@2024 Afarand., IRAN
ISSN: 2383-2150 Journal of Education and Community Health 2018;5(2):8-17
ISSN: 2383-2150 Journal of Education and Community Health 2018;5(2):8-17
Association between Smoking and Perceived Social Support among Tehranian Adults: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study
ARTICLE INFO
Article Type
Original ResearchAuthors
Jalali-Farahani Sara (1)Amiri Parisa (1*)
Khalili-Chelik. Ahmad (2)
Karimi Mehrdad (1)
Azizi Fereydoun (3)
(1) Research Center for Social Determinants of Health, , Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
(2) Student Research Committee, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
(3) Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Correspondence
Address: Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, NO. 24, Aarabi Street, Yaman Street, Velenjak, Tehran, Iran Postal Code: 1985717413Phone: 02122432500
Fax: 02122416264
amiri@endocrine.ac.ir
Article History
Received: October 15, 2017Accepted: June 18, 2018
ePublished: September 22, 2018
ABSTRACT
Aims
Smoking has various socio-economic consequences and is related with social support. This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the association between smoking and social support from families, friends, and significant others in adults.
Materials & Methods This cross sectional study was conducted between 2014 and 2016 in the framework of Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS) on 1068 adults. Perceived social support was assessed, using Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS). The data were analyzed by SPSS 20, using Chi-square and Mann Whitney tests as well as and binary regression method.
Findings The mean age of the participants was 49.9±15.0 years and 59.4% of them were female; 0.9.2% of the participants were smokers and most smokers were male (76.5%). Non-smokers reported higher scores in perceived social support from family (p=0.040) and significant others (p=0.036) compared to smokers. After moderating the intervening factors, smokers were more likely to report low perceived social support from family 2.04 times more than their non-smoker counterparts (95%CI: 1.11-3.73; p<0.05).
Conclusion Smokers are more likely to report low perceived social support from family compared to non-smokers.
Materials & Methods This cross sectional study was conducted between 2014 and 2016 in the framework of Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS) on 1068 adults. Perceived social support was assessed, using Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS). The data were analyzed by SPSS 20, using Chi-square and Mann Whitney tests as well as and binary regression method.
Findings The mean age of the participants was 49.9±15.0 years and 59.4% of them were female; 0.9.2% of the participants were smokers and most smokers were male (76.5%). Non-smokers reported higher scores in perceived social support from family (p=0.040) and significant others (p=0.036) compared to smokers. After moderating the intervening factors, smokers were more likely to report low perceived social support from family 2.04 times more than their non-smoker counterparts (95%CI: 1.11-3.73; p<0.05).
Conclusion Smokers are more likely to report low perceived social support from family compared to non-smokers.
Keywords:
Social Support,
Smoking; Adults,
CITATION LINKS
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[7] Wang H, Sindelar JL, Busch SH. The impact of tobacco expenditure on household consumption patterns in rural China. Soc Sci Med. 2006;62(6):1414-26. PMID: 16137812 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.07.032
[8]John RM. Crowding out effect of tobacco expenditure and its implications on household resource allocation in India. Soc Sci Med. 2008;66(6):1356-67. PMID: 18187245 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.11.020
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[10]Shahab L, West R. Do ex-smokers report feeling happier following cessation? Evidence from a cross-sectional survey. Nicotine Tob Res. 2009;11(5):553-7. PMID: 19351779 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntp031
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[12]Moylan S, Jacka FN, Pasco JA, Berk M. How cigarette smoking may increase the risk of anxiety symptoms and anxiety disorders: A critical review of biological pathways. Brain Behav. 2013;3(3):302-26. PMID: 23785661 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.137
[13] Saneei P, Esmaillzadeh A, Hassanzadeh Keshteli A, Roohafza HR, Afshar H, Feizi A, et al. Combined healthy lifestyle is inversely associated with psychological disorders among adults. PloS One. 2016;11(1):e0146888. PMID: 26771311 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146888
[14]Daniel M, Cargo MD, Lifshay J, Green LW. Cigarette smoking, mental health and social support: Data from a Northwestern First Nation. Can J Public Health. 2004;95(1):45-9.
