@2024 Afarand., IRAN
ISSN: 2383-2150 Journal of Education and Community Health 2014;1(2):39-47
ISSN: 2383-2150 Journal of Education and Community Health 2014;1(2):39-47
Self-Efficacy of Choosing Delivery Method and Labor Among Pregnant Women in Pars-Abad City
ARTICLE INFO
Article Type
Original ResearchAuthors
Kanani S. (1*)Allahverdipour H. (2)
(1*) Department of Health Education and Promotion, School of Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
(2) Department of Health Education and Promotion, School of Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Correspondence
Article History
Received: July 27, 2014Accepted: December 3, 2014
ePublished: December 10, 2014
ABSTRACT
Aims
Self-efficacy is a person’s belief on his or her own ability to successfully perform a task. It is one’s own ability to cope with stressful situations and implement necessary actions, especially in labor. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of self-efficacy on choosing delivery method and labor among women.
Materials & Methods This was a cross-sectional and descriptive study. The non-probability sample consisted of 200 primiparous and multipara women in the third trimester of pregnancy recruited from five urban health care centers in Pars-Abad city, Ardebil province, Iran, in 2014. The standard and self-administered questionnaires were used for data collection including demographic variables and self-efficacy of choosing natural vaginal delivery and labor via self-report method. Data analysis was performed using SPSS-21 software by chi-square, Fisher exact test and independent T-test.
Findings The mean age of all participants was 25.19 (±4.48). A significant difference was found between spouse education levels, having supplemental insurance and employment status with choosing the delivery method (P<0.05). Self-efficacy to choose natural vaginal delivery and self-efficacy of labor were associated with parity and choosing the delivery method (P<0.001); the average two types of self-efficacy were higher in multipara women and those who selected natural delivery method.
Conclusion Self-efficacy to choose natural vaginal delivery and labor determies choosing the delivery method and is related to parity. Therefore, it is suggested to focus on self-efficacy in educational interventions to reduce fear of childbirth, especially in primiparous women.
Materials & Methods This was a cross-sectional and descriptive study. The non-probability sample consisted of 200 primiparous and multipara women in the third trimester of pregnancy recruited from five urban health care centers in Pars-Abad city, Ardebil province, Iran, in 2014. The standard and self-administered questionnaires were used for data collection including demographic variables and self-efficacy of choosing natural vaginal delivery and labor via self-report method. Data analysis was performed using SPSS-21 software by chi-square, Fisher exact test and independent T-test.
Findings The mean age of all participants was 25.19 (±4.48). A significant difference was found between spouse education levels, having supplemental insurance and employment status with choosing the delivery method (P<0.05). Self-efficacy to choose natural vaginal delivery and self-efficacy of labor were associated with parity and choosing the delivery method (P<0.001); the average two types of self-efficacy were higher in multipara women and those who selected natural delivery method.
Conclusion Self-efficacy to choose natural vaginal delivery and labor determies choosing the delivery method and is related to parity. Therefore, it is suggested to focus on self-efficacy in educational interventions to reduce fear of childbirth, especially in primiparous women.
CITATION LINKS
[1]Darvishi E, Mortazavi SS, Nedjat S, Holakouie-Naieni K. [Experiences of women and gynecologists on the choice of delivery method: A Qualitative Research]. Journal of Health Systems Research.2012; 8(1):59-68. (Persian)
[2]Lobel M, DeLuca RS. Psychosocial sequelae of cesarean delivery: Review and analysis of their causes and implications. Soc Sci Med.2007; 64(11): 2272-84.
[3]Karim F, Ghazi A, Ali T, Aslam R, Afreen U, Farhat R. Trends and Determinants of Caesarean section. Journal of Surgery Pakistan.2011; 16(1):22-7.
[4]Runmei M, Terence TL, Yonghu S, Hong X, Yuqin T, Bailuan L, et al. Practice audits to reduce caesareans in a tertiary referral hospital in south-western China. Bull World Health Organ.2012; 90(7):488-94.
[5]Deline J, Varnes-Epstein L, Dresang LT, Gideonsen M, Lynch L, Frey JJ. Low primary cesarean rate and high VBAC rate with good outcomes in an Amish birthing center. Ann Fam Med.2012; 10(6):530-7.
[6]Tita AT, Landon MB, Spong CY, Lai Y, Leveno KJ, Varner MW, et al. Timing of elective repeat cesarean delivery at term and neonatal outcomes. N Engl J Med.2009; 360(2):111-20.
[7]Lin HC, Xirasagar S. Institutional factors in cesarean delivery rates: policy and research implications. Obstet Gynecol.2004; 103(1):128-36.
