for psychopathology: specific effects or induction of general susceptibility. Psychol Bulletin. 2004;130(1):115-42.
[22]Shahraki MR, MirShekari H, Palan MJ. The comparison of nociceptive effect of Teucrium polium and morphine in female rats. Horizon Med Sci. 2006;12(1):10-4.
[23]Heine S, Michalakis S, Kallenborn GW, Lu R, Lim HY, Weiland J, et al. CNGA3: a target of spinal nitric oxide/cGMP signaling and modulator of inflammatory pain hypersensitivity. J Neurosci. 2011;31(31):11184-92.
[24]Tegeder I, Scheving R, Wittig I, Geisslinger G. SNO-ing at the nociceptive synapse? Pharmacol Rev. 2011;63(2):366-89.
[25]Geisler S, Bérod A, Zahm DS, Rostène W. Brain neurotensin, psychostimulants, and stress: emphasis on neuroanatomical substrates. Elsevier pept. 2006;27(10):2364-84.
[26]Celikozlu SD, Ozyurt MS, Cimbiz A, Yardimoglu MY, Cayci MK, Ozay Y. The effects of long-term exposure of magnetic field via 900-MHz GSM radiation on some biochemical parameters and brain histology in rats. Electromagnetic Biol Med. 2012;31(4):344-55.
[27]Zare S, Hayatgeibi H, Alivandi S, Ebadi AG. Effects of whole-body magnetic field on changes of glucose and cortisol hormone in guinea pigs. Am J Biochem Biotechnol. 2005;1(4): 217-9.