@2024 Afarand., IRAN
ISSN: 2252-0805 The Horizon of Medical Sciences 2013;19(3):155-160
ISSN: 2252-0805 The Horizon of Medical Sciences 2013;19(3):155-160
Relationship of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder with Psychological Defence Styles in Burn Patients
ARTICLE INFO
Article Type
Original ResearchAuthors
Kafi S. M. (*)Atashkar S. R. (1)
Amir Alavi S. (2)
Rezvani S. (3)
(*) Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
(1) Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
(2) Department of Anesthesia, Faculty of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
(3) Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran
Correspondence
Article History
Received: August 17, 2012Accepted: August 12, 2013
ePublished: October 3, 2013
ABSTRACT
Aims
Burned survivors encounter with painful processes and malformations due to injuries. The purpose of this study was to explore the relations between PSTD and defense mechanisms among burn patients.
Materials & Methods This after event correlative cross-sectional study was performed in 90 hospitalized patients in Velayat center of burn accidents and plastic surgery of Rasht city, Iran in 2011 and 63 patients were selected by random sampling method and entered to research. Demographic characteristics form, Mississipi Post Traumatic Stress Disorder scale and Defense Styles Questionnaire were used for gathering data. Data analysis was done by Pearson correlation and regression analysis tests by using SPSS 16 software.
Findings Severity of burn had positive correlation with burned parts of body, PSTD, neurotic and immature defense style and had negative correlation with mature defense style. Burned parts of body also had direct relation with PSTD and PSTD had reversed relation with mature style and had direct relation with neurotic and immature styles. 17.7% of variance of PSTD was predicted by mature defense style, 44.3% by neurotic defense style and 73% by immature defense style variables.
Conclusion There is a relation between severity of burn, PSTD and defense styles.
Materials & Methods This after event correlative cross-sectional study was performed in 90 hospitalized patients in Velayat center of burn accidents and plastic surgery of Rasht city, Iran in 2011 and 63 patients were selected by random sampling method and entered to research. Demographic characteristics form, Mississipi Post Traumatic Stress Disorder scale and Defense Styles Questionnaire were used for gathering data. Data analysis was done by Pearson correlation and regression analysis tests by using SPSS 16 software.
Findings Severity of burn had positive correlation with burned parts of body, PSTD, neurotic and immature defense style and had negative correlation with mature defense style. Burned parts of body also had direct relation with PSTD and PSTD had reversed relation with mature style and had direct relation with neurotic and immature styles. 17.7% of variance of PSTD was predicted by mature defense style, 44.3% by neurotic defense style and 73% by immature defense style variables.
Conclusion There is a relation between severity of burn, PSTD and defense styles.
CITATION LINKS
[1] Rahzani K, Taleghani F, Nasrabadi AN. Disfiguring burns and the experienced reaction in Iran: Consequences and strategies: A qualitative study. J Burns. 2009;35(6):875- 81.
[2] Wisely JA, Tarrier N. A survey of the need for psychological input in a follow-up service for adult burninjured patients. J Burns. 2001;27(8):801-7.
[3] Baar MEV, Essink-Bot ML, Oen IMMH, Dokter J, Boxma H, Beek EFV. Functional outcome after burns: A review. J Burns. 2006;32(1):1-9.
[4] Moi AL, Larsen TW, Salemark L, Hanestad BR. Longterm risk factor for impaired burn-specific health and unemployment in patients’ thermal injury. J Burns. 2007;33(1):37-45.
[5] Blakeney PE, Rosenberg L, Rosenberg M, Faber AW. Psychosocial care of persons with severe burns. J Burns. 2008;34(4):433-40.
[6] Park SY, Choi KA, Jang YC, Oh SJ. The risk factors of psychosocial problems for burn patients. J Burns. 2008;34(1):24-31.
[7] Haden CH, Scarpa A, Jones RT, Ollendick TH. Posttramatic stress disorder symptoms and injury: The moderating role of perceived social support and coping for young adults. Pers Indiv Differ. 2007;42:1187-98.
[8] Tedstone JE, Tarrier N, Faragher EB. An investigation of the factors associated an increased risk psychological morbidity in burned patients. J Burns. 1998;24:407-15.
[9] Palmu R, Suominen K, Vuola J, Isometsa E. Mental disorders after burn injury: A prospective study. J Burns. 2011;37(4):601-9.
[10] Barlow K, Grenyer B, Ilkw-Lavalle O. Prevalence and precipitants of aggression in psychiatric inpatient units. Aust Psychiat. 2000;34(6):967-74.