[8]Khani-Jeihooni A, Shahidi F, Kashfi SM. [Effectiveness of educational program based on the theory of rea-soned action to decrease the rate of cesarean delivery among pregnant women in Fasa, southern Iran]. Journal of Education and Community Health.2014; 1(1):62-71. (Persian)
[9]Hajian S, Shariati M, Najmabadi KM, Yunesian M, Ajami ME. Psychological predictors of intention to deliver vaginally through the extended parallel process model: a mixed-method approach in pregnant Iranian women. Oman Med J.2013; 28(6):395-403.
[10]Sharghi A, Kamran A, Sharifirad GR. [Assessing the factors influencing delivery method selection in primiparous pregnant women referred to health centers in Ardabil, 2010]. Hormozgan Medical Journal.2011; 15(3):234-42. (Persian)
[11]Kashfi SM, Khani jeihooni A, Babaei Heydarabadi A, Ashrafi Hafez A, Rezaianzadeh A, Shahidi F. Effect of behavioral intention model-based education on decrease the rate of caesarean delivery among pregnantwomen. Journal of Paramedical Sciences .2014; 5(1):16-23.
[12]Movahed M, Enayat H, Ghaffarinasab E, Alborzi S, Mozafari R. [Related factors to choose cesarean rather than normal delivery among shirazian pregnant women]. Journal of Fasa University of Medical Sciences.2012; 2(6):278-83. (Persian)
[13]Rowlands IJ, Redshaw M. Mode of birth and women's psychological and physical wellbeing in the postnatal period. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth.2012; 12:138.
[14]Villar J, Valladares E, Wojdyla D, Zavaleta N, Carroli G, Velazco A, et al. Caesarean delivery rates and pregnancy outcomes: the 2005 WHO global survey on maternal and perinatal health in Latin America. Lancet.2006; 367(9525):1819-29.
[15]Naseh N, Khazaie T, Kianfar S, Dehghan R, Yoosefi S. [Prevalence of cesarean and its complications in women referring to Vali-e-Asr Hospital]. Modern Care Journal.2010; 7(1):12-8. (Persian)
[16]Stoll K, Fairbrother N, Carty E, Jordan N, Miceli C, Vostrcil Y, et al. "It's all the rage these days": University students' attitudes toward vaginal and cesarean birth. Birth.2009; 36(2):133-40.
[17]Tanglakmankhong K, Perrin NA, Lowe NK. Childbirth self-efficacy inventory and childbirth attitudes ques-tionnaire: psychometric properties of Thai language versions. J Adv Nurs.2011; 67(1):193-203.
[18]Nieminen K, Stephansson O, Ryding LE. Women’s fear of childbirth and preference for cesarean section cross-sectional study at various stages of pregnancy in Sweden. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand.2009; 88(7):807-13.
[19]Salomonsson B, Bertero C, Alehagen S. Self-efficacy in pregnant women with severe fear of childbirth. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs.2013; 42(2):191-202.
[20]Ghaffari M, Afshari A. Application of health belief model for predicting delivery method among pregnant women of Semirom: a cross-sectional research. World Appl Sci J.2013; 22(4):494-99.
[21]Sexton TL, Tuckman BW. Self-beliefs and behavior: The role of self-efficacy and outcome expectation over time. Pers Individ Dif.1991; 12(7):725-36.
[22]Khorsandi M, Ghofranipour F, Heydarnia A, Faghihzade S, Akbarzade A, Vafaei M. [Survey of perceived self-efficacy in pregnant women]. Journal of Medical Council of Islamic Republic of IRAN.2008; 26(1):89-95. (Persian)
[23]Dilks FM, Beal JA. Role of self-efficacy in birth choice. J Perinat Neonatal Nurs.1997; 11(1):1-9.
[24]Lowe NK. Self-efficacy for labor and childbirth fears in nulliparous pregnant women. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol.2000; 21(4):219-24.
[25]Lowe NK. Self-efficacy for labor and childbirth fears in nulliparous pregnant women. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol.2000; 21(4):219-24.
[26]Moeini B, Allahverdipour H, Mahjoub H, Bashirian S. [Assessing pregnant women's beliefs, behavioral intention and predictive factors for cesarean section in Hamadan]. Journal of Obstetrics Gynecology and Infertility of Iran.2011; 14(3):37-44. (Persian)
[27]Baghianimoghadam MH, Baghianimoghadam M, Jozi F, Hatamzadah N, Mehrabbik A, Hashemifard F, et al. [The relationship between HBM constructs and intended delivery method]. The Journal of Toloo-e-Behdasht.2014; 12(4):105-16. (Persian)
[28]Chong ES, Mongelli M. Attitudes of Singapore women toward cesarean and vaginal deliveries. Int J Gynaecol Obstet.2003; 80(2):189-94.
