@2024 Afarand., IRAN
ISSN: 2538-4384 Geographical Researches 2021;36(2):205-216
ISSN: 2538-4384 Geographical Researches 2021;36(2):205-216
Investigating the Role of the Movements of Khorram Abad’s Hidden Thrust Fault in the Evolution of Khorram Abad River’s Drainage System
ARTICLE INFO
Article Type
Original ResearchAuthors
Arian Tabar H. (1)Jabbari E. (*1)
Farahpour MM. (2)
(1) Department of Geography, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
(2) Department of Geology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Lorestan University, Khoramabad, Lorestan , Iran
Correspondence
Address: Department of Geography, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Razi University, Abrisham Garden, Kermanshah, Iran Postal Code: 6714414941Phone: +98 (83) 34283907
Fax: +98 (83) 34283907
Ir_jabbari@yahoo.com
Article History
Received: October 10, 2020Accepted: February 6, 2021
ePublished: June 16, 2021
ABSTRACT
Aims & Backgrounds
Khorram Abad plain is located in the folded Zagros zone and its River, as one of the main rivers discharging to Karkheh River, flows through this plain. This region is highly influenced by the neotectonic activities of this fault since Khorram Abad’s hidden and active fault is located in this region. Therefore, the current study aimed at the investigation of the effect of this fault’s activities on the morphological activities of Khorram Abad River.
Methodology This is an empirical study that is quantitative in terms of used data and calculations. Remote-sensing techniques, geometrical indices, aerial photos, satellite images, and field studies are used in the current research. For this purpose, the river’s route was divided into five subzones to be more precise. Then, the aerial photos taken in 1955 were compared to Google Earth’s 2016 images in GIS. Geometrical indices such as the gradient of the river’s slope and sinuosity of the mentioned five subzones were calculated by the digitization of the river’s route in AutoCAD; the profiles and the changes in the alluvial terraces were measured through field observations.
Findings Khorram Abad River’s geometrical indices indicated that Khorram Abad’s anticline and its upstream regions are upheaving and the downstream regions are subsiding or staying in their previous positions. This ascending trend has been followed by an increase in the average river's slope has changed the number of the tributaries and geometrical properties of the river.
Conclusion The primary reason for the morphological changes in the Khorram Abad River is the geological movements. Then, the movements of Khorram Abad hidden thrust fault were the most important factors changing the morphology of Khorram Abad River in the studied period.
Methodology This is an empirical study that is quantitative in terms of used data and calculations. Remote-sensing techniques, geometrical indices, aerial photos, satellite images, and field studies are used in the current research. For this purpose, the river’s route was divided into five subzones to be more precise. Then, the aerial photos taken in 1955 were compared to Google Earth’s 2016 images in GIS. Geometrical indices such as the gradient of the river’s slope and sinuosity of the mentioned five subzones were calculated by the digitization of the river’s route in AutoCAD; the profiles and the changes in the alluvial terraces were measured through field observations.
Findings Khorram Abad River’s geometrical indices indicated that Khorram Abad’s anticline and its upstream regions are upheaving and the downstream regions are subsiding or staying in their previous positions. This ascending trend has been followed by an increase in the average river's slope has changed the number of the tributaries and geometrical properties of the river.
Conclusion The primary reason for the morphological changes in the Khorram Abad River is the geological movements. Then, the movements of Khorram Abad hidden thrust fault were the most important factors changing the morphology of Khorram Abad River in the studied period.
CITATION LINKS
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[18]Petrovszki J, Timar G, Molnar G (2014). Is sinuosity a function of slope and bankfull discharge? A case study of the meandering rivers in the Pannonian Basin. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences. 11:12271–12290.
[19]Phan DP, Tokarski AK, Świerczewska A, Strzelecki PJ, Waliczek M, Krąpiec M, Cuong NQ (2019). Neotectonic (Miocene to recent) vertical movements in the Lao Cai Basin (Red river fault zone, Vietnam): An approach to seismic hazard assessment. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences. 181.
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[22]Rebecca A H, Trevor B, Leonard S S (2011). Bed load transport in bedrock rivers: The role of sediment cover in grain entrainment, translation, and deposition, Journal of Geophysical Research. 116.
[23]Resmi MR, Achyuthan H, Kumar Jaiswal M (2017). Middle to late holocene paleochannels and migration of the Palar River, Tamil Nadu: Implications of neotectonic activity. Quaternary International.443:211-222.
