@2024 Afarand., IRAN
ISSN: 2008-2630 Iranian Journal of War & Public Health 2016;8(4):195-201
ISSN: 2008-2630 Iranian Journal of War & Public Health 2016;8(4):195-201
Effectiveness of Cognitive Therapy-Based Mindfulness on Increasing the Psychological Capital of Veterans
ARTICLE INFO
Article Type
Original ResearchAuthors
Shojaeyan M. (1)Abolmaali Kh. (*)
(*) Psychology Department, Psychology & Social Sciences Faculty, Roudehen Branch, Isalamic Azad University, Roudehen, Iran
(1) Psychology Department, Psychology & Social Sciences Faculty, Roudehen Branch, Isalamic Azad University, Roudehen, Iran
Correspondence
Address: Faculty of Psychology and Social Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Roudehen, Iran. Postal Code: 3973188981Phone: +98 (21) 76505019
Fax: -
sama.abolmaali@gmail.com
Article History
Received: March 23, 2016Accepted: September 14, 2016
ePublished: June 21, 2017
ABSTRACT
Aims
Some of the present psychotherapy help challengaes in the veterans are reductions in the level of mental health and psychological capital of the veterans caused by the war damages, which require more attentions. The aim of the study was to determine the effects of mindfulness, based on the cognitive therapy, on the increasement of the psychological capital dimensions, including resilience, self-efficacy, optimism, and hope, in the veterans.
Materials & Methods In the controlled pretest-posttest quasi-experimental study, 20 veterans referred to Tehran Khatam-al-Anbia Hospital were studied in 2015. The injury percentage of the veterans was 70%, and they had a weak psychological capital. The subjects, selected by purposeful sampling method, were randomly divided into two groups including experimental and control groups (n=10 persons per group). Eight 120-minute cognitive therapy intervention sessions, based on mindfulness, was conducted in experimental group. Data was collected using Luthans psychological capital scale both in the pretest and posttest stages. Data was analyzed using multivariate covariance analysis with adjusted pretest effect.
Findings Mean posttest scores of self-efficacy, optimism, hope, and resilience in experimental group were more than control group (p<0.01). In addition, the treatment mindfulness intervention based on the cognitive therapy could explain 61.3, 78.6, 56.6, and 66.7% of self-efficacy, optimism, hope, and resilience variances, respectively.
Conclusion Mindfulness based on the cognitive therapy can increase the dimensions of the psychological capital including resilience, self-efficacy, hope, and optimism in the veterans.
Materials & Methods In the controlled pretest-posttest quasi-experimental study, 20 veterans referred to Tehran Khatam-al-Anbia Hospital were studied in 2015. The injury percentage of the veterans was 70%, and they had a weak psychological capital. The subjects, selected by purposeful sampling method, were randomly divided into two groups including experimental and control groups (n=10 persons per group). Eight 120-minute cognitive therapy intervention sessions, based on mindfulness, was conducted in experimental group. Data was collected using Luthans psychological capital scale both in the pretest and posttest stages. Data was analyzed using multivariate covariance analysis with adjusted pretest effect.
Findings Mean posttest scores of self-efficacy, optimism, hope, and resilience in experimental group were more than control group (p<0.01). In addition, the treatment mindfulness intervention based on the cognitive therapy could explain 61.3, 78.6, 56.6, and 66.7% of self-efficacy, optimism, hope, and resilience variances, respectively.
Conclusion Mindfulness based on the cognitive therapy can increase the dimensions of the psychological capital including resilience, self-efficacy, hope, and optimism in the veterans.
CITATION LINKS
[1]Akbari Z, Vafaei T, Khosravi S. Relationship between attachment styles and the resiliency amount of veterans wives. Iran J War Public Health. 2011;3(2):12-7. [Persian]
[2]Litz BT. Resilience in the aftermath of war trauma: A critical review and commentary. Interface Focus. 2014;4(5):1-10.
