@2024 Afarand., IRAN
ISSN: 2008-2630 Iranian Journal of War & Public Health 2014;6(3):87-93
ISSN: 2008-2630 Iranian Journal of War & Public Health 2014;6(3):87-93
Prediction of Cognitive and Motivational Functions of Sports Imagery in Veteran Basketball Players
ARTICLE INFO
Article Type
Original ResearchAuthors
Rostami R. (* )Rezaee M. (1 )
(* ) Physical Education Department, Education and Psychology Faculty, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
(1 ) Physical Education Department, Education and Psychology Faculty, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
Correspondence
Article History
Received: April 19, 2013Accepted: March 10, 2014
ePublished: April 2, 2014
ABSTRACT
Aims
The present study was done with aim to predict the cognitive and
motivational functions of sports imagery based on age, visual and motor imagery
ability in Iranian veteran basketball players.
Materials & Methods This descriptive-correlational study was done on 40 veteran basketball players participating in the national championship in 2007 in Shiraz who were selected by census method in 2007. The research tools were demographic, motor imagery (VMIQ), visual imagery (VVIQ) and sport imagery (SIQ) questionnaires. Data analyzed using SPSS16 software. Relation between variables was evaluated using the Spearman correlation coefficient and regression equation for each stage.
Findings The age variable was correlated with motivational specific imagery functions, motivational-arousal general, motivational-experts general and sports imagery generally. The highest mean of the scores belonged to motivational specific imagery and lowest mean scores belonged to the cognitive general imagery. Visual imagery ability (with open eyes) for the motivational specific imagery function had also predictive role.
Conclusion There is a correlation between sport imagery functions with age and the visual imagery ability with open eyes. Sport imagery functions (motivational specific, motivational-expert general and motivational-arousal general) are predicted based on age, which means that with increasing the age the use of these functions decreases. Also, by reducing imagery with open eyes, motivational specific function is reduced.
Materials & Methods This descriptive-correlational study was done on 40 veteran basketball players participating in the national championship in 2007 in Shiraz who were selected by census method in 2007. The research tools were demographic, motor imagery (VMIQ), visual imagery (VVIQ) and sport imagery (SIQ) questionnaires. Data analyzed using SPSS16 software. Relation between variables was evaluated using the Spearman correlation coefficient and regression equation for each stage.
Findings The age variable was correlated with motivational specific imagery functions, motivational-arousal general, motivational-experts general and sports imagery generally. The highest mean of the scores belonged to motivational specific imagery and lowest mean scores belonged to the cognitive general imagery. Visual imagery ability (with open eyes) for the motivational specific imagery function had also predictive role.
Conclusion There is a correlation between sport imagery functions with age and the visual imagery ability with open eyes. Sport imagery functions (motivational specific, motivational-expert general and motivational-arousal general) are predicted based on age, which means that with increasing the age the use of these functions decreases. Also, by reducing imagery with open eyes, motivational specific function is reduced.
Keywords:
Cognitive Function,
Motivational Function,
Visual Imagery,
Movement Imagery,
Basketball Players,
Veteran,
CITATION LINKS
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[22]Barr K, Hall C. The use of imagery by rowers. Int Sport Psychol. 1992;23(3):243-61.
[23]Gregg M, Hall C, McGowan E, Hall N. The relationship between imagery ability and imagery use among athletes. J Applied Sport Psychol. 2011;23(2):129-41.
[24]Rostami R, Rezaie M. A comparison of different functions of sport imagery based on the experience level and the player’s position among female basketball players of league one in Iran universities. Middle East J Sci Res. 2013;14(9):1235-41.
[25]Issac AR. Mental practice- does it work in the field?. Sport Psychol. 1992;6(2):192-8.
[26]Gregg M, Hall C, Nederhof E. The imagery ability, imagery use, and performance relationship. Sport Psychol. 2005;19:93-9.
[27]Robin N, Dominique L, Toussaint L, Blandin Y, Guillot A, Le Her M. Effect of motor imagery training on service return accuracy in tennis: The role of imagery ability. Int J Sport Exerc Psychol. 2007;5(2):175-86.
[28]Kirkby RJ. Wheelchair netball: Motives and attitudes of competitors with and without disabilities. Aust Psychol. 1995;30(2):109-12.