[11] American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th ed. Nikkhou MR, translator. Tehran: Sokhan Publication; 2002. [Persian]
[12] Palmu R, Suminen K, Vuola J, Isometsa E. Mental disorders among acute burn patients. J Burns. 2010;36(7):1072-9.
[13] Falder S, Browne A, Edgar D, Staples E, Fong J, Rea S, et al. Core outcomes for adult burn survivors: A clinical overview. J Burns. 2009;35(5):618-41.
[14] Smitten MH, Graaf R, Van Loey NE. Prevalence and co-morbidity of psychiatric disorders 1-4 years after burn. J Burns. 2011;37(5):753-61.
[15] El hamaoui Y, Yaalaoui S, Chihabeddine K, Boukind E, Mossaoui D. Post-traumatic stress disorder in burned patients. J Burns. 2002;28:647-50.
[16] Powers PS, Cruse CW, Daniels S, Stevens B. Posttraumatic stress disorder in patients with burns. J Burn Care Rehabil. 1994;15(2):147-53.
[17] Fauerbach JA, Lawrence JW, Richter D. Pre-burn psychiatric history affects post-trauma morbidity. Psychosoma. 1997;38(4):374-85.
[18] Fauerbach JA, Lawrence JW, Munster AM. Prolong adjustment difficulties among those with acute post-trauma disorder following burn injury. J Behav Med. 1999;22(4):359-78.
[19] Van Loey NE, Faber AW, Taal LA. Do burn patients need burn specific multidisciplinary outpatient after care: Research results. J Burns. 2001;27(2):103-10.
[20] Patterson DR, Carrigan L, Robinson R, Questad KA. Posttraumatic stress disorder in hospitalized patients with burn injuries. J Burn Care Rehabil. 1990;11:181-4.
[21] Straub RO. Health psychology coping with stress. New York: Cambridge University Press; 2002.
[22] Azad H. Psychopathology. Tehran: Besat Publication; 2000. [Persian]
[23] Vaillant GE. Mental health. Am J Psychiat. 2003;160(8):1373-84.
[24] Cramer P. Protecting the SELF. New York: Guilford Press; 2006.
[25] Courtis A J. Health psychology. Fathi AA, Azimi AH, translators. Tehran: Besat Publication; 2006. [Persian]
[26] Olff M. Stress, depression and immunity: The role of defense and coping styles. Psychiat Res. 1999;85(1):7-15.
[27] Bowins B. Hypomania: A depressive inhibition override defense mechanism. J Affect Disord. 2008;109(3):221-32.
[28]Nixon RD, Resick PA, Nishith P. An exploration of co morbid depression among female victims of intimate partner violence with PTSD. J Affect Disord. 2004;82(2):315-20.
[29]Abolghasemi A, Narimani M. Psychological tests. Tehran: Tehran Press; 2005.
[30] Sinha BK, Watson DC. Gender, age and cultural differences in the defense style questionnaire-40. J Clin Psychol. 1998;54(1):67-75.
[31] Heidarinasab L. Comparison defense mechanisms in clinical and nonclinical samples according to (DSQ-40) [dissertation]. Tehran: Tarbiyat Moddares University; 2006. [Persian]
[32]Esfahlan AJ, Lotfi M, Zamanzadeh V, Babapuor J. Burn pain and patients’ responses. J Burns. 2010;36(7):1129-33.
[33] Khajehmougahi N, Nazemi S. The investigation of posttraumatic syndrome disease symptoms among children less than 6 years, 3 months after bombing in Ahvaz. J Med Sci. 2008:7;520-5.
[34] Liang CY, Wang HJ, Yao KP, Pan HH, Wang KY. Predictors of health-care needs in discharged burn patients. J Burns. 2012;38(2):172-9.
[2] Wisely JA, Tarrier N. A survey of the need for psychological input in a follow-up service for adult burninjured patients. J Burns. 2001;27(8):801-7.
[3] Baar MEV, Essink-Bot ML, Oen IMMH, Dokter J, Boxma H, Beek EFV. Functional outcome after burns: A review. J Burns. 2006;32(1):1-9.
[4] Moi AL, Larsen TW, Salemark L, Hanestad BR. Longterm risk factor for impaired burn-specific health and unemployment in patients’ thermal injury. J Burns. 2007;33(1):37-45.
[5] Blakeney PE, Rosenberg L, Rosenberg M, Faber AW. Psychosocial care of persons with severe burns. J Burns. 2008;34(4):433-40.
[6] Park SY, Choi KA, Jang YC, Oh SJ. The risk factors of psychosocial problems for burn patients. J Burns. 2008;34(1):24-31.
