@2025 Afarand., IRAN
ISSN: 2008-2630 Iranian Journal of War & Public Health 2016;8(3):177-187
ISSN: 2008-2630 Iranian Journal of War & Public Health 2016;8(3):177-187
Epidemiology of Lower Extremity Injuries in Veterans with Ankle-Foot Neuromusculoskeletal Disorders
ARTICLE INFO
Article Type
Descriptive & Survey StudyAuthors
Allami M. (1)Karimi A. (1)
Janzadeh N. (1)
Feizollahi N. (1)
Esfandiari E. (1)
Masoumi M. (*)
Ghoseiri K. (1)
Mousavi B. (1)
Asgari M. (1)
Soroush M. (1)
Ganjparvar Z. (1)
Yavari A. (1)
Abdolrahimi Kafi N. (1)
Rezai Imcheh A. (1)
Heydari Someeh A. (1)
Tavwoseh F. (1)
Shabanian N. (1)
Nikpour A. (1)
Mirsadeghi S.A. (1)
Mohammadnezhad Gh. (1)
Vali Z. (1)
(*) Janbazan Medical and Engineering Research Center (JMERC), Tehran, Iran
(1) Janbazan Medical and Engineering Research Center (JMERC), Tehran, Iran
Correspondence
Address: Janbazan Medical and Engineering Research Center (JMERC), No. 17, Farokh Street, Moghadas Ardabili Street, Yaman Street, Shahid Chamran Highway, Tehran, IranPhone: +98 (21) 22416699
Fax: +98 (21) 22416699
masoumi48@yahoo.com
Article History
Received: April 10, 2016Accepted: July 4, 2016
ePublished: August 31, 2016
ABSTRACT
Aims
The aim of this study was to investigate the epidemiologic situation of the lower-limb injuries and the risk factors in the veterans with the ankle-foot neuro-masculoskeletal disorders.
Instrument & Methods In the descriptive cross-sectional study, 795 veterans with the ankle-foot neuro-masculoskeletal disorders were studied via census method in 8 Iranian provinces between 2013 and 2015. Demographic information, neuromusculoskeletal disorders of the ankle/foot, the frequency of foot surgery, accidents resulting in injury within the year leading to the study, hospitalization and having more than one injury were collected. Data was analyzed by SPSS 22 software using Chi-square, Pearson correlation, ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis tests.
Findings Limited ankle dorsiflexion range was observed in the right foot and the left foot of 282 (35.5%) and 259 (32.6%) persons, respectively. Short left foot and short right foot were observed in 302 (38.0%) and 285 (35.8%) persons, respectively. Most common peripheral nerve lesions in right foot were sciatica 81 (10.2%) and peroneal 79 (9.9%) and in left foot were peroneal 83 (10.4%) and sciatic 61 (7.7%). During the past year of the study, 97 (12.2%) had accidents resulting in physical injuries. Significant relationship was observed between the type of injuries except ankle-foot with number of work-absences days (p=0.01), hospitalization with other injuries (p<0.001) and disability percentage with the accidents during the year ended to the study (p<0.001).
Conclusion The limited ankle-foot dorsiflexion range and the short lower-limb are the most frequent disorders in the veterans with the ankle-foot neuro-masculoskeletal disorders. In addition, the associated injuries are some of the most important risk factors leading to any accidence might be faced by the veterans.
Instrument & Methods In the descriptive cross-sectional study, 795 veterans with the ankle-foot neuro-masculoskeletal disorders were studied via census method in 8 Iranian provinces between 2013 and 2015. Demographic information, neuromusculoskeletal disorders of the ankle/foot, the frequency of foot surgery, accidents resulting in injury within the year leading to the study, hospitalization and having more than one injury were collected. Data was analyzed by SPSS 22 software using Chi-square, Pearson correlation, ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis tests.
