@2024 Afarand., IRAN
ISSN: 2538-4384 Geographical Researches 2020;35(1):63-72
ISSN: 2538-4384 Geographical Researches 2020;35(1):63-72
Assessment of the Appropriate Climate of Outdoor Recreational and Sport Tourism in Shahrood County, Iran, Using the Quantitative Indicators of Thermal Comfort
ARTICLE INFO
Article Type
Original ResearchAuthors
Hosseini Dinani S. (1)Tayebi Sani SM (*1)
Morsal B. (1)
Fahiminejad A. (1)
(1) Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Human Sciences, Shahrood Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrood, Iran
Correspondence
Address: Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Human Sciences, Shahrood Branch, Islamic Azad University, University Boulevard, Shahrood, IranPhone: +98 (21) 77352274
Fax: +98 (21) 88531386
tayebi.sani@gmail.com
Article History
Received: October 21, 2019Accepted: December 9, 2019
ePublished: March 7, 2020
ABSTRACT
Aims & Backgrounds
Sport tourism is one of the developed areas of tourism. The relationship between sport and tourism is more understood in the recent years. The main goal of the current study is to identify the best times for outdoor tourism in the city of Shahrood based on climatic conditions.
Methodology This is a descriptive-analytical research. Two quantitative indices including Olgyay and Effective Temperature (ET) were used to determine tourism climate and Bahmanpour et al., (2012) model were used to determine the suitability of tourism with climate. For this purpose, statistical data on temperature and relative humidity of the study area over the last 35 years were assessed and evaluated.
Findings Results indicate that according to Olgyay index, May, June, August and September are in the thermal comfort zone and are the best times for normal sport tourism in Shahrood. On the other hand, July is not a good time for outdoor tourism due to the high heat and December, January, February and March due to the high cold. On the other hand, according to the effective temperature index, the months of June, August and September are in the thermal comfort zone and the months of July, November, December, January, February and March are not suitable times for tourism. The minimum average of relative humidity was set at 24%, which is outside the standard range of the Olgyay index.
Conclusion The best months for outdoor recreational and sport tourism according to both Olgyay and ET are June, August and September.
Methodology This is a descriptive-analytical research. Two quantitative indices including Olgyay and Effective Temperature (ET) were used to determine tourism climate and Bahmanpour et al., (2012) model were used to determine the suitability of tourism with climate. For this purpose, statistical data on temperature and relative humidity of the study area over the last 35 years were assessed and evaluated.
Findings Results indicate that according to Olgyay index, May, June, August and September are in the thermal comfort zone and are the best times for normal sport tourism in Shahrood. On the other hand, July is not a good time for outdoor tourism due to the high heat and December, January, February and March due to the high cold. On the other hand, according to the effective temperature index, the months of June, August and September are in the thermal comfort zone and the months of July, November, December, January, February and March are not suitable times for tourism. The minimum average of relative humidity was set at 24%, which is outside the standard range of the Olgyay index.
Conclusion The best months for outdoor recreational and sport tourism according to both Olgyay and ET are June, August and September.
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[4]Daniels M, Norman W, Henry M (2004). Estimating income effects of a sport tourism event. Annals of Tourism Research. 31:180–199.
[5]Daniels MJ (2007). Central place theory and sport tourism impacts. Annals of Tourism Research. 34(2):332–347.
[6]Freitas CR, Scott D, McBoyle G (2008). A second generation climate index for tourism: specification and Verification. International of Biometeorology. 52: 399-407.
[7]Akbari E, Rezaei H, Motamedirad M, Soltani M (2018). Analyzing the climatic potentials for development of tourism and water sports in Khorassan Razavi province of Iran. International Journal of Architecture and Urban Development. 8(2):37-46.
[8]Freitas C (2003). Tourism climatology: Evaluating environmental information for decision making and business planning in the recreation and tourism sector. International Journal of Biometeorology. 48(1):45-54.
[9]Fang Y, Yin J (2015). National assessment of climate resources for tourism seasonality in China using the tourism climate index. Atmosphere. 6(2):183-194.
[10]Funk DC, Bruun TJ (2007). The role of socio-psychological and culture-education motives in marketing international sport tourism: A cross-cultural perspectives. Tourism Management. 28:806–819.
[11]Givoni B, Noguchi M, Saaroni H, Pochter O, Yaacov Y, Feller N, Becker S (2003). Outdoor comfort research issues. Energy and Buildings. 35(1):77-86.
[12]Gratton C, Taylor P (2000). The economics of sport and recreation: An Economic Analysis. 2nd ed. New York: Taylor & Francis.
[13]Gössling S, Hall CM (2005). Tourism and global environmental change: Ecological, social, economic and political interrelationships. 1st ed. London: Routledge. 330.
[14]Higham J, Hinch T (2002). Tourism, sport and seasons: the challenges and potential of overcoming seasonality in the sport and tourism sectors. Tourism Management. 23(2):175-185.
[15]IRIran Meteorological Organization [Internet]. Specialized products and services weather [Cited 2011, 8 June]. Available From: http://www.irimo.ir/eng/wd/720-Products-Services.html
[16]Heurtier R (1968). Essaie de climatologie touristique. La Météorologie 7:71-107.
[17]Hamilton J, Tol RS J (2007). The impact of climate change on tourism in Germany, the UK and Ireland: A simulation study. Regional Environmental Change. 7:161–172.
[18]Jendritzky G, De Dear R, Havenith G (2012). UTCI-Why another thermal index? International Journal of Biometeorology. 56(3):421-428.
[19]Matzarakis A (2006). Weather and climate-related information for tourism. Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Planning & Development. 3(2):99-115.
[20]Mieczkowski Z (1985). The tourism climatic index: A method of evaluating world climates for tourism. The Canadian Geographer. 29(3):220-233.
[21]Mohammadi H, Saeedi A (2008). Effective bioclimatic indicators on human comfort assessment case study: Qom city. Journal of Environmental Studies. 34(47):73-86. [Persian]
[22]Olgyay V (1973). Design with climate: Bioclimatic approach to architectural regionalism-new and expanded Edition. USA: Princeton University Press.
[23]Sadeghi Ravesh MH, Tabatabaei M (2008). Determination of thermal comfort range in dry climates case study: Yazd city. Hoviat-e Shahr. 3(4):39-46.
[24]Strickland-Munro JK, Allison HE, Moore SA (2010). Using resilience concepts to investigate the impacts of protected area tourism on communities. Annals of Tourism Research. 37(2):499-519.
[25]Statistical Center of Iran [Internet]. Iran Statistical Yearbook 2015-2016 (1394) [Cited 2017, 2 March]. Tehran: Iranian Statistical Center Publications. Available From: https://www.amar.org.ir/english/Iran-Statistical-Yearbook/Statistical-Yearbook-2015-2016
[26]Scott DA (2007). A review of the status of the breeding water bird’s in Iran in the 1970s. Podoces. 2(1):1-21.
[27]UNWTO (2016). Annual report, United Nations World Tourism Organization. Madrid: UNWTO Publications.
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