[24]Repka J L, Anderson R S, Finkel RC (1997). Cosmogenic dating of fluvial terraces, Fremont River, Utah. Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 152(4):59–73.
[25]Rezouki I, Boujamaoui M, Hafid M, NaitBba A, Amiri A, Hédi Inoubli M, Manar A, Rouai M, Baidder L, Asebriy L (2020). Contribution of gravity and aeromagnetic data to the structural modeling of the hidden faults in Guercif Basin, northeastern Morocco. Journal of African Earth Sciences. 164.
[26]Cervera Heinlein SN (2013). Spatial patterns of geomorphic surface features and fault morphology based on diffusion equation modeling of the Kumroch Fault Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 263:209–223.
[27]Schoenbohm LM, Whipple KX, Burchfiel BC, Chen LZ (2004). Geomorphic constraints on surface uplift, exhumation, and plateau growth in the Red River region, Yunnan province, China. Geological Society of America Bulletin. 116(7):895–909.
[28]Silva PG, Goy JL,Zazo C, Bardaj T (2003). Fault-generated mountain fronts in southeast Spain: geomorphologic assessment of tectonic and seismic activity. Geomorphology. 50(1-3):203–225.
[29]Simpson C J (1999). Fluvial geomorphology of the sand bed Milk River, northern Montana. University of Calgary, Alberta.
[30]Zamolyi A, Szekely B, Draganits E, Timár G (2010). Neotectonic control on river sinuosity at the western margin of the little hungarian plain. Geomorphology. 122(3-4):231-243.
[31]Zhang T, Fan Sh, Chen Sh, Li s, Lu Y (2019). Geomorphic evolution and neotectonics of the Qianhe River Basin on the southwest margin of the Ordos Block, North China. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences. 176:184-195.
[32]Woolderink H.A.G, Cohen KM, Kasse C, Kleinhans MG, Van Balen RT (2021). Patterns in river channel sinuosity of the Meuse, Roer and Rhine rivers in the lower rhine embayment rift-system, are they tectonically forced. Geomorphology. 375.
[2]Azizi G, Rowshani M (2008). Using mann-kendall test to recognize of climate change in caspian sea southern coasts. Physical Geography Research Quarterl. (64):13-28. [Persian]
[3]Bahrami Sh (2013). Analyzing the drainage system anomaly of Zagros basins: Implications for active tectonics. Tectonophysics. 608: 914-928.
[4]Brooks GR (2003). Holocene lateral channel migration and incision of the red river, manitoba, canada. Geomorphology. 54(3):197–215.
[5]Bottari C, Giammanco S, Cavallaro D, Sortino F, Scudero S, .Amari S, Bonfanti P, Daolio M, Groppelli G ( 2020). How to reveal unknown hidden faults and historical earthquake damage applying multidisciplinary methods in archaeological sites: The case of mid-third century CE Mt. Etna earthquake (Eastern Sicily, Italy). Tectonophysics. 790.
[6]Bonforte A, Cinzia F, Salvatore G, Francesco G, Marco L, Marco N (2012). Soil gases and SAR measurements reveal hidden faults on the sliding flank of Mt. Etna (Italy). Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 251:27–40.
[7]Carvalho J, Rabeh T, Cabral J, Carrilho F, Miranda JM (2008). Geophysical characterization of the Ota–Vila franca de Xira–lisbon–sesimbra fault zone, Portugal. Geophysical Journal International. 174(2):567–584.
[8]Corrêa Alves F, Fátima Rossetti D, Valeriano MM (2020). Detecting neotectonics in the lowlands of amazonia through the analysis of river long profiles. Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 100.
[9]Elamin HI, Abdelsalam MG (2012). Morpho-tectonic analysis of the Tekeze River and the Blue Nile drainage systems on the Northwestern Plateau, Ethiopia. Journal of African Earth Sciences. 69:34-47.
[10]Jafari GH, Mehdi A (2018), Investigating the role of tectonics in the process of geomorphological evolution of Ghezel Ozan river barracks, Journal of Geography and Planning , pp 1-27.
[11]Jain V, Sinha R (2005). Response of active tectonics on the alluvial Baghmati River, Himalayan foreland basin, eastern India. Geomorphology. 70(3-4):339–356.
[12]Keller EA, Pinter N (2002). Active Tectonics: Earthquakes, Uplift, and Landscape. 2end ed. Upper Saddle River Publisher, New Jersey.
[13]Liu J, Chen X, Shi W, Chen P, Zhang Y, Hu J, Dong Sh, Li T (2019). Tectonically controlled evolution of the Yellow river drainage system in the weihe region, North China: Constraints from sedimentation, mineralogy and geochemistry. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences. 179:350-364.
