@2024 Afarand., IRAN
ISSN: 2252-0805 The Horizon of Medical Sciences 2017;23(1):93-98
ISSN: 2252-0805 The Horizon of Medical Sciences 2017;23(1):93-98
Effect of Methanolic Extract of Silybum marianum Seed on the Levels of Glucose, Oxidative Indicators and Biochemical Factors in the Serum of Male Diabetic Wistar Rats
ARTICLE INFO
Article Type
Original ResearchAuthors
Nobahari M. (1)Shahanipour K. (*)
(*) Biochemistry Department, Falavarjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
(1) Biochemistry Department, Falavarjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
Correspondence
Address: Department of Biochemistry, Islamic Azad University, Kamarbandi Street, Falavarjan, Isfahan, IranPhone: +98 (31) 37420140
Fax: +98 (31) 37420136
shahanipour_k@yahoo.com
Article History
Received: January 23, 2016Accepted: July 19, 2016
ePublished: January 19, 2017
ABSTRACT
Aims
As a metabolic disorder, the diabetes increases the oxidative stress, while it reduces the anti-oxidant defense system. The aim of the study was to determine the effects of the methanol extract of Silybum marianum on the glucose level, the oxidative indices, and the biochemical factors in the diabetic rats.
Materials & Methods In the experimental study, 24 male and white Wistar rats were studied. The rats were randomly divided into four 6-rat groups including healthy control (negative control), diabetic control without any extract treatment (positive control), and two diabetic groups treating by 150 and 100mg/kg methanol extract respectively. The diabetes was induced by 60mg/kg one-dose streptozotocin as intra-peritoneal injection. The diabetes symptoms having been observed, 4-week and daily extract treatment was done as intra-peritoneal injection. Data was analyzed using one-way ANOVA and the repeated measurement tests.
Findings The treatment, done by the methanol extract of the seeds of Silybum marianum, reduced weight, the blood glucose level, cholesterol, malondialdehyde, and protein carbonyl, while it increased HDL and the activity level of paraoxonase enzyme, in the treatment groups compared to diabetic control group. In addition, the most effective extract concentration, reducing cholesterol, glucose, protein carbonyl, malondialdehyde and increasing the activity level of paraoxonase enzyme, was 150mg/kg. And the most effective concentration, increasing HDL and weight, was 100mg/kg (p<0.05).
Conclusion The injection of methanol extract of the seeds of Silybum marianum positively changes the oxidative indices, as well as the biochemical factors, in the diabetic rats.
Materials & Methods In the experimental study, 24 male and white Wistar rats were studied. The rats were randomly divided into four 6-rat groups including healthy control (negative control), diabetic control without any extract treatment (positive control), and two diabetic groups treating by 150 and 100mg/kg methanol extract respectively. The diabetes was induced by 60mg/kg one-dose streptozotocin as intra-peritoneal injection. The diabetes symptoms having been observed, 4-week and daily extract treatment was done as intra-peritoneal injection. Data was analyzed using one-way ANOVA and the repeated measurement tests.
Findings The treatment, done by the methanol extract of the seeds of Silybum marianum, reduced weight, the blood glucose level, cholesterol, malondialdehyde, and protein carbonyl, while it increased HDL and the activity level of paraoxonase enzyme, in the treatment groups compared to diabetic control group. In addition, the most effective extract concentration, reducing cholesterol, glucose, protein carbonyl, malondialdehyde and increasing the activity level of paraoxonase enzyme, was 150mg/kg. And the most effective concentration, increasing HDL and weight, was 100mg/kg (p<0.05).
Conclusion The injection of methanol extract of the seeds of Silybum marianum positively changes the oxidative indices, as well as the biochemical factors, in the diabetic rats.
CITATION LINKS
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[11]Huseini HF, Larijani B, Heshmat R, Fakhrzadeh H, Radjabipour B, Toliat T, et al. The efficacy of Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. (silymarin) in the treatment of type II diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trial. Phytother Res. 2006;20(12):1036-9.
[12]Hale Z, Tunah T, Erkanh G, Yuksel M, Erkan F, Sener G. Silymarin, the antioxidant component of silybum marianum, protects against burn-induced oxidative skin injury. Burns. 2007;33(7):908-16.
[13]Sonnenbichler J, Goldberg M, Hane L, Vogl S, Zelt L. Stimulatory effect of silibinin on DNA synthesis in partially hepatectomized rat livers: Non-response in hepatoma and other malign cell lines. Biochem Pharmacol. 1986;35(3):538-41.