[3]Bitmis MG, Ergeneli A. The role of psychological capital and trust in individual performance and job satisfaction relationship: A test of mulitple mediation model. Procedia Soc Behav Sci. 2013;99:173-9.
[4]Rego A, Sousa F, Marques C, Cunha M. Authentic leadership promoting employees' psychological capital and creativity. J Bus Res. 2012;65(3):429-37.
[5]Agaibi CE, Wilson JP. Trauma, PTSD, and resilience: A review of the literature. Trauma Violence Abuse. 2005;6(3):195-216.
[6]Santis JP, Florom-Smith A, Vermeesch A, Barroso S, DeLeon DA. Motivation, management, and mastery: a theory of resilience in the context of HIV infection. J Am Psychiatric Nurses Assoc. 2013;19(1):36-46
[7]Lamond AJ, Depp CA, Allison M, Langer R, Reichstadt J, Moore DJ, et al. Measurement and predictors of resilience among community-dwelling older women. J Psychiatr Res. 2008;43(2):148-54.
[8]Lazarus RS. From psychological stress to the emotions: A history of changing outlooks. Annu Rev Psychol. 1993;44:1-21.
[9]Bissessar CS. An exploration of the relationship between teachers’ psychological capital and their collective self-esteem. Aust J Teach Educ. 2014;39(9):34-52.
[10]Tugade, MM, Fredrickson BL, Barrett LF. Psychological resilience and positive emotional granularity: Examining the benefits of positive emotions on coping and health. J Person. 2004;72(6):1161-90.
[11]Zlomuzica A, Preusser F, Schneider S, Margraf J. Increased perceived self-efficacy facilitates the extinction of fear in healthy participants. Front Behav Neurosci. 2015;9:270.
[12]Fathiashtiani A, Tavalaee SA, Azizabadi Farahani M, Moghani Lankarani M. The relationship between psychological symptoms and self-esteem in Sardasht chemical veterans. J Mil Med. 2001;4(9):273-82. [Persian]
[13]Seligman ME, Csikszentmihalyi M. Positive psychology: An introduction. Am Psychol. 2000;55(1):5-14.
[14]Benzein E, Norberg A, Saveman BI. Hope: Future imagined reality; The meaning of hope as described by a group of healthy Pentecostalists. J Adv Nurs. 1998;28(5):1063-70.
[15]Rustøen T, Wiklund I, Hanestad BR, Moum T. Nursing intervention to increase hope and quality of life in newly diagnosed cancer patients. Cancer Nurs. 1998;21(4):235-45.
[16]Stephenson C. The concept of hope revisited for nursing. J Adv Nurs. 1991;16(12):1456-61.
[17]Bahadori Khosroshahi J, Hashemi Nosratabad T, Babapour Khairuddin J. The relationship Psychological capital with social capital in Tabriz University. J Res Health. 2012;2(1):63-71. [Persian]
[18]Fordyce MW. Development of a program to increase personal Happiness. J Couns Psychol. 1977;24(6):511-21.
[19]Scheier MF, Carver CS. Optimism coping and health: Assessment and implications of generalized out com expectancies. Health Psychol. 1985;4(3):219-47.
[20]Carver CS, Scheier MF, Segerstrom SC. Optimism. Clin Psychol Rev. 2010;30(7):879-89.
[21]Narimani M, Alamdari E, Abolghasemi A. The study of the efficiency of acceptance and commitment-based therapy on the quality of infertile women’s life. Fam Consult Psychother. 2014;4(3):387-430. [Persian]
[22]Ruiz FJ. A Review of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) empirical evidence: Correlational, experimental psychopathology, component and outcome studies. Int J Psychol Psychol Ther. 2010;10(1):125-62.
[23]Morgan D. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression: A new approach to preventing relapse. Psychother Res. 2003;13(1):123-5.
[24]Williams JMG, Swales M. The use of mindfulness-based approaches for suicidal patients. Arch Suicide Res. 2004;8(4):315-29.