[29]Sharifirad GR, Fathian Z, Tirani M, Mahaki B. [Study on Behavioral Intention Model (BIM) to the attitude of pregnant women towards normal delivery and cesarean section in province of Esfahan-Khomeiny Shahr-1385]. Journal of Ilam University of Medical Sciences.2007; 15(1):19-24. (Persian)
[30]Fathian Z, Sharifirad GR, Hasanzadeh A, Fathian Z. [Study of the effects of Behavioral Intention Model education on reducing the cesarean rate among pregnant women of Khomeiny-Shahr, Isfahan, in 2006]. Zahedan Journal of Research in Medical Sciences.2007; 9(2):123-31. (Persian)
[31]Cai WW, Marks JS, Chen CH, Zhuang YX, Morris L, Harris JR. Increased Cesarean Section Rates and Emerging Patterns of Health Insurance in Shanghai, China. Am J Public Health.1998; 88(5):777-80.
[32]Boyd NG, Vozikis GS. The influence of self-efficacy on the development of entrepreneurial intentions and actions. Entrepreneurship theory and practice.1994; 18:63-77.
[33]Gibbins J, Thomson AM. Women's expectations and experiences of childbirth. Midwifery.2001; 17(4):302-13.
[34]Lowe NK. Maternal confidence for labor: development of the childbirth self-efficacy Inventory. Res Nurs Health.1993; 16(2):141-49.
[2]Lobel M, DeLuca RS. Psychosocial sequelae of cesarean delivery: Review and analysis of their causes and implications. Soc Sci Med.2007; 64(11): 2272-84.
[3]Karim F, Ghazi A, Ali T, Aslam R, Afreen U, Farhat R. Trends and Determinants of Caesarean section. Journal of Surgery Pakistan.2011; 16(1):22-7.
[4]Runmei M, Terence TL, Yonghu S, Hong X, Yuqin T, Bailuan L, et al. Practice audits to reduce caesareans in a tertiary referral hospital in south-western China. Bull World Health Organ.2012; 90(7):488-94.
[5]Deline J, Varnes-Epstein L, Dresang LT, Gideonsen M, Lynch L, Frey JJ. Low primary cesarean rate and high VBAC rate with good outcomes in an Amish birthing center. Ann Fam Med.2012; 10(6):530-7.
[6]Tita AT, Landon MB, Spong CY, Lai Y, Leveno KJ, Varner MW, et al. Timing of elective repeat cesarean delivery at term and neonatal outcomes. N Engl J Med.2009; 360(2):111-20.
[7]Lin HC, Xirasagar S. Institutional factors in cesarean delivery rates: policy and research implications. Obstet Gynecol.2004; 103(1):128-36.
[8]Khani-Jeihooni A, Shahidi F, Kashfi SM. [Effectiveness of educational program based on the theory of rea-soned action to decrease the rate of cesarean delivery among pregnant women in Fasa, southern Iran]. Journal of Education and Community Health.2014; 1(1):62-71. (Persian)
[9]Hajian S, Shariati M, Najmabadi KM, Yunesian M, Ajami ME. Psychological predictors of intention to deliver vaginally through the extended parallel process model: a mixed-method approach in pregnant Iranian women. Oman Med J.2013; 28(6):395-403.
[10]Sharghi A, Kamran A, Sharifirad GR. [Assessing the factors influencing delivery method selection in primiparous pregnant women referred to health centers in Ardabil, 2010]. Hormozgan Medical Journal.2011; 15(3):234-42. (Persian)
[11]Kashfi SM, Khani jeihooni A, Babaei Heydarabadi A, Ashrafi Hafez A, Rezaianzadeh A, Shahidi F. Effect of behavioral intention model-based education on decrease the rate of caesarean delivery among pregnantwomen. Journal of Paramedical Sciences .2014; 5(1):16-23.
[12]Movahed M, Enayat H, Ghaffarinasab E, Alborzi S, Mozafari R. [Related factors to choose cesarean rather than normal delivery among shirazian pregnant women]. Journal of Fasa University of Medical Sciences.2012; 2(6):278-83. (Persian)
[13]Rowlands IJ, Redshaw M. Mode of birth and women's psychological and physical wellbeing in the postnatal period. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth.2012; 12:138.