[14]Cacho M, Moran M, Corchete P, Fernandez-Tarrago J. Influence of medium composition on the accumulation of flavonolignans in cultured cells of Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. Plant Sci. 1999;144(2):63-8.
[15]Abascal K, Yarnell E. The many faces of Silybum marianum(Milk Thistle): Part 1 - treating cancer and hyperlipidemia and restoring kidney function. Altern Complement Ther. 2004;9(4):170-5.
[16]Sobolova L, Skottova N, Vesera R, Urbanek K. Effect of Silymarin and and its polyphenolic fraction on cholesterol apsorption in rats. Pharmacol Res. 2006;53(2):104-12.
[17]Wang MJ, Lin WW, Chen HL, Cheng YH, Ou HC, Kou JS, et al. Silymarin protects dopaminergic neurons against lipopolysaccharide-induced neurotoxicity by inhibiting microglia activation. Eur J Neuroci. 2002;16(11):2103-12.
[18]Reznick AZ, Packer L. Oxidative damage to protein: Spectrophotometric method for carbonyl assay. Methods Enzymol. 1994;233:357-63.
[19]Beltowski J, Wojcicka G, Jamroz A. Leptin decreases plasma paraoxonase 1 (PON1) activity and induce oxidative stress: the possible novel mechanism for proatherogenic effect of chronic hyperleptinemia. Atherosclerosis. 2003;170(1):21-9.
[20]Soto C, Recoba R, Barron H, Alvarez H, Favari L. Silymarin increases antioxidant enzymes in alloxan- induced dibetes in rat pancrease. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol. 2003;136(3):205-12.
[21]Gupta M, Mazumder UK, Vamsi ML, Sivakumar T, Kandar CC. Anti-Stroidogenic activity of the two Indian medicinal plants in mice. J Ethnopharmacol. 2004;90(1):21-5.
[22]Skottova N, Krecman V. Silymarin as a potential hyper cholesterolacmic drug. Physiol Res. 1998;47(1):1-7.
[23]Lee JS. Effect of soy protein and genistein on blood glucose: Antioxidant enzyme activities and lipid profile in stereptozotocin-induce diabetic rat. Life Sci. 2006;79(16):1578-84.
[24]McGrowder DA, Anderson-Jackson L, Crawford TV. Biochemical evaluation of oxidative stress in type 1 diabetes. City?: InTech Open. 2013. pp. 223-49.
[25]Camelia CH, Baltaru D, Maier M, Muresam A, Clichicl S. Effects of Quercetin and chronic (training)exercsise on oxidative stress status in animals with Streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Bull UASVM Vet Med. 2013;70(1):31-9.
[26]Ayoubi A, Omidi A, Valizadeh R, Mousaei A. Effect of hydrolcoholic extract of Aloe vera and Taeucrium on seum glucose and lipid rofile in streptozotocin diabetic male rats. J Birjand Univ Med Sci. 2013;20(2):144-52. [Persian]
[27]Pasaoglu H, Sancak B, Bukan N. Lipid peroxidation and resistance to oxidation in patients with type2 diabetes mellitus. Tohoku J Exp Med. 2004;203(3):211-8.
[28]Naidu M, Katyane S. Altered kinetic attributes of Na(+)+K(+)-ATPase activity in kidney, brain and erythrocyte membranes in alloxan-diabetic rats . Indian J Exp Biol. 1992;30(1):26-32.
[2]Sicree R, Shaw J, Zimmet P. The global burden: Diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance. IDF Diabetes Atlas 4th edition. 2012;4:1-105.
[3]Suji G, Sivakami S. Approaches to the treatment of diabetes mellitus: An overview. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand). 2003;49(4):635-9.
[4]Harman D. Aging and oxidative stress. J Int Fed Clin Chem. 1998;10(1):24-7.
[5]Pitocco D, Zaccardi F, Distasio E, Romitelli F, Santini SA, Zuppi C, et al. Oxidative stress, nitric oxide, and diabetes. Rev Diabet Stud. 2010;7(1):15-25.
[6]Roshan VD, Assali M, Moghaddam AH, Hosseinzadeh M, Myers J. Exercise training and antioxidant: Effects on rat heart tissue exposed to lead acetate. In J Toxicol. 2011;30(2):190-6.
[7]Durrington PN, Mackness B, Mackness MI. Paraoxonase and atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2001;21(4):473-80.
[8]Dayhoff-Brannigan M, Ferrucci L, Sun K, Fried LP, Walston J, Varadhan R, et al. Oxidative protein damage is associated with elevated seruminterleukin-6 levels among older moderately to severely disabled women living in the community. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2008;63(2):179-83.
