@2024 Afarand., IRAN
ISSN: 2252-0805 The Horizon of Medical Sciences 2013;19(1):29-33
ISSN: 2252-0805 The Horizon of Medical Sciences 2013;19(1):29-33
Effect of Menstrual Cycle on Growth Hormone and Aerobic Power of Non-athletic Girls
ARTICLE INFO
Article Type
Original ResearchAuthors
Hosseini Z. (*)Kashef M. (1)
Gaini A. A. (2)
(*) Department of Sport Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education & Sport Sciences, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Tehran, Iran
(1) Department of Sport Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education & Sport Sciences, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Tehran, Iran
(2) Department of Sport Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education & Sport Sciences, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran
Correspondence
Article History
Received: December 26, 2011Accepted: March 4, 2013
ePublished: March 10, 2013
ABSTRACT
Aims
The effect of menstrual cycle and its factors on the health is a significant part in the women studies. In each phases of menstrual cycle, different physiological and hormonal changes occur in females’ body that all affect their performance capacity. This study was undertaken aiming at investigating the effect of menstrual cycle on growth hormone and aerobic power in non-athletic girls.
Materials & Methods This causative cross-sectional post hoc was conducted clinically on the population of 15 to 17 year old girls in Ghom, Iran, who were studying in high schools of the given city in 2010-11 and 15 students were selected using purposive cluster sampling. Subjects referred to the specialized laboratory in three different menstrual cycles including menstruation or menstrual bleeding phase (the third day), follicular phase (the twelfth day) and luteal phase(the twentieth first day) for measurement of growth hormone. Data was analyzed using SPSS 17 and LSD persuasive test.
Findings The mean of growth hormone level in different phases of menstruation, follicular and luteal had a significant difference (p<0.001). However, the mean of aerobic power revealed no significant difference (p>0.05).
Conclusion In spite of the lack of effect on the aerobic power, different phases of menstrual cycle affect the level of growth hormone in the non-athletic girls of 15-17 years of age;however, it doesn’t impose any limitation on aerobic exercise in practice.
Materials & Methods This causative cross-sectional post hoc was conducted clinically on the population of 15 to 17 year old girls in Ghom, Iran, who were studying in high schools of the given city in 2010-11 and 15 students were selected using purposive cluster sampling. Subjects referred to the specialized laboratory in three different menstrual cycles including menstruation or menstrual bleeding phase (the third day), follicular phase (the twelfth day) and luteal phase(the twentieth first day) for measurement of growth hormone. Data was analyzed using SPSS 17 and LSD persuasive test.
Findings The mean of growth hormone level in different phases of menstruation, follicular and luteal had a significant difference (p<0.001). However, the mean of aerobic power revealed no significant difference (p>0.05).
Conclusion In spite of the lack of effect on the aerobic power, different phases of menstrual cycle affect the level of growth hormone in the non-athletic girls of 15-17 years of age;however, it doesn’t impose any limitation on aerobic exercise in practice.
CITATION LINKS
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[2] Alethea J, Anderson A, Mark A. Effects of the menstrual cycle on expiratory resistance during whole body exercise in females. J Sports Sci Med. 2008;7:475-6.
[3]Horton TJ, Miller EK, Bourret K. No effect of menstrual cycle phase on glycerol or kinetics during 90 min of moderate. J Appl Physiol. 2005;100(3):917-25.
[4] Rasai MJ, Gaini AA, Nazem F. Hormone and sport adaptation. Tehran: Tarbiyat Modarres University Publication; 1994. [Persian]
[5] Caufriez A, Leproult R, Hermite-Baleriax M, Moreno- Reyes R, Copinschi G. A potential role of endogenous progesterone in modulation of GH prolactin and thyrotrophin secretion during normal menstrual cycle. Clin Endocrinol. 2009;71(4):535-42.
[6] Gleeson HK, Shalet SM. GH responsiveness varies during the menstrual cycle. Eur J Endocrinol. 2005;153(6):775-9.
[7] Faria AC, Bekenstein LW, Booth RA, Vaccaro VA, Asplin CM, Veldhuis JD, et al. Pulsatile growth hormone release in normal women during the menstrual cycle. Clin Endocrrinol. 1992;36(6):591-6.
[8] Nakamura Y, Aizawa K, Imal T, Kono I. Hormonal responses to resistance exercise during different menstrual cycle states. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2011;43(6):967-73.