[25]Williams JM, Duggan DS, Crane C, Fennell MJ. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for prevention of recurrence of suicidal behavior. J Clin Psychol. 2006;62(2):201-10.
[26]Baer RA. Mindfulness-based treatment approaches. Clinician's guide to evidence base and applications. 2nd edition. Amsterdam: Academic Press; 2004.
[27]Kabat-Zinn J. Mindfulness-based interventions in context: Past, present, and future. Clin Psychol Sci Prac. 2003;10(2):144-56.
[28]Kabat-Zinn J, Lipworth L, Burney R. The clinical use of mindfulness meditation for the self-regulation of chronic pain. J Behav Med. 1985;8(2):163-90.
[29]Semple RJ, Lee J, Rosa D, Miller LF. A randomized trial of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for children: promoting mindful attention to enhance social-emotional resiliency in children. J Child Fam Stud. 2010;19(2):218-29.
[30]Sahebzadeh M, Yazdandoost R, Asgharnejad F, Gharraee B. Group mindfulness based cognitive therapy (MBCT) protocol on suicidal depressed patients: A qualitative assessment. J Behav Sci. 2014;5(1):33-38. [Persian]
[31]Kaviani H, Javaheri F, Bahiraie H. The effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy in reducing the negative automatic thoughts,attitudes efficient, depression and anxiety: The 60-day follow-up. Cogn Sci News. 2005;7(1):49-59. [Persian]
[32]Kaviani H, Hatami N, Shafiabadi A. The effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on quality of depressed patients (non-clinical). Cogn Sci News. 2008;10(4):39-48. [Persian]
[33]Narimani M, Ariapour S, Abolghasemi A, Ahadi B. Effectiveness of mindfulness-based stress reduction and emotion regulation training in the affect and mood of chemical weapons victims. Arak Med Univ J. 2012;15(2):107-18. [Persian]
[34]Luthanz F, Avolio BJ, Avey JB, Norman SM. Positive psychological capital: Measuement and relationship with performance and satisfaction. Person Psychol. 2007;60(3):541-72.
[35]Bahadori Khosroshahi J, Hashemi Nosratabad T, Babapour Kheyroddin J. The relationship between social capital and psychological well-being among the students of Tabriz University. Soc Cogn. 2014;3(2):44-54. [Persian]
[36]Hashemi Nosrat Abad T, Babapur Kheyroddin J, Bahadori Khosroshahi J. Role of psychological capital in psychological wellbeing by considering the moderating effects of social capital. J Res Soc Psychol. 2011;1(4):123-44. [Persian]
[37]Masoomian S, Shaeiri MR, Shams J, Momenzadeh C. The effect of mindfulness-based stress reduction therapy on self-efficacy in patients with chronic low back pain. Res Med. 2013;37(3):158-63. [Persian]
[38]Mize SJS. A review of mindfulness-based sex therapy interventions for sexual desire and arousal difficulties: From research to practice. Curr Sex Health Rep, 2015;7(2):89-97.
[39]Aghabagheri H, Mohammad Khani P, Farahmand V. The effectiveness of cognitive group therapy based on mindfulness-based to increase well-being and hope in patients with MS. J Clin Psychol. 2012;4(1):23-30. [Persian]
[40]Brown KW, Ryan RM. The benefits of being present. Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. J Person Soc Psychol. 2003;84(4):822-84.
[41]Keng SL, Smoski MJ, Robins CJ. Effects of mindfulness on psychological health: A review of empirical studies. Clin Psychol Rev. 2011;31(6):1041-56.
