@2024 Afarand., IRAN
ISSN: 2008-2630 Iranian Journal of War & Public Health 2014;6(3):109-114
ISSN: 2008-2630 Iranian Journal of War & Public Health 2014;6(3):109-114
Effect of Cognitive Rehabilitation on Reduction of Attention Bias to Frightful Stimuli in Adolescents with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
ARTICLE INFO
Article Type
Original ResearchAuthors
Alsafi T. (*)Nejati V. (1)
Sarhan N.A. (2 )
Maghsudloo M. (3 )
(*) Psychology Department, Education and Psychology Faculty , Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
(1) Psychology Department, Education and Psychology Faculty, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
(2 ) Psychiatry Department, Medicine Faculty, Baqdad University, Baqdad, Iraq
(3 ) Psychology Department, Education and Psychology Faculty, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
Correspondence
Article History
Received: December 31, 2013Accepted: March 12, 2014
ePublished: April 2, 2014
ABSTRACT
Aims
Post-traumatic stress disorder is one of the anxiety disorders which is occured
in response to total panic in the disaster that threaten the life of the person. The aim
of present study was to investigate the effect of cognitive rehabilitation on attention
bias to frightful stimulus in people with post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms.
Materials & Methods in this quasi-experimental study in 2013, 15 Iraqi teenagers with symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder with age range of 15 to 19 years were selected by random accessible sampling method. The sample group was subjected to 12 sessions of cognitive rehabilitation program. To investigate the effect of cognitive rehabilitation program dot probe test was used. Results were analyzed using independent T-test.
Findings Adolescents with post-traumatic stress disorder after cognitive rehabilitation program, showed significant difference in reaction time (p=0.001), but no significant differences were observed in the number of related and unrelated correct responses, before and after the intervention.
Conclusion Cognitive rehabilitation is an effective way to reduce attention bias to frightful stimuli in people with post-traumatic stress disorder.
Materials & Methods in this quasi-experimental study in 2013, 15 Iraqi teenagers with symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder with age range of 15 to 19 years were selected by random accessible sampling method. The sample group was subjected to 12 sessions of cognitive rehabilitation program. To investigate the effect of cognitive rehabilitation program dot probe test was used. Results were analyzed using independent T-test.
Findings Adolescents with post-traumatic stress disorder after cognitive rehabilitation program, showed significant difference in reaction time (p=0.001), but no significant differences were observed in the number of related and unrelated correct responses, before and after the intervention.
Conclusion Cognitive rehabilitation is an effective way to reduce attention bias to frightful stimuli in people with post-traumatic stress disorder.
Keywords:
Cognitive Rehabilitation,
Attention Bias,
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder,
Frightful Stimuli,
CITATION LINKS
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[19]Dalgleish T, Taghavi R, Neshatdoost H, Moradi A, Canterbury R, Yule W. Patterns of processing bias for emotional information across clinical disorders: A comparison of attention, memory, and prospective cognition in children and adolescents with depression, generalized anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2003;32(1):10-21.
[20]Sipos ML, Bar-Haim Y, Abend R, Adler AB, Bliese PD. Postdeployment threat related attention bias interacts with combat exposure to account for PTSD and anxiety symptoms in soldiers. Depress Anxiety. 2014;31(2):124-9.
[21]Pannu Hayes J, Labar KS, Petty CM, McCarthy G, Morey RA. Alteration in the neural circuitry for emotion and attention associated with posttraumatic stress disorder symptomatology. Psychiatry Res. 2009;172(1):7-15.
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[24]Koso M, Hansen S. Executive function and memory in posttraumatic stress disorder: A study of Bosnian war veterans. Eur Psychiatry. 2006;21(3):167-73.
[25]Kanagaratnam P, Asbjørnsen AE. Executive deficits in chronic PTSD related to political violence. J Anxiety Disord. 2007;21(4):510-25.
[26]Mirdoraghi F, Ghanbary Hashemabady BA, Mashhadi A. Cognitive and behavioral inhibition in veterans with- and without post-traumatic stress disorder. J Mil Med. 2012;14(1):41-7. [Persian]
[27]Sohlberg MM, Mateer CA. Cognitive rehabilitation: An integrative neuropsychological approach. 2nd ed. New York: The Guilford Press; 2001.
[28]Williams LM, Kemp AH, Felmingham K, Barton M, Olivieri G, Peduto A, et al. Trauma modulates amygdala and medial prefrontal responses to consciously attended fear. Neuroimage. 2006;29(2):347-57.
[29]Dehghani M, Sharpea L, Nicholas M. Selective attention to pain-related information in chronic musculoskeletal pain patients. Pain. 2003;105(1-2):37-46.
[30]Khatibi A, Dehghani M, Sharpe L, Asmundson GJ, Pouretemad H. Selective attention towards painful faces among chronic pain patients: Evidence from a modified version of the dot-probe. Pain. 2009;142(1-2):42-7.