[9] Braun B, Mawson JT, Muza SR, Dominick SB, Brooks GA, Horning MA, et al. Women altitude: Carbohydrate utilization during exercise at 4.300 m. J Appl Physiol. 2000;88(1):246-56.
[10] Tsai PS, Yucha CB, Sheffield D, Yang M. Effects of daily activities on ambulatory blood pressure during menstrual cycle in normotensive women. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback. 2003;28(1):25-36.
[11] da Silva SB, de Sousa Ramalho Viana E, de Sousa MB. Changes in peak expiratory flow and respiratory strength during the menstrual cycle. Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 2006;150(2-3):211-9.
[12] Janse DE, Jonge XA. Effects of menstrual cycle on exercise performance. Sports Med. 2003;33(11):833-51.
[13] Valarie JH, Michael DJ. Free fatty acid metabolism in the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1992;74(4):806.
[14] Jennifer L, Leslie A, Mark S. Hormonal responses to endurance and resistance exercise in females aged 19-69 Years. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2002;57(4):158-65.
[15] Birch K. Circamensal rhythms in physical performance. Biol Rhythm Res. 2000;31(1):1-14.
[16] Benjamin F, Casazza GA, Suh SH, Miller BF, Navazio FM, Brooks GA. Effects of oral contraceptive on peak exercise capacity. J Appl Physiol. 2002;93(5):1698-702.
[17] Smekal G, Von Duvillard SP, Frigo P, Tegelhofer T, Pokan R, Hofmann P, et al. Menstrual cycle: No effect on exercise cardiorespiratory variables or blood lactate concentration. Med Sci Sport Exerc. 2007;39(7):1098-106.
[18] Kanaley JA, Boileau RA, Bahr JA, Misner JE, Nelson RA. Substrate oxidation and GH responses to exercise and independent of menstrual phase and status. Med Sci Sport Exerc. 1992;24(8):873-80.
[19] Jaffe CA, Ocampo-Lim B, Gua W, Krueger K, Sugahara I, Demott-Friberg R, et al. Growth hormone secretory dynamics over the menstrual cycle. Endocrin J. 2000;47(5):549-56.
[20] Guyton MD. Medical physiology. Bigdeli MR, Barzanjeh A, Ansari S, Aziz Ahari AR, Ghadimi H, Haji Fathalian K, translators. Tehran: Tehran University; 2005. [Persian]
[21] Agha Ali Nejad H, Sedaghati P, Esmail Zadeh Azad Z, Mashkoti F. Investigation bioenergy and motor fitness ability during different phases of menstrual cycle in girls 17- 15 years old. J Olympic. 2007;2(38):99-107. [Persian]
[22] Zavvari M, Ramezani AR, Barati AH. The effect of menstrual cycle on selected physical fitness factors on girl athlete and non-athlete high school students. Tehran: Shahid Rajaee University Publication; 2008. [Persian]
[23] Heydar Nia E, Bambai Chi E, Rahnama N. Mutual effect of circadian rhythm and menstrual cycle on cardio respiratory functions. J Olympic. 2008;3(43):105-17. [Persian]
[24] D'Eon T, Braun B. The roles of estrogen and progesterone in regulating carbohydrate and fat utilization at rest and during exercise. J Women Health Gend Based Med. 2002;11(3):225-37.
[25] Oosthuyse T, Bosch A. The effect of menstrual cycle on exercise metabolism: Implications for exercise performance in eumenorrhoeic women. Sport Med J. 2010;40(3):207-27.
[26] Burer K. Hormones and exercise. Gaeini A, Koshki M, Hamedinia MR, translators. Tehran: Tehran University; 2012. [Persian]
[2] Alethea J, Anderson A, Mark A. Effects of the menstrual cycle on expiratory resistance during whole body exercise in females. J Sports Sci Med. 2008;7:475-6.
[3]Horton TJ, Miller EK, Bourret K. No effect of menstrual cycle phase on glycerol or kinetics during 90 min of moderate. J Appl Physiol. 2005;100(3):917-25.
[4] Rasai MJ, Gaini AA, Nazem F. Hormone and sport adaptation. Tehran: Tarbiyat Modarres University Publication; 1994. [Persian]
[5] Caufriez A, Leproult R, Hermite-Baleriax M, Moreno- Reyes R, Copinschi G. A potential role of endogenous progesterone in modulation of GH prolactin and thyrotrophin secretion during normal menstrual cycle. Clin Endocrinol. 2009;71(4):535-42.