[42]Khalqhipour Sh, Zargar F. Effect of Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on depression and life expectancy in mothers of children with Intellectual disabilities. J Res Behav Sci. 2013;12(2):44-54. [Persian]
[43]Narimani M, Ariapooran S, Abolghasemi A, Ahadi B. Effectiveness of mindfulness and emotion regulation on physical and psychological well-being among chemical victims. J Kermanshah Univ Med Sci. 2012;15(5):347-57. [Persian]
[44]Youssefian F, Asgharpour N. Comparative effectiveness of group mindfulness-based cognitive therapy and group cognitive-behavioral therapy on self-esteem of girl students. J Fundam Ment Health. 2013;15(3):205-15. [Persian]
[45]Jones KC, Welton SR, Oliver TC, Thoburn JW. Mindfulness, spousal attachment, and marital satisfaction: A mediated model. Fam J. 2011;19(4):357-61.
[46]Tanay G, Lotan G, Bernstein A. Salutary proximal processes and distal mood and anxiety vulnerability outcomes of mindfulness training: a pilot preventive intervention. Behav Ther. 2012;43(3):492-505.
[47]Zeidan F, Johnson SK, Diamond BJ, David Z, Goolkasian P. Mindfulness meditation improves cognition: evidence of brief mental training. Conscious Cogn. 2010;19(2):597-605.
[48]Azargoon H, Kajbaf MB. The effect of mindfulness training on the dysfunctional attitude and automatic thinking of depressed students of Isfahan University. J Psychol. 2010;14(1):79-94. [Persian]
[49]Ruths FA, Zoysa N, Frearson Sonya J, Hutton J, Williams JMG, Walsh, J. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for mental health professionals—a pilot study. Mindfulness. 2013;4(4): 289-95.
[50]Davis DM, Hayes JA. What are the benefits of mindfulness? A practice review of psychotherapy-related research. Psychotherapy. 2011;48(2):198-208.
[51]Lai YCL, Wong WS. Optimism and coping with unemployment amoung Hong kong chineses woman. J Res Person. 1998;32(4):454-79.
[52]Schneider W, Chein JM. Controlled & automatic processing: Behavior, theory, and biological mechanisms. Cogn Sci. 2003;27(3):525-59.
[2]Litz BT. Resilience in the aftermath of war trauma: A critical review and commentary. Interface Focus. 2014;4(5):1-10.
[3]Bitmis MG, Ergeneli A. The role of psychological capital and trust in individual performance and job satisfaction relationship: A test of mulitple mediation model. Procedia Soc Behav Sci. 2013;99:173-9.
[4]Rego A, Sousa F, Marques C, Cunha M. Authentic leadership promoting employees' psychological capital and creativity. J Bus Res. 2012;65(3):429-37.
[5]Agaibi CE, Wilson JP. Trauma, PTSD, and resilience: A review of the literature. Trauma Violence Abuse. 2005;6(3):195-216.
[6]Santis JP, Florom-Smith A, Vermeesch A, Barroso S, DeLeon DA. Motivation, management, and mastery: a theory of resilience in the context of HIV infection. J Am Psychiatric Nurses Assoc. 2013;19(1):36-46
[7]Lamond AJ, Depp CA, Allison M, Langer R, Reichstadt J, Moore DJ, et al. Measurement and predictors of resilience among community-dwelling older women. J Psychiatr Res. 2008;43(2):148-54.
[8]Lazarus RS. From psychological stress to the emotions: A history of changing outlooks. Annu Rev Psychol. 1993;44:1-21.
[9]Bissessar CS. An exploration of the relationship between teachers’ psychological capital and their collective self-esteem. Aust J Teach Educ. 2014;39(9):34-52.
[10]Tugade, MM, Fredrickson BL, Barrett LF. Psychological resilience and positive emotional granularity: Examining the benefits of positive emotions on coping and health. J Person. 2004;72(6):1161-90.
[11]Zlomuzica A, Preusser F, Schneider S, Margraf J. Increased perceived self-efficacy facilitates the extinction of fear in healthy participants. Front Behav Neurosci. 2015;9:270.