Findings Limited ankle dorsiflexion range was observed in the right foot and the left foot of 282 (35.5%) and 259 (32.6%) persons, respectively. Short left foot and short right foot were observed in 302 (38.0%) and 285 (35.8%) persons, respectively. Most common peripheral nerve lesions in right foot were sciatica 81 (10.2%) and peroneal 79 (9.9%) and in left foot were peroneal 83 (10.4%) and sciatic 61 (7.7%). During the past year of the study, 97 (12.2%) had accidents resulting in physical injuries. Significant relationship was observed between the type of injuries except ankle-foot with number of work-absences days (p=0.01), hospitalization with other injuries (p<0.001) and disability percentage with the accidents during the year ended to the study (p<0.001).
Conclusion The limited ankle-foot dorsiflexion range and the short lower-limb are the most frequent disorders in the veterans with the ankle-foot neuro-masculoskeletal disorders. In addition, the associated injuries are some of the most important risk factors leading to any accidence might be faced by the veterans.
CITATION LINKS
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[7]Gosselin RA. War injuries, trauma, and disaster relief. Techniq Orthop. 2005;20(2):97-108.
[8]Ramasamy A, Hill AM, Masouros S, Gibb I, Phillip R, Bull AM, et al. Outcomes of IED foot and ankle blast injuries. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2013;95(5):e25.
[9]TaebiGh, Soroush MR, Modirian E, Khateri S, Mousavi B, Ganjparvar Z, et al . Epidemiological study of human costs resulting from Iraq's chemical warfare against Iran. Iran J War Public Health. 2015;7(2):115-21. [Persian]
[10]Hauret KG, Jones BH, Bullock SH, Canham-Chervak M, Canada S. Musculoskeletal injuries description of an under-recognized injury problem among military personnel. Am J Prev Med. 2010;38(Suppl 1):S61-70.
[11]Haskell SG, Ning Y, Krebs E, Goulet J, Mattocks K, Kerns R, et al. Prevalence of painful musculoskeletal conditions in female and male veterans in 7 years after return from deployment in Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom. Clin J Pain. 2012;28(2):163-7.
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[13]Wrobel JS, Crews RT, Connolly JE. Clinical factors associated with a conservative gait pattern in older male veterans with diabetes. J Foot Ankle Res. 2009;2:11.
[14]Lavery LA, Armstrong DG, Boulton AJ. Ankle equinus deformity and its relationship to high plantar pressure in a large population with diabetes mellitus. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 2002;92(9):479-82.
[15]Kalantariyan M, Minoonejad H, Rajabi R, Beyranvand R, Zahiri A. The comparison of the electromyography activity of selected muscles of the ankle joint in athletes with ankle dorsiflexion range of motion limitation with healthy athletes during the single-leg jump landing. Rehab Med. 2013;2(2):14-23. [Persian]
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[18]Bleakley CM, McDonough SM, MacAuley DC. Some conservative strategies are effective when 25 added to controlled mobilisation with external support after acute ankle sprain: a systematic review. Aust J Physiother. 2008;54(1):7-20.
[19]Riddle DL, Pulisic M, Pidcoe P, Johnson RE. Risk factors for plantar fasciitis: A matched case-control study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2003;85(5):872-7.
[20]Veterans Affairs Canada [Internet]. Charlottetown: Government of Canada [Published 2002, May 1; Updated 2015, March 31]. Available from: http://veterans.gc.ca/pdf/dispen/eeg/leg_length_inequality.pdf
[21]Soukka A, Alaranta H, Tallroth K, Heliövaara M. Leg-length inequality in people of working age: The association between mild inequality and low-back pain is questionable. Spine. 1991;16(4):429-31.
[22]Kamaliardakani M, Karimi MT. Standing stability of lower limb amputees: A systematic review. Iran J War Public Health. 2013;5(3):58-66. [Persian]
[23]Rose MR, Brix KA. Neurological disorders in Gulf War veterans. Philos Trans R SocLond B Biol Sci. 2006;361(1468):605-18.
[24]Joseph TK, Foster L, Pasquina P. Decreased prevalence of peripheral nerve pathology by electrodiagnostic testing in Gulf War veterans. Mil Med. 2004;169(11):868-71.