[14]Malik JN, Shah AA, Naik SP, Sahoo S, Okumura K, Patra NR (2014). Active fault study along foothill zone of Kumaun Sub-Himalaya: influence on landscape shaping and drainage evolution. Current Science Association. 106(2):229-236.
[15]Merritts D, Vincent K, Wohl E (1994). Long river profiles, tectonism, and eustasy: A guide to interpreting fluvial terraces. Journal of Geophysical Research. 99:14031-14050.
[16]Pérez JV, Azor A, Azañón JM, Keller EA (2010). Active tectonics in the sierra nevada (Betic Cordillera, SE Spain): Insights from geomorphic indexes and drainage pattern analysis. Geomorphology. 119(1-2):74–87.
[17]Peters G, Van Balen R (2007). Tectonic geomorphology of the northern upper Rhine Graben, Germany. Global and Planetary Change. 58(1-4):310–334.
[18]Petrovszki J, Timar G, Molnar G (2014). Is sinuosity a function of slope and bankfull discharge? A case study of the meandering rivers in the Pannonian Basin. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences. 11:12271–12290.
[19]Phan DP, Tokarski AK, Świerczewska A, Strzelecki PJ, Waliczek M, Krąpiec M, Cuong NQ (2019). Neotectonic (Miocene to recent) vertical movements in the Lao Cai Basin (Red river fault zone, Vietnam): An approach to seismic hazard assessment. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences. 181.
[20]Radoane M, Radoane N, Dumitriu D (2003). Geomorphological evolution of longitudinal river profiles in the Carpathians. Geomorphology. 50(4):293–306.
[21]Ramesht, Ara H, Shayan S, Yamani M (2012). Assessing the accuracy of geomorphological indicators using geodynamic data (Case study: Jajroud watershed in the northeast of Tehran). Geography and Environmental Planning. 23(2):35-52. [Persian]
[22]Rebecca A H, Trevor B, Leonard S S (2011). Bed load transport in bedrock rivers: The role of sediment cover in grain entrainment, translation, and deposition, Journal of Geophysical Research. 116.
[23]Resmi MR, Achyuthan H, Kumar Jaiswal M (2017). Middle to late holocene paleochannels and migration of the Palar River, Tamil Nadu: Implications of neotectonic activity. Quaternary International.443:211-222.
[24]Repka J L, Anderson R S, Finkel RC (1997). Cosmogenic dating of fluvial terraces, Fremont River, Utah. Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 152(4):59–73.
[25]Rezouki I, Boujamaoui M, Hafid M, NaitBba A, Amiri A, Hédi Inoubli M, Manar A, Rouai M, Baidder L, Asebriy L (2020). Contribution of gravity and aeromagnetic data to the structural modeling of the hidden faults in Guercif Basin, northeastern Morocco. Journal of African Earth Sciences. 164.
[26]Cervera Heinlein SN (2013). Spatial patterns of geomorphic surface features and fault morphology based on diffusion equation modeling of the Kumroch Fault Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 263:209–223.
[27]Schoenbohm LM, Whipple KX, Burchfiel BC, Chen LZ (2004). Geomorphic constraints on surface uplift, exhumation, and plateau growth in the Red River region, Yunnan province, China. Geological Society of America Bulletin. 116(7):895–909.
[28]Silva PG, Goy JL,Zazo C, Bardaj T (2003). Fault-generated mountain fronts in southeast Spain: geomorphologic assessment of tectonic and seismic activity. Geomorphology. 50(1-3):203–225.
[29]Simpson C J (1999). Fluvial geomorphology of the sand bed Milk River, northern Montana. University of Calgary, Alberta.
[30]Zamolyi A, Szekely B, Draganits E, Timár G (2010). Neotectonic control on river sinuosity at the western margin of the little hungarian plain. Geomorphology. 122(3-4):231-243.
[31]Zhang T, Fan Sh, Chen Sh, Li s, Lu Y (2019). Geomorphic evolution and neotectonics of the Qianhe River Basin on the southwest margin of the Ordos Block, North China. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences. 176:184-195.
[32]Woolderink H.A.G, Cohen KM, Kasse C, Kleinhans MG, Van Balen RT (2021). Patterns in river channel sinuosity of the Meuse, Roer and Rhine rivers in the lower rhine embayment rift-system, are they tectonically forced. Geomorphology. 375.