[12]Fathiashtiani A, Tavalaee SA, Azizabadi Farahani M, Moghani Lankarani M. The relationship between psychological symptoms and self-esteem in Sardasht chemical veterans. J Mil Med. 2001;4(9):273-82. [Persian]
[13]Seligman ME, Csikszentmihalyi M. Positive psychology: An introduction. Am Psychol. 2000;55(1):5-14.
[14]Benzein E, Norberg A, Saveman BI. Hope: Future imagined reality; The meaning of hope as described by a group of healthy Pentecostalists. J Adv Nurs. 1998;28(5):1063-70.
[15]Rustøen T, Wiklund I, Hanestad BR, Moum T. Nursing intervention to increase hope and quality of life in newly diagnosed cancer patients. Cancer Nurs. 1998;21(4):235-45.
[16]Stephenson C. The concept of hope revisited for nursing. J Adv Nurs. 1991;16(12):1456-61.
[17]Bahadori Khosroshahi J, Hashemi Nosratabad T, Babapour Khairuddin J. The relationship Psychological capital with social capital in Tabriz University. J Res Health. 2012;2(1):63-71. [Persian]
[18]Fordyce MW. Development of a program to increase personal Happiness. J Couns Psychol. 1977;24(6):511-21.
[19]Scheier MF, Carver CS. Optimism coping and health: Assessment and implications of generalized out com expectancies. Health Psychol. 1985;4(3):219-47.
[20]Carver CS, Scheier MF, Segerstrom SC. Optimism. Clin Psychol Rev. 2010;30(7):879-89.
[21]Narimani M, Alamdari E, Abolghasemi A. The study of the efficiency of acceptance and commitment-based therapy on the quality of infertile women’s life. Fam Consult Psychother. 2014;4(3):387-430. [Persian]
[22]Ruiz FJ. A Review of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) empirical evidence: Correlational, experimental psychopathology, component and outcome studies. Int J Psychol Psychol Ther. 2010;10(1):125-62.
[23]Morgan D. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression: A new approach to preventing relapse. Psychother Res. 2003;13(1):123-5.
[24]Williams JMG, Swales M. The use of mindfulness-based approaches for suicidal patients. Arch Suicide Res. 2004;8(4):315-29.
[25]Williams JM, Duggan DS, Crane C, Fennell MJ. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for prevention of recurrence of suicidal behavior. J Clin Psychol. 2006;62(2):201-10.
[26]Baer RA. Mindfulness-based treatment approaches. Clinician's guide to evidence base and applications. 2nd edition. Amsterdam: Academic Press; 2004.
[27]Kabat-Zinn J. Mindfulness-based interventions in context: Past, present, and future. Clin Psychol Sci Prac. 2003;10(2):144-56.
[28]Kabat-Zinn J, Lipworth L, Burney R. The clinical use of mindfulness meditation for the self-regulation of chronic pain. J Behav Med. 1985;8(2):163-90.
[29]Semple RJ, Lee J, Rosa D, Miller LF. A randomized trial of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for children: promoting mindful attention to enhance social-emotional resiliency in children. J Child Fam Stud. 2010;19(2):218-29.
[30]Sahebzadeh M, Yazdandoost R, Asgharnejad F, Gharraee B. Group mindfulness based cognitive therapy (MBCT) protocol on suicidal depressed patients: A qualitative assessment. J Behav Sci. 2014;5(1):33-38. [Persian]
[31]Kaviani H, Javaheri F, Bahiraie H. The effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy in reducing the negative automatic thoughts,attitudes efficient, depression and anxiety: The 60-day follow-up. Cogn Sci News. 2005;7(1):49-59. [Persian]
[32]Kaviani H, Hatami N, Shafiabadi A. The effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on quality of depressed patients (non-clinical). Cogn Sci News. 2008;10(4):39-48. [Persian]
[33]Narimani M, Ariapour S, Abolghasemi A, Ahadi B. Effectiveness of mindfulness-based stress reduction and emotion regulation training in the affect and mood of chemical weapons victims. Arak Med Univ J. 2012;15(2):107-18. [Persian]
[34]Luthanz F, Avolio BJ, Avey JB, Norman SM. Positive psychological capital: Measuement and relationship with performance and satisfaction. Person Psychol. 2007;60(3):541-72.