[25]Verdú E, Ceballos D, Vilches JJ, Navarro X. Influence of aging on peripheral nerve function and regeneration. J peripheral Nervous Sys. 2000;5(4):191-208.
[26]Gray GC, Coate BD, Anderson CM, Kang HK, Berg SW, Wignall FS. The postwar hospitalization experience of U.S. veterans of the Persian Gulf War. N Engl J Med. 1996; 335(20): 1505-13.
[27]Mesgar S, Amini Nasab Z, Nakhaei M H, Sharifzade G, Javadinia S A. Study of quality of life, depression, and daily routines in rural elders in Birjand City, Iran, in 2013. Salmand. 2015;10(3):142-7. [Persian]
[28]Amini R1, Sahaf R, Kaldi A, Haghani H, Davatgaran K, Masoumi M, et al. Activities of daily living independence in Iranian blind war survivors: A cross sectional study, 2008. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2013;13(3):741-50.
[29]Mehdizadeh S, Abbasi S, Moqaddam M, Kiyani M. Mental health in chemical warfare victims with Bronchiolitis Obliterans. Iran J War Public Health. 2012;4(1):53-8. [Persian]
[30]Mostafaloo A, Gazmeh J. The relationship between job satisfaction and mental health in chemical veterans. Iran J War Public Health. 2013;5(4):43-50. [Persian]
[31]Soroush MR, Ganjparvar Z, Masoumi M, Mousavi B. Instrumental activity of daily living in war related bilateral lower limb amputation. Iran J War Publish Haelth. 2012;4(4):1-7. [Persian]
[32]Mandani B, Fakhri A. Study of health related quality of life in posttraumatic stress disorder war veterans. Iran J War Public Health. 2013;5(2):18-25. [Persian]
[33]Mahmoodi MJ, Moshfegh M. Challenges and opportunities for economic, social, of demographic transition focusing on Iran. J Popul Assoc Iran. 2009;4(7):67-86. [Persian]
[34]Khademi MJ, Gharib M, Rashedi V. Prevalence of depression in the amputated patients concerning demographic variables. Iran J War Publish Health. 2012;4(2):12-7. [Persian]
[35]Karampourian A, Hosseinabadi R, Imani B. Effect of quality circles on job satisfaction of nurses employing in Hamadan Medical Emergency Service . Pajouhan. 2012;11(1):19-23. [Persian]
[36]Jafari MJ, Shafiean N, Mahfuzpour S, Mehrabi Y. The relationship between job satisfaction and occupational safety and occupational health status of nurses in a hospital. Health Safety Work. 2012;2(3):41-8. [Persian]
[37]Azad-Marzabadi E, Tarkhorani H. The relation between job stress and job satisfaction in a group of personnel. J Behav Sci. 2008;1(2):121-9. [Persian]
[38]Mohammadbeigi A, Jahani F, Mohammadsalehi N. Association of psychological health status and job satisfaction in the staffs of Arak hospitals. Zahedan J Res Med Sci. 2012;13(Suppl 1):8. [Persian]
[39]Courtney M, Yacopetti J, James C and Walsh A. Queensland public sector nurseexecutives: Job satisfaction andcareer opportunities. Aust Health Rev. 2001;24(2):83-95.
[40]Arassi M, Mohammadi H, Motamedzade M, Kamalinia M, MardaniD, Mohammadi Beiragani M, et al. The association between psychosocial factors and occupational accidents among iranian drilling workers. J Ergon. 2014;2(1):36-45. [Persian]
[41]Janmohammadi N, Tirgar A, Babazadeh A, Sarvi F. Epidemiologic study of bone and soft tissue injuries resulting from occupational accidents in hospitalized patients of Shahid Beheshti Hospital in babol city during 2010-2012. J Ilam Univ Med Sci. 2015;23(2):36-43. [Persian]
[42]Kangarlo HR, MalekzadehSh, Alizadeh K, Shamshiri B. The prevalence of musculoskeletal causes of disability retirement among air force personnel during. Annal Mil Health Sci Res. 2006;4(4):813-8. [Persian]
[43]Born CT. Blast trauma: The fourth weapon of mass destruction. Scand J Surg. 2005;94(4):279-85.