[31]Levaux MN, Vezzaro J, Larøi F, Offerlin-Meyer I, Danion JM, Van der Linden M. Cognitive rehabilitation of the updating sub-component of working memory in schizophrenia: A case study. Neuropsychol Rehabil. 2009;19(2):244-73.
[32]Mobini S, Mackintosh B, Illingworth J, Gega L, Langdon P, Hoppitt L. Effects of standard and explicit cognitive bias modification and computer-administered cognitive-behaviour therapy on cognitive biases and social anxiety. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry. 2014;45(2):272-9.
[33]Bullock GR. Cognitive rehabilitation: a method for improving sustained and selective attention in adolescents with attention deficits [dissertation]. Las Vegas: University of Nevada; 2003.
[34]Kurtz MM, Moberg PJ, Gur RC, Gur RE. Approach to cognitive remediation of neuropsychological deficits in schizophrenia: A review and meta-analysis. Neuropsychol Rev. 2001;11(4):197-210.
[35]Beauregard M, Levesque J. Functional magnetic resonance imaging investigation of the effects of neurofeedback training on the neural bases of selective attention and response inhibition in children with ADHD. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback. 2006;31(1):3-20.
[36]Tomasoa AT, Appelo MT. Rational rehabilitation in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). A pilot study. Tijdschr Psychiatr. 2007;49(8):529-36. [Dutch]
[37]Van Bockstaele B, Koster EH, Verschuere B, Crombez G, De Houwer J. Limited transfer of threat bias following attentional retraining. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry. 2012;43(2):794-800.
[38]Van Bockstaele B, Verschuere B, De Houwer J, Crombez G. On the costs and benefits of directing attention towards or away from threat-related stimuli: A classical conditioning experiment. Behav Res Ther. 2010;48(7):692-7.
[39]daCruz KL. A search for specificity: Attentional bias in anxiety, depression, and borderline personality disorder [dissertation]. Middletown: Wesleyan University; 2011.
[2]Smajkic A, Weine S, Djuric-Bijedic Z, Boskailo E, Lewis J, Pavkovic I. Sertraline, paroxetine, and venlafaxine in refugee posttraumatic stress disorder with depression symptoms. J Trauma Stress. 2001;14(3):445-52.
[3]Sadocks BJ, Sadock VA. Kaplan and Sadocks synopsis of psychiatry: Behavioral Sciences/Clinical Psychiatry. LWW: Tenth, North American Edition; 2007.
[4]Thabet AA, Vostanis P. Post-traumatic stress reactions in children of war: A longitudinal study. Child Abuse Negl. 2000;24(2):291-8.
[5]Priebe S, Matanov A, Gavrilović J, McCrone P, Ljubotina D, Kneževi G, et al. Consequences of untreated posttraumatic stress disorder following war in former Yugoslavia: Morbidity, subjective quality of life, and care costs. Croat Med J. 2009;50(5):465-75.
[6]Bremner JD, Staib LH, Kaloupek D, Southwick SM, Soufer R., Charney DS. Neural correlates of exposure to traumatic pictures and sound in Vietnam combat veterans with and without posttraumatic stress disorder: A positron emission tomography study. Biol Psychiatry. 1999;45(7):806-16.
[7]Shin LM, Wright CI, Cannistraro PA, Wedig MM, McMullin K, Martis B, et al. A functional magnetic resonance imaging study of amygdala and medial prefrontal cortex responses to overtly presented fearful faces in posttraumatic stress disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005;62(3):273-81.
[8]Buckley TC, Blanchard EB, Neill WT. Information processing and PTSD: A review of the empirical literature. Clin Psychol Rev. 2000;20(8):1041-65.
[9]Bryant RA, Harvey AG. Acute stress disorder; Acritical review of diagnostic issues. Clin Psychol Rev. 1997;17(7):757-73.
[10]Brewin CR, Smart L. Working memory capacity and suppression of obsessional thoughts. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry. 2005;36(1):61-8.
[11]Howarth RA. Concepts and controversies in Grief and loss. J Ment Health Counsel. 2011;33(1):4-10.
[12]Williams JMG, Mathews A, MacLeod C. The emotional stroop task and psychopathology. Psychol Bull. 1996;120(1):3-24.
[13]Ashley V, Honzel N, Larsen J, Justus T, Swick D. Attentional bias for trauma-related words: Exaggerated emotional Stroop effect in Afghanistan and Iraq war veterans with PTSD. BMC Psychiatry. 2013;13(1):86-97.
[14]Schoorl M, Putman P, Van Der Does W. Attentional bias modification in posttraumatic stress disorder: A randomized controlled trial. Psychother Psychosom. 2013;82(2):99-105.
[15]Beck AT, Emery G, Greenberg RL. Anxiety disorder and phobias: A cognitive perspective. 15th ed. New York: Basic Books; 2005.
[16]Eysenck MW. Anxiety: The cognitive perspective (Essays in Cognitive Psychology). London: Psychology Press; 1992.