[15]Yun EH, Kang YH, Lim MK, Oh JK, Son JM. The role of social support and social networks in smoking behavior among middle and older aged people in rural areas of South Korea: A cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health. 2010;10:78. PMID: 20167103 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-10-78
[16] Cobb S. Social support as a moderator of life stress. Psychosom Med. 1976;38(5):300-14. DOI: 10.1097/00006842-197609000-00003
[17]Cassel J. The contribution of the social environment to host resistance: The Fourth Wade Hampton Frost Lecture. Am J Epidemiol. 1976;104(2):107-23. DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112281
[18]Cohen S, Wills TA. Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis. Psychol Bull. 1985;98(2):310-57. DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.98.2.310
[19]Wallston BS, Alagna SW, De Vellis BM, De Vellis RF. Social support and physical health. Health Psychol. 1983;2(4):367-91. DOI: 10.1037/0278-6133.2.4.367
[20]Mermelstein R, Cohen S, Lichtenstein E, Baer JS, Kamarck T. Social support and smoking cessation and maintenance. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1986;54(4):447-53. DOI: 10.1037/0022-006X.54.4.447
[21]Yang HK, Shin DW, Park JH, Kim SY, Eom CS, Kam S, et al. The association between perceived social support and continued smoking in cancer survivors. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2013;43(1):45-54. PMID: 23166386 DOI: 10.1093/jjco/hys182
[22]Chandola T, Head J, Bartley M. Socio-demographic predictors of quitting smoking: How important are household factors?. Addiction. 2004;99(6):770-7. PMID: 15139875 DOI: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2004.00756.x
[23] Marvizadeh M, Nori Ghasem Abadi R, Moghadasin M. Examination of the relationship between motives of smoking and using shisha, depression, quality of relationships, and social support in students. J Psychol EducSci. 2017;3(1 Pt 4):1-19. [Persian]
[24]Azizi F, Rahmani M, Emami H, Mirmiran P, Hajipour R, Madjid M, et al. Cardiovascular risk factors in an Iranian urban population: Tehran lipid and glucose study (phase 1). Soz Praventivmed. 2002;47(6):408-26. PMID: 12643001 DOI: 10.1007/s000380200008
[25]Zimet GD, Dahlem NW, Zimet SG, Farley GK. The multidimensional scale of perceived social support. J Personal Assess. 1988;52(1):30-41. DOI: 10.1207/s15327752jpa5201_2
[26]- Bagherian Sararoudi R, Hajian A, Ehsan HB, Sarafraz MR, Zimet GD. Psychometric properties of the Persian version of the multidimensional scale of perceived social support in Iran. Int J Prev Med. 2013;4(11):1277-81. PMID: 24404362
[27] Webb Hooper M, Baker EA, Mc Nutt MD. Associations between coping, affect, and social support among low-income African American smokers. Addict Behav. 2013;38(11):2736-40. PMID: 23934005 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.07.005
[28] Pokhrel P, Fagan P, Cassel K, Trinidad DR, Kaholokula JK, Herzog TA. Social network characteristics, social support, and cigarette smoking among Asian/Pacific Islander young adults. Am J Community Psychol. 2016;57(3-4):353-65. PMID: 27297612 DOI: 10.1002/ajcp.12063
[29]Garnefski N, Diekstra RF. Perceived social support from family, school, and peers: Relationship with emotional and behavioral problems among adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1996;35(12):1657-64. PMID: 8973073 DOI: 10.1097/00004583-199612000-00018
[30]Ognibene TC, Collins NL. Adult attachment styles, perceived social support and coping strategies. J Soc Pers Relatsh. 1998;15(3):323-45. DOI: 10.1177/0265407598153002
[31]Huang HW, Lu CC, Yang YH, Huang CL. Smoking behaviours of adolescents, influenced by smoking of teachers, family and friends. Int Nurs Rev. 2014;61(2):220-7. PMID: 24571366 DOI: 10.1111/inr.12084
[32] Saari AJ, Kentala J, Mattila KJ. The smoking habit of a close friend or family member--how deep is the impact? A cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. 2014;4(2):e003218. PMID: 24549158 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2013-003218
[33] Vakalahi HF. Adolescent substance use and family-based risk and protective factors: A literature review. J Drug Educ. 2001;31(1):29-46. PMID: 11338964 DOI: 10.2190/QP75-P9AR-NUVJ-FJCB
[34]Ginsberg D, Hall SM, Rosinski M. Partner support, psychological treatment, and nicotine gum in smoking treatment: An incremental study. Int J Addict. 1992;27(5):503-14. DOI: 10.3109/10826089209063465
[35]Zamani Alavijeh F, Dehkordi FR, Shahry P. Perceived social support among students of medical sciences. Electron Physician. 2017;9(6):4479-88. PMID: 28848620 DOI: 10.19082/4479
[36] Khalili F, Sam Sh, Sharifirad GR, Hassanzadeh A, Kazemi M. The relationship between perceived social support and social health of elderly. Health Syst Res. 2011;7(6):1216-25. [Persian]
[37]Soltani T, Mazloomy Mahmoudabad SS, Morowati Sharifabad MA, Fallahzadeh H, Jafari A. Social support and its relation with daily activities among elderly people of Yazd. J Community Health Res. 2015;3(4):270-7.