[44]Lechner R, Achatz G, Hauer T, Palm HG, Lieber A, Willy C. Patterns and causes of injuries in a contemporary combat environment. Unfallchirurg. 2010;113(2):106-13. [German]
[45]Cernak I1, Savic J, Ignjatovic D, Jevtic M. Blast injury from explosive munitions. J Trauma. 1999;47(1):96-103.
[46]Gerber DA. Disabled veterans, the state, and the experience of disability in western societies, 1914-1950. J Soc History. 2003;36(4):899-16.
[47]McEnaneyL. Veterans' welfare, the gi bill and american demobilization. J Law Med Ethics. 2011;39(1):41-7.
[48]Abbaspour R, Hosseini Davarani SH, Masoumi M, Modirian E, Khateri Sh, Mousavi B, et al. Satisfaction of child victims of landmines with services of veterans and martyr affair foundation (VMAF). Daneshvar. 2015;22(118):43-50.
[49]Jandaghi Gh, Zarei Matin H, Heydari F, Imani M. The attitude of war handicaped toward the services recieved in terms of their needs. Iran J War Publish Health. 2010;2(2):22-31. [Persian]
[50]Seyed Hoseini Davarani SH, Mousavi B, Karbalaeiesmaeili S, Soroush MR, Masoumi M. Service satisfaction among war related bilateral lower limb amputation. Iran J War Publish Health. 2010;3(1):49-54. [Persian]
[51]DeLeire T. The wage and employment effects of the Americans with disabilities act. J Human Resour. 2000;35(4):693-715.
[52]Boardman J. Work, employment and psychiatric disability. Adv Psychiatr Treat. 2003;9(5):327-34.
[53]Borenstein DG. Epidemiology, etiology, diagnostic evaluation, and treatment of low back pain. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2001;13(2):128-34.
[54]Ropponena A, Svedbergc P, Kalsod E, Koskenvuof M, Silventoineng K, Kaprio J. A prospective twin cohort study of disability pensions due to musculoskeletal diagnoses in relation to stability and change in pain. Pain. 2013;154(10):1966-72.
[55]Kaplan RM, Herrmann AK, Morrison JT, De Fina LF, Morrow JR Jr. Costs associated with women's physical activity musculoskeletal injuries: the women's injury study. J Phys Act Health. 2014;11(6):1149-55.
[56]Mohebbi I, Sharifian AA. Prevalence of absence of work due to health and its determinants among the employees of an industrial plant. Urmia Med J. 2005;16(4):229-34. [Persian]
[57]Amini R, Haghani H, Masoumi M, Nakhaee M. Quality of life in blind war survivors. Iran J War Publish Health. 2009;1(2):24-35. [Persian]
[58]Ahmadi K, Nejati V. Evaluation of epidemiology of chronic disease in Iranian psychiatric veterans. Iran J War Publish Health. 2010;2(4):8-12. [Persian]
[59]Barnes C. Disability, work, and welfare: Challenging the social exclusion of disabled people. Work Employ Soc. 2005;19(3):527-45.
[60]Thornton P, Lunt N. Employment policies for disabled people in eighteen countries: A review. York: University of York, Social Policy Research Unit; 1997. pp. 346-50.
[2]Holisaz M. Physical medicine and rehabilitation in the war: The experience of wounded evacuation in Bosnia. J Mil Med. 2001;3(4):233-7. [Persian]
[3]Zahmatkeshan N, Bagherzade R, Akaberiyan Sh, YazdankhahFard M, Mirzaei K, Yazdanpanah S, et al. Assessing quality of life and related factors in bushehr’s elderly people. J Fasa Univ Med Sci. 2012;2(1):53-8. [Persian]
[4]Covey DC. Blast and fragment injuries of the musculoskeletal system. J Bone Joint Surg. 2002;84-A(7):1221-34.