[7] Haden CH, Scarpa A, Jones RT, Ollendick TH. Posttramatic stress disorder symptoms and injury: The moderating role of perceived social support and coping for young adults. Pers Indiv Differ. 2007;42:1187-98.
[8] Tedstone JE, Tarrier N, Faragher EB. An investigation of the factors associated an increased risk psychological morbidity in burned patients. J Burns. 1998;24:407-15.
[9] Palmu R, Suominen K, Vuola J, Isometsa E. Mental disorders after burn injury: A prospective study. J Burns. 2011;37(4):601-9.
[10] Barlow K, Grenyer B, Ilkw-Lavalle O. Prevalence and precipitants of aggression in psychiatric inpatient units. Aust Psychiat. 2000;34(6):967-74.
[11] American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th ed. Nikkhou MR, translator. Tehran: Sokhan Publication; 2002. [Persian]
[12] Palmu R, Suminen K, Vuola J, Isometsa E. Mental disorders among acute burn patients. J Burns. 2010;36(7):1072-9.
[13] Falder S, Browne A, Edgar D, Staples E, Fong J, Rea S, et al. Core outcomes for adult burn survivors: A clinical overview. J Burns. 2009;35(5):618-41.
[14] Smitten MH, Graaf R, Van Loey NE. Prevalence and co-morbidity of psychiatric disorders 1-4 years after burn. J Burns. 2011;37(5):753-61.
[15] El hamaoui Y, Yaalaoui S, Chihabeddine K, Boukind E, Mossaoui D. Post-traumatic stress disorder in burned patients. J Burns. 2002;28:647-50.
[16] Powers PS, Cruse CW, Daniels S, Stevens B. Posttraumatic stress disorder in patients with burns. J Burn Care Rehabil. 1994;15(2):147-53.
[17] Fauerbach JA, Lawrence JW, Richter D. Pre-burn psychiatric history affects post-trauma morbidity. Psychosoma. 1997;38(4):374-85.
[18] Fauerbach JA, Lawrence JW, Munster AM. Prolong adjustment difficulties among those with acute post-trauma disorder following burn injury. J Behav Med. 1999;22(4):359-78.
[19] Van Loey NE, Faber AW, Taal LA. Do burn patients need burn specific multidisciplinary outpatient after care: Research results. J Burns. 2001;27(2):103-10.
[20] Patterson DR, Carrigan L, Robinson R, Questad KA. Posttraumatic stress disorder in hospitalized patients with burn injuries. J Burn Care Rehabil. 1990;11:181-4.
[21] Straub RO. Health psychology coping with stress. New York: Cambridge University Press; 2002.
[22] Azad H. Psychopathology. Tehran: Besat Publication; 2000. [Persian]
[23] Vaillant GE. Mental health. Am J Psychiat. 2003;160(8):1373-84.
[24] Cramer P. Protecting the SELF. New York: Guilford Press; 2006.
[25] Courtis A J. Health psychology. Fathi AA, Azimi AH, translators. Tehran: Besat Publication; 2006. [Persian]
[26] Olff M. Stress, depression and immunity: The role of defense and coping styles. Psychiat Res. 1999;85(1):7-15.
[27] Bowins B. Hypomania: A depressive inhibition override defense mechanism. J Affect Disord. 2008;109(3):221-32.
[28]Nixon RD, Resick PA, Nishith P. An exploration of co morbid depression among female victims of intimate partner violence with PTSD. J Affect Disord. 2004;82(2):315-20.
[29]Abolghasemi A, Narimani M. Psychological tests. Tehran: Tehran Press; 2005.
[30] Sinha BK, Watson DC. Gender, age and cultural differences in the defense style questionnaire-40. J Clin Psychol. 1998;54(1):67-75.
[31] Heidarinasab L. Comparison defense mechanisms in clinical and nonclinical samples according to (DSQ-40) [dissertation]. Tehran: Tarbiyat Moddares University; 2006. [Persian]
[32]Esfahlan AJ, Lotfi M, Zamanzadeh V, Babapuor J. Burn pain and patients’ responses. J Burns. 2010;36(7):1129-33.
[33] Khajehmougahi N, Nazemi S. The investigation of posttraumatic syndrome disease symptoms among children less than 6 years, 3 months after bombing in Ahvaz. J Med Sci. 2008:7;520-5.
[34] Liang CY, Wang HJ, Yao KP, Pan HH, Wang KY. Predictors of health-care needs in discharged burn patients. J Burns. 2012;38(2):172-9.