[17]Pineles SL, Shipherd JC, Welcha LP, Yovel I. The role of attentional biases in PTSD: Is it interference or facilitation?. Behav Res Ther. 2007;45(8):1903-13.
[18]Fani N, Bradley RG, Ressler KJ, McClure-Tone EB. Attention bias in adult survivors of childhood maltreatment with and without posttraumatic stress disorder. Cogn Ther Res. 2011;35(1):57-67.
[19]Dalgleish T, Taghavi R, Neshatdoost H, Moradi A, Canterbury R, Yule W. Patterns of processing bias for emotional information across clinical disorders: A comparison of attention, memory, and prospective cognition in children and adolescents with depression, generalized anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2003;32(1):10-21.
[20]Sipos ML, Bar-Haim Y, Abend R, Adler AB, Bliese PD. Postdeployment threat related attention bias interacts with combat exposure to account for PTSD and anxiety symptoms in soldiers. Depress Anxiety. 2014;31(2):124-9.
[21]Pannu Hayes J, Labar KS, Petty CM, McCarthy G, Morey RA. Alteration in the neural circuitry for emotion and attention associated with posttraumatic stress disorder symptomatology. Psychiatry Res. 2009;172(1):7-15.
[22]Phelps EA, LeDoux JE. Contributions of the amygdala to emotion processing: From animal models to human behavior. Neuron. 2005;48(2):175-87.
[23]Bryant RA, Kemp AH, Felmingham KL, Liddell B, Olivieri G, Peduto A, et al. Enhanced amygdala and medial prefrontal activation during nonconscious processing of fear in posttraumatic stress disorder: An FMRI study. Hum Brain Mapp. 2008;29(5):517-23.
[24]Koso M, Hansen S. Executive function and memory in posttraumatic stress disorder: A study of Bosnian war veterans. Eur Psychiatry. 2006;21(3):167-73.
[25]Kanagaratnam P, Asbjørnsen AE. Executive deficits in chronic PTSD related to political violence. J Anxiety Disord. 2007;21(4):510-25.
[26]Mirdoraghi F, Ghanbary Hashemabady BA, Mashhadi A. Cognitive and behavioral inhibition in veterans with- and without post-traumatic stress disorder. J Mil Med. 2012;14(1):41-7. [Persian]
[27]Sohlberg MM, Mateer CA. Cognitive rehabilitation: An integrative neuropsychological approach. 2nd ed. New York: The Guilford Press; 2001.
[28]Williams LM, Kemp AH, Felmingham K, Barton M, Olivieri G, Peduto A, et al. Trauma modulates amygdala and medial prefrontal responses to consciously attended fear. Neuroimage. 2006;29(2):347-57.
[29]Dehghani M, Sharpea L, Nicholas M. Selective attention to pain-related information in chronic musculoskeletal pain patients. Pain. 2003;105(1-2):37-46.
[30]Khatibi A, Dehghani M, Sharpe L, Asmundson GJ, Pouretemad H. Selective attention towards painful faces among chronic pain patients: Evidence from a modified version of the dot-probe. Pain. 2009;142(1-2):42-7.
[31]Levaux MN, Vezzaro J, Larøi F, Offerlin-Meyer I, Danion JM, Van der Linden M. Cognitive rehabilitation of the updating sub-component of working memory in schizophrenia: A case study. Neuropsychol Rehabil. 2009;19(2):244-73.
[32]Mobini S, Mackintosh B, Illingworth J, Gega L, Langdon P, Hoppitt L. Effects of standard and explicit cognitive bias modification and computer-administered cognitive-behaviour therapy on cognitive biases and social anxiety. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry. 2014;45(2):272-9.
[33]Bullock GR. Cognitive rehabilitation: a method for improving sustained and selective attention in adolescents with attention deficits [dissertation]. Las Vegas: University of Nevada; 2003.
[34]Kurtz MM, Moberg PJ, Gur RC, Gur RE. Approach to cognitive remediation of neuropsychological deficits in schizophrenia: A review and meta-analysis. Neuropsychol Rev. 2001;11(4):197-210.
[35]Beauregard M, Levesque J. Functional magnetic resonance imaging investigation of the effects of neurofeedback training on the neural bases of selective attention and response inhibition in children with ADHD. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback. 2006;31(1):3-20.
[36]Tomasoa AT, Appelo MT. Rational rehabilitation in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). A pilot study. Tijdschr Psychiatr. 2007;49(8):529-36. [Dutch]
[37]Van Bockstaele B, Koster EH, Verschuere B, Crombez G, De Houwer J. Limited transfer of threat bias following attentional retraining. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry. 2012;43(2):794-800.
[38]Van Bockstaele B, Verschuere B, De Houwer J, Crombez G. On the costs and benefits of directing attention towards or away from threat-related stimuli: A classical conditioning experiment. Behav Res Ther. 2010;48(7):692-7.
[39]daCruz KL. A search for specificity: Attentional bias in anxiety, depression, and borderline personality disorder [dissertation]. Middletown: Wesleyan University; 2011.