[5]Covey DC. Musculoskeletal war wounds during operation BRAVA in Sri Lanka. Mil Med. 2004;169(1):61-4.
[6]Islinger RB, Kuklo TR, McHale KA. A review of orthopaedic injuries in three recent military conflicts. Mil Med. 2000;165(6):463-5.
[7]Gosselin RA. War injuries, trauma, and disaster relief. Techniq Orthop. 2005;20(2):97-108.
[8]Ramasamy A, Hill AM, Masouros S, Gibb I, Phillip R, Bull AM, et al. Outcomes of IED foot and ankle blast injuries. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2013;95(5):e25.
[9]TaebiGh, Soroush MR, Modirian E, Khateri S, Mousavi B, Ganjparvar Z, et al . Epidemiological study of human costs resulting from Iraq's chemical warfare against Iran. Iran J War Public Health. 2015;7(2):115-21. [Persian]
[10]Hauret KG, Jones BH, Bullock SH, Canham-Chervak M, Canada S. Musculoskeletal injuries description of an under-recognized injury problem among military personnel. Am J Prev Med. 2010;38(Suppl 1):S61-70.
[11]Haskell SG, Ning Y, Krebs E, Goulet J, Mattocks K, Kerns R, et al. Prevalence of painful musculoskeletal conditions in female and male veterans in 7 years after return from deployment in Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom. Clin J Pain. 2012;28(2):163-7.
[12]Isaar [Internet]. Tehran: Veteran and Martyr Affairs Foundation [Published 2015, December; Cited 2016, 26 August]. Available from: http://isaar.ir/doc/news/fa/104148
[13]Wrobel JS, Crews RT, Connolly JE. Clinical factors associated with a conservative gait pattern in older male veterans with diabetes. J Foot Ankle Res. 2009;2:11.
[14]Lavery LA, Armstrong DG, Boulton AJ. Ankle equinus deformity and its relationship to high plantar pressure in a large population with diabetes mellitus. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 2002;92(9):479-82.
[15]Kalantariyan M, Minoonejad H, Rajabi R, Beyranvand R, Zahiri A. The comparison of the electromyography activity of selected muscles of the ankle joint in athletes with ankle dorsiflexion range of motion limitation with healthy athletes during the single-leg jump landing. Rehab Med. 2013;2(2):14-23. [Persian]
[16]Robitaille E, Agur A, Switzer-McIntyre Sh, Hebert L. The optimization of the management of lateral ankle sprains by physiotherapists in the Canadian forces. 228 Symposium on Force Sustainment Rehabilitation, Regeneration & Prosthetics for Reintegration for Duty. Milan: North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), Science & Technology Organization Collaboration Support Office, Human Factors & Medicine; 2013 April.
[17]Pope R, Herbert R, Kirwan J. Effects of ankle dorsiflexion range and pre-exercise calf muscle stretching on injury risk in Army recruits. Aust J Physiother. 1998;44(3):165-72.
[18]Bleakley CM, McDonough SM, MacAuley DC. Some conservative strategies are effective when 25 added to controlled mobilisation with external support after acute ankle sprain: a systematic review. Aust J Physiother. 2008;54(1):7-20.
[19]Riddle DL, Pulisic M, Pidcoe P, Johnson RE. Risk factors for plantar fasciitis: A matched case-control study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2003;85(5):872-7.
[20]Veterans Affairs Canada [Internet]. Charlottetown: Government of Canada [Published 2002, May 1; Updated 2015, March 31]. Available from: http://veterans.gc.ca/pdf/dispen/eeg/leg_length_inequality.pdf
[21]Soukka A, Alaranta H, Tallroth K, Heliövaara M. Leg-length inequality in people of working age: The association between mild inequality and low-back pain is questionable. Spine. 1991;16(4):429-31.