[38] Brothers BM, Borrelli B. Motivating Latino smokers to quit: Does type of social support matter?. Am J Health Promot. 2011;25(5 Suppl):S96-102. PMID: 21510795 DOI: 10.4278/ajhp.100628-QUAN-220
[39] Pénzes M, Czeglédi E, Balázs P, Foley KL. Factors associated with tobacco smoking and the belief about weight control effect of smoking among Hungarian adolescents. Cent Eur J Public Health. 2012;20(1):11-7. DOI: 10.21101/cejph.a3726
[40]Mak KK, Ho SY, Day JR. Smoking of parents and best friend--independent and combined effects on adolescent smoking and intention to initiate and quit smoking. Nicotine Tob Res. 2012;14(9):1057-64. PMID: 22345315 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/nts008
[41]Otten R, Wanner B, Vitaro F, Engels RC. Own and friends' smoking attitudes and social preference as early predictors of adolescent smoking. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2008;37(4):808-19. PMID: 18991131 DOI: 10.1080/15374410802359619
[42]Aura A, Laatikainen T, Isoaho H, Lazutkina G, Tossavainen K. Adolescents' attitudes on smoking are related to experimentation with smoking, daily smoking and best friends' smoking in two Karelias in Finland and in Russia. Int J Behav Med. 2016;23(6):679-85. PMID: 27184970 DOI: 10.1007/s12529-016-9566-7
[43]Huisman C. Does it matter what friends think, say, or do? The role of friends' smoking attitudes and behavior for Dutch adolescents' smoking behavior. Subst Use Misuse. 2014;49(6):715-23. PMID: 24328839 DOI: 10.3109/10826084.2013.863347
[44] Hitchman SC, Fong GT, Zanna MP, Thrasher JF, Laux FL. The relation between number of smoking friends, and quit intentions, attempts, and success: Findings from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) four country survey. Psychol Addict Behav. 2014;28(4):1144-52. PMID: 24841185 DOI: 10.1037/a0036483
[45] Shields MA, Wheatley Price S. Exploring the economic and social determinants of psychological well‐being and perceived social support in England. J R Stat Soc Ser A Stat Soc. 2005;168(3):513-37. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-985X.2005.00361.x
[46] Lakey B, Orehek E. Relational regulation theory: A new approach to explain the link between perceived social support and mental health. Psychol Rev. 2011;118(3):482-95. PMID: 21534704 DOI: 10.1037/a0023477
[2] World Health Organization. WHO global report on trends in prevalence of tobacco smoking 2015 [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2015 [cited 2016 Nov 20]. Available from: http://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/156262
[3]Kassani A, Baghbanian A, Menati R, Hassanzadeh J, Asadi Lari M, Menati W. Prevalence of cigarette smoking and associated factors among male citizens in Tehran, Iran. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2016;17(3):1473-8. PMID: 27039792 DOI: 10.7314/APJCP.2016.17.3.1473
[4] Emami H, Habibiyan S, Salehi P, Azizi F. Pattern and smoking habit in an urban area in Tehran, 2001. Res Med. 2003;27(1):47-52. [Persian]
[5] Chen JJ, Ho SY, Au WM, Wang MP, Lam TH. Family smoking, exposure to secondhand smoke at home and family unhappiness in children. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2015;12(11):14557-70. PMID: 26580642 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph121114557
[6] Xin Y, Qian J, Xu L, Tang S, Gao J, Critchley JA. The impact of smoking and quitting on household expenditure patterns and medical care costs in China. Tob Control. 2009;18(2):150-5. PMID: 19158112 DOI: 10.1136/tc.2008.026955
[7] Wang H, Sindelar JL, Busch SH. The impact of tobacco expenditure on household consumption patterns in rural China. Soc Sci Med. 2006;62(6):1414-26. PMID: 16137812 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.07.032
[8]John RM. Crowding out effect of tobacco expenditure and its implications on household resource allocation in India. Soc Sci Med. 2008;66(6):1356-67. PMID: 18187245 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.11.020
[9]Rezaei S, Akbari Sari A, Arab M, Majdzadeh R, Mohammad Poorasl A. Economic burden of smoking: A systematic review of direct and indirect costs. Med J Islam Repub Iran. 2016;30:397. PMID: 27579287
[10]Shahab L, West R. Do ex-smokers report feeling happier following cessation? Evidence from a cross-sectional survey. Nicotine Tob Res. 2009;11(5):553-7. PMID: 19351779 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntp031
[11]Johnson JG, Cohen P, Pine DS, Klein DF, Kasen S, Brook JS. Association between cigarette smoking and anxiety disorders during adolescence and early adulthood. JAMA. 2000;284(18):2348-51. DOI: 10.1001/jama.284.18.2348
[12]Moylan S, Jacka FN, Pasco JA, Berk M. How cigarette smoking may increase the risk of anxiety symptoms and anxiety disorders: A critical review of biological pathways. Brain Behav. 2013;3(3):302-26. PMID: 23785661 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.137
[13] Saneei P, Esmaillzadeh A, Hassanzadeh Keshteli A, Roohafza HR, Afshar H, Feizi A, et al. Combined healthy lifestyle is inversely associated with psychological disorders among adults. PloS One. 2016;11(1):e0146888. PMID: 26771311 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146888
[14]Daniel M, Cargo MD, Lifshay J, Green LW. Cigarette smoking, mental health and social support: Data from a Northwestern First Nation. Can J Public Health. 2004;95(1):45-9.