[6] Gleeson HK, Shalet SM. GH responsiveness varies during the menstrual cycle. Eur J Endocrinol. 2005;153(6):775-9.
[7] Faria AC, Bekenstein LW, Booth RA, Vaccaro VA, Asplin CM, Veldhuis JD, et al. Pulsatile growth hormone release in normal women during the menstrual cycle. Clin Endocrrinol. 1992;36(6):591-6.
[8] Nakamura Y, Aizawa K, Imal T, Kono I. Hormonal responses to resistance exercise during different menstrual cycle states. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2011;43(6):967-73.
[9] Braun B, Mawson JT, Muza SR, Dominick SB, Brooks GA, Horning MA, et al. Women altitude: Carbohydrate utilization during exercise at 4.300 m. J Appl Physiol. 2000;88(1):246-56.
[10] Tsai PS, Yucha CB, Sheffield D, Yang M. Effects of daily activities on ambulatory blood pressure during menstrual cycle in normotensive women. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback. 2003;28(1):25-36.
[11] da Silva SB, de Sousa Ramalho Viana E, de Sousa MB. Changes in peak expiratory flow and respiratory strength during the menstrual cycle. Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 2006;150(2-3):211-9.
[12] Janse DE, Jonge XA. Effects of menstrual cycle on exercise performance. Sports Med. 2003;33(11):833-51.
[13] Valarie JH, Michael DJ. Free fatty acid metabolism in the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1992;74(4):806.
[14] Jennifer L, Leslie A, Mark S. Hormonal responses to endurance and resistance exercise in females aged 19-69 Years. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2002;57(4):158-65.
[15] Birch K. Circamensal rhythms in physical performance. Biol Rhythm Res. 2000;31(1):1-14.
[16] Benjamin F, Casazza GA, Suh SH, Miller BF, Navazio FM, Brooks GA. Effects of oral contraceptive on peak exercise capacity. J Appl Physiol. 2002;93(5):1698-702.
[17] Smekal G, Von Duvillard SP, Frigo P, Tegelhofer T, Pokan R, Hofmann P, et al. Menstrual cycle: No effect on exercise cardiorespiratory variables or blood lactate concentration. Med Sci Sport Exerc. 2007;39(7):1098-106.
[18] Kanaley JA, Boileau RA, Bahr JA, Misner JE, Nelson RA. Substrate oxidation and GH responses to exercise and independent of menstrual phase and status. Med Sci Sport Exerc. 1992;24(8):873-80.
[19] Jaffe CA, Ocampo-Lim B, Gua W, Krueger K, Sugahara I, Demott-Friberg R, et al. Growth hormone secretory dynamics over the menstrual cycle. Endocrin J. 2000;47(5):549-56.
[20] Guyton MD. Medical physiology. Bigdeli MR, Barzanjeh A, Ansari S, Aziz Ahari AR, Ghadimi H, Haji Fathalian K, translators. Tehran: Tehran University; 2005. [Persian]
[21] Agha Ali Nejad H, Sedaghati P, Esmail Zadeh Azad Z, Mashkoti F. Investigation bioenergy and motor fitness ability during different phases of menstrual cycle in girls 17- 15 years old. J Olympic. 2007;2(38):99-107. [Persian]
[22] Zavvari M, Ramezani AR, Barati AH. The effect of menstrual cycle on selected physical fitness factors on girl athlete and non-athlete high school students. Tehran: Shahid Rajaee University Publication; 2008. [Persian]
[23] Heydar Nia E, Bambai Chi E, Rahnama N. Mutual effect of circadian rhythm and menstrual cycle on cardio respiratory functions. J Olympic. 2008;3(43):105-17. [Persian]
[24] D'Eon T, Braun B. The roles of estrogen and progesterone in regulating carbohydrate and fat utilization at rest and during exercise. J Women Health Gend Based Med. 2002;11(3):225-37.
[25] Oosthuyse T, Bosch A. The effect of menstrual cycle on exercise metabolism: Implications for exercise performance in eumenorrhoeic women. Sport Med J. 2010;40(3):207-27.
[26] Burer K. Hormones and exercise. Gaeini A, Koshki M, Hamedinia MR, translators. Tehran: Tehran University; 2012. [Persian]