[22]Kamaliardakani M, Karimi MT. Standing stability of lower limb amputees: A systematic review. Iran J War Public Health. 2013;5(3):58-66. [Persian]
[23]Rose MR, Brix KA. Neurological disorders in Gulf War veterans. Philos Trans R SocLond B Biol Sci. 2006;361(1468):605-18.
[24]Joseph TK, Foster L, Pasquina P. Decreased prevalence of peripheral nerve pathology by electrodiagnostic testing in Gulf War veterans. Mil Med. 2004;169(11):868-71.
[25]Verdú E, Ceballos D, Vilches JJ, Navarro X. Influence of aging on peripheral nerve function and regeneration. J peripheral Nervous Sys. 2000;5(4):191-208.
[26]Gray GC, Coate BD, Anderson CM, Kang HK, Berg SW, Wignall FS. The postwar hospitalization experience of U.S. veterans of the Persian Gulf War. N Engl J Med. 1996; 335(20): 1505-13.
[27]Mesgar S, Amini Nasab Z, Nakhaei M H, Sharifzade G, Javadinia S A. Study of quality of life, depression, and daily routines in rural elders in Birjand City, Iran, in 2013. Salmand. 2015;10(3):142-7. [Persian]
[28]Amini R1, Sahaf R, Kaldi A, Haghani H, Davatgaran K, Masoumi M, et al. Activities of daily living independence in Iranian blind war survivors: A cross sectional study, 2008. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2013;13(3):741-50.
[29]Mehdizadeh S, Abbasi S, Moqaddam M, Kiyani M. Mental health in chemical warfare victims with Bronchiolitis Obliterans. Iran J War Public Health. 2012;4(1):53-8. [Persian]
[30]Mostafaloo A, Gazmeh J. The relationship between job satisfaction and mental health in chemical veterans. Iran J War Public Health. 2013;5(4):43-50. [Persian]
[31]Soroush MR, Ganjparvar Z, Masoumi M, Mousavi B. Instrumental activity of daily living in war related bilateral lower limb amputation. Iran J War Publish Haelth. 2012;4(4):1-7. [Persian]
[32]Mandani B, Fakhri A. Study of health related quality of life in posttraumatic stress disorder war veterans. Iran J War Public Health. 2013;5(2):18-25. [Persian]
[33]Mahmoodi MJ, Moshfegh M. Challenges and opportunities for economic, social, of demographic transition focusing on Iran. J Popul Assoc Iran. 2009;4(7):67-86. [Persian]
[34]Khademi MJ, Gharib M, Rashedi V. Prevalence of depression in the amputated patients concerning demographic variables. Iran J War Publish Health. 2012;4(2):12-7. [Persian]
[35]Karampourian A, Hosseinabadi R, Imani B. Effect of quality circles on job satisfaction of nurses employing in Hamadan Medical Emergency Service . Pajouhan. 2012;11(1):19-23. [Persian]
[36]Jafari MJ, Shafiean N, Mahfuzpour S, Mehrabi Y. The relationship between job satisfaction and occupational safety and occupational health status of nurses in a hospital. Health Safety Work. 2012;2(3):41-8. [Persian]
[37]Azad-Marzabadi E, Tarkhorani H. The relation between job stress and job satisfaction in a group of personnel. J Behav Sci. 2008;1(2):121-9. [Persian]
[38]Mohammadbeigi A, Jahani F, Mohammadsalehi N. Association of psychological health status and job satisfaction in the staffs of Arak hospitals. Zahedan J Res Med Sci. 2012;13(Suppl 1):8. [Persian]
[39]Courtney M, Yacopetti J, James C and Walsh A. Queensland public sector nurseexecutives: Job satisfaction andcareer opportunities. Aust Health Rev. 2001;24(2):83-95.