[15]Yun EH, Kang YH, Lim MK, Oh JK, Son JM. The role of social support and social networks in smoking behavior among middle and older aged people in rural areas of South Korea: A cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health. 2010;10:78. PMID: 20167103 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-10-78
[16] Cobb S. Social support as a moderator of life stress. Psychosom Med. 1976;38(5):300-14. DOI: 10.1097/00006842-197609000-00003
[17]Cassel J. The contribution of the social environment to host resistance: The Fourth Wade Hampton Frost Lecture. Am J Epidemiol. 1976;104(2):107-23. DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112281
[18]Cohen S, Wills TA. Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis. Psychol Bull. 1985;98(2):310-57. DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.98.2.310
[19]Wallston BS, Alagna SW, De Vellis BM, De Vellis RF. Social support and physical health. Health Psychol. 1983;2(4):367-91. DOI: 10.1037/0278-6133.2.4.367
[20]Mermelstein R, Cohen S, Lichtenstein E, Baer JS, Kamarck T. Social support and smoking cessation and maintenance. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1986;54(4):447-53. DOI: 10.1037/0022-006X.54.4.447
[21]Yang HK, Shin DW, Park JH, Kim SY, Eom CS, Kam S, et al. The association between perceived social support and continued smoking in cancer survivors. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2013;43(1):45-54. PMID: 23166386 DOI: 10.1093/jjco/hys182
[22]Chandola T, Head J, Bartley M. Socio-demographic predictors of quitting smoking: How important are household factors?. Addiction. 2004;99(6):770-7. PMID: 15139875 DOI: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2004.00756.x
[23] Marvizadeh M, Nori Ghasem Abadi R, Moghadasin M. Examination of the relationship between motives of smoking and using shisha, depression, quality of relationships, and social support in students. J Psychol EducSci. 2017;3(1 Pt 4):1-19. [Persian]
[24]Azizi F, Rahmani M, Emami H, Mirmiran P, Hajipour R, Madjid M, et al. Cardiovascular risk factors in an Iranian urban population: Tehran lipid and glucose study (phase 1). Soz Praventivmed. 2002;47(6):408-26. PMID: 12643001 DOI: 10.1007/s000380200008
[25]Zimet GD, Dahlem NW, Zimet SG, Farley GK. The multidimensional scale of perceived social support. J Personal Assess. 1988;52(1):30-41. DOI: 10.1207/s15327752jpa5201_2
[26]- Bagherian Sararoudi R, Hajian A, Ehsan HB, Sarafraz MR, Zimet GD. Psychometric properties of the Persian version of the multidimensional scale of perceived social support in Iran. Int J Prev Med. 2013;4(11):1277-81. PMID: 24404362
[27] Webb Hooper M, Baker EA, Mc Nutt MD. Associations between coping, affect, and social support among low-income African American smokers. Addict Behav. 2013;38(11):2736-40. PMID: 23934005 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.07.005
[28] Pokhrel P, Fagan P, Cassel K, Trinidad DR, Kaholokula JK, Herzog TA. Social network characteristics, social support, and cigarette smoking among Asian/Pacific Islander young adults. Am J Community Psychol. 2016;57(3-4):353-65. PMID: 27297612 DOI: 10.1002/ajcp.12063
[29]Garnefski N, Diekstra RF. Perceived social support from family, school, and peers: Relationship with emotional and behavioral problems among adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1996;35(12):1657-64. PMID: 8973073 DOI: 10.1097/00004583-199612000-00018
[30]Ognibene TC, Collins NL. Adult attachment styles, perceived social support and coping strategies. J Soc Pers Relatsh. 1998;15(3):323-45. DOI: 10.1177/0265407598153002