[14]Villar J, Valladares E, Wojdyla D, Zavaleta N, Carroli G, Velazco A, et al. Caesarean delivery rates and pregnancy outcomes: the 2005 WHO global survey on maternal and perinatal health in Latin America. Lancet.2006; 367(9525):1819-29.
[15]Naseh N, Khazaie T, Kianfar S, Dehghan R, Yoosefi S. [Prevalence of cesarean and its complications in women referring to Vali-e-Asr Hospital]. Modern Care Journal.2010; 7(1):12-8. (Persian)
[16]Stoll K, Fairbrother N, Carty E, Jordan N, Miceli C, Vostrcil Y, et al. "It's all the rage these days": University students' attitudes toward vaginal and cesarean birth. Birth.2009; 36(2):133-40.
[17]Tanglakmankhong K, Perrin NA, Lowe NK. Childbirth self-efficacy inventory and childbirth attitudes ques-tionnaire: psychometric properties of Thai language versions. J Adv Nurs.2011; 67(1):193-203.
[18]Nieminen K, Stephansson O, Ryding LE. Women’s fear of childbirth and preference for cesarean section cross-sectional study at various stages of pregnancy in Sweden. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand.2009; 88(7):807-13.
[19]Salomonsson B, Bertero C, Alehagen S. Self-efficacy in pregnant women with severe fear of childbirth. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs.2013; 42(2):191-202.
[20]Ghaffari M, Afshari A. Application of health belief model for predicting delivery method among pregnant women of Semirom: a cross-sectional research. World Appl Sci J.2013; 22(4):494-99.
[21]Sexton TL, Tuckman BW. Self-beliefs and behavior: The role of self-efficacy and outcome expectation over time. Pers Individ Dif.1991; 12(7):725-36.
[22]Khorsandi M, Ghofranipour F, Heydarnia A, Faghihzade S, Akbarzade A, Vafaei M. [Survey of perceived self-efficacy in pregnant women]. Journal of Medical Council of Islamic Republic of IRAN.2008; 26(1):89-95. (Persian)
[23]Dilks FM, Beal JA. Role of self-efficacy in birth choice. J Perinat Neonatal Nurs.1997; 11(1):1-9.
[24]Lowe NK. Self-efficacy for labor and childbirth fears in nulliparous pregnant women. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol.2000; 21(4):219-24.
[25]Lowe NK. Self-efficacy for labor and childbirth fears in nulliparous pregnant women. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol.2000; 21(4):219-24.
[26]Moeini B, Allahverdipour H, Mahjoub H, Bashirian S. [Assessing pregnant women's beliefs, behavioral intention and predictive factors for cesarean section in Hamadan]. Journal of Obstetrics Gynecology and Infertility of Iran.2011; 14(3):37-44. (Persian)
[27]Baghianimoghadam MH, Baghianimoghadam M, Jozi F, Hatamzadah N, Mehrabbik A, Hashemifard F, et al. [The relationship between HBM constructs and intended delivery method]. The Journal of Toloo-e-Behdasht.2014; 12(4):105-16. (Persian)
[28]Chong ES, Mongelli M. Attitudes of Singapore women toward cesarean and vaginal deliveries. Int J Gynaecol Obstet.2003; 80(2):189-94.
[29]Sharifirad GR, Fathian Z, Tirani M, Mahaki B. [Study on Behavioral Intention Model (BIM) to the attitude of pregnant women towards normal delivery and cesarean section in province of Esfahan-Khomeiny Shahr-1385]. Journal of Ilam University of Medical Sciences.2007; 15(1):19-24. (Persian)
[30]Fathian Z, Sharifirad GR, Hasanzadeh A, Fathian Z. [Study of the effects of Behavioral Intention Model education on reducing the cesarean rate among pregnant women of Khomeiny-Shahr, Isfahan, in 2006]. Zahedan Journal of Research in Medical Sciences.2007; 9(2):123-31. (Persian)
[31]Cai WW, Marks JS, Chen CH, Zhuang YX, Morris L, Harris JR. Increased Cesarean Section Rates and Emerging Patterns of Health Insurance in Shanghai, China. Am J Public Health.1998; 88(5):777-80.
[32]Boyd NG, Vozikis GS. The influence of self-efficacy on the development of entrepreneurial intentions and actions. Entrepreneurship theory and practice.1994; 18:63-77.
[33]Gibbins J, Thomson AM. Women's expectations and experiences of childbirth. Midwifery.2001; 17(4):302-13.
[34]Lowe NK. Maternal confidence for labor: development of the childbirth self-efficacy Inventory. Res Nurs Health.1993; 16(2):141-49.