[40]Arassi M, Mohammadi H, Motamedzade M, Kamalinia M, MardaniD, Mohammadi Beiragani M, et al. The association between psychosocial factors and occupational accidents among iranian drilling workers. J Ergon. 2014;2(1):36-45. [Persian]
[41]Janmohammadi N, Tirgar A, Babazadeh A, Sarvi F. Epidemiologic study of bone and soft tissue injuries resulting from occupational accidents in hospitalized patients of Shahid Beheshti Hospital in babol city during 2010-2012. J Ilam Univ Med Sci. 2015;23(2):36-43. [Persian]
[42]Kangarlo HR, MalekzadehSh, Alizadeh K, Shamshiri B. The prevalence of musculoskeletal causes of disability retirement among air force personnel during. Annal Mil Health Sci Res. 2006;4(4):813-8. [Persian]
[43]Born CT. Blast trauma: The fourth weapon of mass destruction. Scand J Surg. 2005;94(4):279-85.
[44]Lechner R, Achatz G, Hauer T, Palm HG, Lieber A, Willy C. Patterns and causes of injuries in a contemporary combat environment. Unfallchirurg. 2010;113(2):106-13. [German]
[45]Cernak I1, Savic J, Ignjatovic D, Jevtic M. Blast injury from explosive munitions. J Trauma. 1999;47(1):96-103.
[46]Gerber DA. Disabled veterans, the state, and the experience of disability in western societies, 1914-1950. J Soc History. 2003;36(4):899-16.
[47]McEnaneyL. Veterans' welfare, the gi bill and american demobilization. J Law Med Ethics. 2011;39(1):41-7.
[48]Abbaspour R, Hosseini Davarani SH, Masoumi M, Modirian E, Khateri Sh, Mousavi B, et al. Satisfaction of child victims of landmines with services of veterans and martyr affair foundation (VMAF). Daneshvar. 2015;22(118):43-50.
[49]Jandaghi Gh, Zarei Matin H, Heydari F, Imani M. The attitude of war handicaped toward the services recieved in terms of their needs. Iran J War Publish Health. 2010;2(2):22-31. [Persian]
[50]Seyed Hoseini Davarani SH, Mousavi B, Karbalaeiesmaeili S, Soroush MR, Masoumi M. Service satisfaction among war related bilateral lower limb amputation. Iran J War Publish Health. 2010;3(1):49-54. [Persian]
[51]DeLeire T. The wage and employment effects of the Americans with disabilities act. J Human Resour. 2000;35(4):693-715.
[52]Boardman J. Work, employment and psychiatric disability. Adv Psychiatr Treat. 2003;9(5):327-34.
[53]Borenstein DG. Epidemiology, etiology, diagnostic evaluation, and treatment of low back pain. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2001;13(2):128-34.
[54]Ropponena A, Svedbergc P, Kalsod E, Koskenvuof M, Silventoineng K, Kaprio J. A prospective twin cohort study of disability pensions due to musculoskeletal diagnoses in relation to stability and change in pain. Pain. 2013;154(10):1966-72.
[55]Kaplan RM, Herrmann AK, Morrison JT, De Fina LF, Morrow JR Jr. Costs associated with women's physical activity musculoskeletal injuries: the women's injury study. J Phys Act Health. 2014;11(6):1149-55.
[56]Mohebbi I, Sharifian AA. Prevalence of absence of work due to health and its determinants among the employees of an industrial plant. Urmia Med J. 2005;16(4):229-34. [Persian]
[57]Amini R, Haghani H, Masoumi M, Nakhaee M. Quality of life in blind war survivors. Iran J War Publish Health. 2009;1(2):24-35. [Persian]
[58]Ahmadi K, Nejati V. Evaluation of epidemiology of chronic disease in Iranian psychiatric veterans. Iran J War Publish Health. 2010;2(4):8-12. [Persian]
[59]Barnes C. Disability, work, and welfare: Challenging the social exclusion of disabled people. Work Employ Soc. 2005;19(3):527-45.
[60]Thornton P, Lunt N. Employment policies for disabled people in eighteen countries: A review. York: University of York, Social Policy Research Unit; 1997. pp. 346-50.