[9]Chang YC, Chuang LM. The role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes: From molecular mechanism to clinical implication. Am J Transl Res. 2010;2(3):316-31.
[10]Aldini G, Dalle-Donne I, Facino RM, Milzani A, Carini M. Intervention strategies to inhibit protein carbonylation by lipoxidation-derived reactive carbonyls. Med Res Rev. 2007;27(6):817-68.
[11]Huseini HF, Larijani B, Heshmat R, Fakhrzadeh H, Radjabipour B, Toliat T, et al. The efficacy of Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. (silymarin) in the treatment of type II diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trial. Phytother Res. 2006;20(12):1036-9.
[12]Hale Z, Tunah T, Erkanh G, Yuksel M, Erkan F, Sener G. Silymarin, the antioxidant component of silybum marianum, protects against burn-induced oxidative skin injury. Burns. 2007;33(7):908-16.
[13]Sonnenbichler J, Goldberg M, Hane L, Vogl S, Zelt L. Stimulatory effect of silibinin on DNA synthesis in partially hepatectomized rat livers: Non-response in hepatoma and other malign cell lines. Biochem Pharmacol. 1986;35(3):538-41.
[14]Cacho M, Moran M, Corchete P, Fernandez-Tarrago J. Influence of medium composition on the accumulation of flavonolignans in cultured cells of Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. Plant Sci. 1999;144(2):63-8.
[15]Abascal K, Yarnell E. The many faces of Silybum marianum(Milk Thistle): Part 1 - treating cancer and hyperlipidemia and restoring kidney function. Altern Complement Ther. 2004;9(4):170-5.
[16]Sobolova L, Skottova N, Vesera R, Urbanek K. Effect of Silymarin and and its polyphenolic fraction on cholesterol apsorption in rats. Pharmacol Res. 2006;53(2):104-12.
[17]Wang MJ, Lin WW, Chen HL, Cheng YH, Ou HC, Kou JS, et al. Silymarin protects dopaminergic neurons against lipopolysaccharide-induced neurotoxicity by inhibiting microglia activation. Eur J Neuroci. 2002;16(11):2103-12.
[18]Reznick AZ, Packer L. Oxidative damage to protein: Spectrophotometric method for carbonyl assay. Methods Enzymol. 1994;233:357-63.
[19]Beltowski J, Wojcicka G, Jamroz A. Leptin decreases plasma paraoxonase 1 (PON1) activity and induce oxidative stress: the possible novel mechanism for proatherogenic effect of chronic hyperleptinemia. Atherosclerosis. 2003;170(1):21-9.
[20]Soto C, Recoba R, Barron H, Alvarez H, Favari L. Silymarin increases antioxidant enzymes in alloxan- induced dibetes in rat pancrease. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol. 2003;136(3):205-12.
[21]Gupta M, Mazumder UK, Vamsi ML, Sivakumar T, Kandar CC. Anti-Stroidogenic activity of the two Indian medicinal plants in mice. J Ethnopharmacol. 2004;90(1):21-5.
[22]Skottova N, Krecman V. Silymarin as a potential hyper cholesterolacmic drug. Physiol Res. 1998;47(1):1-7.
[23]Lee JS. Effect of soy protein and genistein on blood glucose: Antioxidant enzyme activities and lipid profile in stereptozotocin-induce diabetic rat. Life Sci. 2006;79(16):1578-84.
[24]McGrowder DA, Anderson-Jackson L, Crawford TV. Biochemical evaluation of oxidative stress in type 1 diabetes. City?: InTech Open. 2013. pp. 223-49.
[25]Camelia CH, Baltaru D, Maier M, Muresam A, Clichicl S. Effects of Quercetin and chronic (training)exercsise on oxidative stress status in animals with Streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Bull UASVM Vet Med. 2013;70(1):31-9.
[26]Ayoubi A, Omidi A, Valizadeh R, Mousaei A. Effect of hydrolcoholic extract of Aloe vera and Taeucrium on seum glucose and lipid rofile in streptozotocin diabetic male rats. J Birjand Univ Med Sci. 2013;20(2):144-52. [Persian]
[27]Pasaoglu H, Sancak B, Bukan N. Lipid peroxidation and resistance to oxidation in patients with type2 diabetes mellitus. Tohoku J Exp Med. 2004;203(3):211-8.
[28]Naidu M, Katyane S. Altered kinetic attributes of Na(+)+K(+)-ATPase activity in kidney, brain and erythrocyte membranes in alloxan-diabetic rats . Indian J Exp Biol. 1992;30(1):26-32.