[35]Bahadori Khosroshahi J, Hashemi Nosratabad T, Babapour Kheyroddin J. The relationship between social capital and psychological well-being among the students of Tabriz University. Soc Cogn. 2014;3(2):44-54. [Persian]
[36]Hashemi Nosrat Abad T, Babapur Kheyroddin J, Bahadori Khosroshahi J. Role of psychological capital in psychological wellbeing by considering the moderating effects of social capital. J Res Soc Psychol. 2011;1(4):123-44. [Persian]
[37]Masoomian S, Shaeiri MR, Shams J, Momenzadeh C. The effect of mindfulness-based stress reduction therapy on self-efficacy in patients with chronic low back pain. Res Med. 2013;37(3):158-63. [Persian]
[38]Mize SJS. A review of mindfulness-based sex therapy interventions for sexual desire and arousal difficulties: From research to practice. Curr Sex Health Rep, 2015;7(2):89-97.
[39]Aghabagheri H, Mohammad Khani P, Farahmand V. The effectiveness of cognitive group therapy based on mindfulness-based to increase well-being and hope in patients with MS. J Clin Psychol. 2012;4(1):23-30. [Persian]
[40]Brown KW, Ryan RM. The benefits of being present. Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being. J Person Soc Psychol. 2003;84(4):822-84.
[41]Keng SL, Smoski MJ, Robins CJ. Effects of mindfulness on psychological health: A review of empirical studies. Clin Psychol Rev. 2011;31(6):1041-56.
[42]Khalqhipour Sh, Zargar F. Effect of Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on depression and life expectancy in mothers of children with Intellectual disabilities. J Res Behav Sci. 2013;12(2):44-54. [Persian]
[43]Narimani M, Ariapooran S, Abolghasemi A, Ahadi B. Effectiveness of mindfulness and emotion regulation on physical and psychological well-being among chemical victims. J Kermanshah Univ Med Sci. 2012;15(5):347-57. [Persian]
[44]Youssefian F, Asgharpour N. Comparative effectiveness of group mindfulness-based cognitive therapy and group cognitive-behavioral therapy on self-esteem of girl students. J Fundam Ment Health. 2013;15(3):205-15. [Persian]
[45]Jones KC, Welton SR, Oliver TC, Thoburn JW. Mindfulness, spousal attachment, and marital satisfaction: A mediated model. Fam J. 2011;19(4):357-61.
[46]Tanay G, Lotan G, Bernstein A. Salutary proximal processes and distal mood and anxiety vulnerability outcomes of mindfulness training: a pilot preventive intervention. Behav Ther. 2012;43(3):492-505.
[47]Zeidan F, Johnson SK, Diamond BJ, David Z, Goolkasian P. Mindfulness meditation improves cognition: evidence of brief mental training. Conscious Cogn. 2010;19(2):597-605.
[48]Azargoon H, Kajbaf MB. The effect of mindfulness training on the dysfunctional attitude and automatic thinking of depressed students of Isfahan University. J Psychol. 2010;14(1):79-94. [Persian]
[49]Ruths FA, Zoysa N, Frearson Sonya J, Hutton J, Williams JMG, Walsh, J. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for mental health professionals—a pilot study. Mindfulness. 2013;4(4): 289-95.
[50]Davis DM, Hayes JA. What are the benefits of mindfulness? A practice review of psychotherapy-related research. Psychotherapy. 2011;48(2):198-208.
[51]Lai YCL, Wong WS. Optimism and coping with unemployment amoung Hong kong chineses woman. J Res Person. 1998;32(4):454-79.
[52]Schneider W, Chein JM. Controlled & automatic processing: Behavior, theory, and biological mechanisms. Cogn Sci. 2003;27(3):525-59.