[31]Huang HW, Lu CC, Yang YH, Huang CL. Smoking behaviours of adolescents, influenced by smoking of teachers, family and friends. Int Nurs Rev. 2014;61(2):220-7. PMID: 24571366 DOI: 10.1111/inr.12084
[32] Saari AJ, Kentala J, Mattila KJ. The smoking habit of a close friend or family member--how deep is the impact? A cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. 2014;4(2):e003218. PMID: 24549158 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2013-003218
[33] Vakalahi HF. Adolescent substance use and family-based risk and protective factors: A literature review. J Drug Educ. 2001;31(1):29-46. PMID: 11338964 DOI: 10.2190/QP75-P9AR-NUVJ-FJCB
[34]Ginsberg D, Hall SM, Rosinski M. Partner support, psychological treatment, and nicotine gum in smoking treatment: An incremental study. Int J Addict. 1992;27(5):503-14. DOI: 10.3109/10826089209063465
[35]Zamani Alavijeh F, Dehkordi FR, Shahry P. Perceived social support among students of medical sciences. Electron Physician. 2017;9(6):4479-88. PMID: 28848620 DOI: 10.19082/4479
[36] Khalili F, Sam Sh, Sharifirad GR, Hassanzadeh A, Kazemi M. The relationship between perceived social support and social health of elderly. Health Syst Res. 2011;7(6):1216-25. [Persian]
[37]Soltani T, Mazloomy Mahmoudabad SS, Morowati Sharifabad MA, Fallahzadeh H, Jafari A. Social support and its relation with daily activities among elderly people of Yazd. J Community Health Res. 2015;3(4):270-7.
[38] Brothers BM, Borrelli B. Motivating Latino smokers to quit: Does type of social support matter?. Am J Health Promot. 2011;25(5 Suppl):S96-102. PMID: 21510795 DOI: 10.4278/ajhp.100628-QUAN-220
[39] Pénzes M, Czeglédi E, Balázs P, Foley KL. Factors associated with tobacco smoking and the belief about weight control effect of smoking among Hungarian adolescents. Cent Eur J Public Health. 2012;20(1):11-7. DOI: 10.21101/cejph.a3726
[40]Mak KK, Ho SY, Day JR. Smoking of parents and best friend--independent and combined effects on adolescent smoking and intention to initiate and quit smoking. Nicotine Tob Res. 2012;14(9):1057-64. PMID: 22345315 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/nts008
[41]Otten R, Wanner B, Vitaro F, Engels RC. Own and friends' smoking attitudes and social preference as early predictors of adolescent smoking. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2008;37(4):808-19. PMID: 18991131 DOI: 10.1080/15374410802359619
[42]Aura A, Laatikainen T, Isoaho H, Lazutkina G, Tossavainen K. Adolescents' attitudes on smoking are related to experimentation with smoking, daily smoking and best friends' smoking in two Karelias in Finland and in Russia. Int J Behav Med. 2016;23(6):679-85. PMID: 27184970 DOI: 10.1007/s12529-016-9566-7
[43]Huisman C. Does it matter what friends think, say, or do? The role of friends' smoking attitudes and behavior for Dutch adolescents' smoking behavior. Subst Use Misuse. 2014;49(6):715-23. PMID: 24328839 DOI: 10.3109/10826084.2013.863347
[44] Hitchman SC, Fong GT, Zanna MP, Thrasher JF, Laux FL. The relation between number of smoking friends, and quit intentions, attempts, and success: Findings from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) four country survey. Psychol Addict Behav. 2014;28(4):1144-52. PMID: 24841185 DOI: 10.1037/a0036483
[45] Shields MA, Wheatley Price S. Exploring the economic and social determinants of psychological well‐being and perceived social support in England. J R Stat Soc Ser A Stat Soc. 2005;168(3):513-37. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-985X.2005.00361.x
[46] Lakey B, Orehek E. Relational regulation theory: A new approach to explain the link between perceived social support and mental health. Psychol Rev. 2011;118(3):482-95. PMID: 21534704 DOI: 10.1037/a0023477