[29]Hanrahan SJ. Practical considerations for working with athletes with disabilities. Sport Psychol. 1998;12(3):346-57.
[30]Henschen KP, Horvat M, Roswal G. Psychological profiles of the United States wheelchair basketball team. Int J Sport Psychol. 1992;23(2):128-37.
[31]Martin JJ, Mushett CA. Social support mechanisms among athletes with disabilities. Adapt Phys Act Q. 1996;13(1):74-83.
[32]Watanabe KT, Cooper RA, Vosse AJ, Baldini FD, Robertson RN. Training practices of athletes who participated in the national wheelchair athletic association training camps. Adapt Phys Act Q. 1992;9(3):249-60.
[33]Vealey RS, Hayashi SW, Garner-Holman M, Giacobbi P. Sources of sport-confidence: Conceptualization and instrument development. J Sport Exerc Psychol. 1998;20:54-80.
[34]Asken MJ. The challenge of the physically challenged: Delivering sport psychology services to physically disabled athletes. Sport Psychol. 1991;5(4):370-81.
[35]Jefferies P, Gallagher P, Dunne S. The paralympic athlete: A systematic review of the psychosocial literature. Prosthet Orthot Int. 2012;36(3):278-89.
[36]Hanrahan SJ. Psychological skills training for competitive wheelchair and amputee athletes. Aust Psychol. 1995;30(2):96-101.
[37]Shearer D, Mellalieu S, Shearer C, Roderique-Davies G. The effects of a video-aided imagery intervention upon collective efficacy in an international paralympic wheelchair basketball team. J Imagery Res Sport Phys Act. 2009;4(1):1-25.
[38]Isaac AR, Marks DF, Russell DG. An instrument for assessing the imagery of movement: The vividness of movement imagery questionnaire. J Ment Imagery. 1986;10(4):23-30.
[39]Hemayat talab R, Sheikh M, Movahedi A, Asad M. Effect of transposition of mental practice on learning perceptual-motor skills with a focus on internal and external imagery. Res Sport Sci. 2007;4(14):139-51. [Persian]
[40]Marks DF. Visual imagery differences in the recall of pictures. Br J Psychol. 1973;64(1):17-24.
[41]Campos A. The vividness of imagery in a person who has been blind for three years. J Vis Impair Blind. 2004;98(5):1211-7.
[42]Rostami R, Vaez Mousavi M, Bahram A, Kazem Nezhad A. Effect of cognitive and motivational imagery along with physical practice on the performance and learning of basketball free throw. Mov Sci Sport. 2009;14(7):39-50. [Persian]
[2]Fung L, Fu FH. Psychological determinates between wheelchair sport finalists and non-finalists. Int J Sport Psychol. 1995;26(4):568-79.
[3]Jacobs PL. Effects of resistance and endurance training in persons with paraplegia. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2009;41(5):992-7.
[4]Paulsen P, French R, Sherrill C. Comparison of wheelchair athletes and nonathletes on selected mood states. Percept Mot Skills. 1990;71(3):1160-2.
[5]Gregg M, Hall C, Butler A. The MIQ-RS: A suitable option for examining movement imagery ability. Evid Based Complementary Altern Med. 2010;7(2):249-57.
[6]Guthrie ER. The psychology of learning. New York: Harper & Row; 1952.
[7]Wrisberg CA. Sport skill introduction for coaches. Champaign: Human Kinetics; 2007.
[8]Martin Ginis KA, Moritz SE, Hall CR. Imagery use in sport: A literature review & applied model. J Sport Psychol. 1999;13(3):245-68.
[9]Bastos T, Corredeira R, Probst M, Fonseca AM. Elite disability sport coaches’ views on sport psychology. Int J Psychol Stud. 2014;6(1):33-44.
[10]Cumming J, Hall C. Deliberate imagery practice: The development of imagery skills in competitive athletes. J Sports Sci. 2002;20(2):137-45.
[11]Taylor J, Wilson GS. Applying sport psychology: Four perspectives. Champaign: Human Kinetics; 2005.
[12]Watt AP, Spittle M, Jaakkola T, Morris T. Adopting Paivio's general analytic framework to examine imagery use in sport. J Imagery Res Sport Phys Act. 2008;3(1):1-15.
[13]Weinberg RS, Gould D. Foundation of sport and exercise psychology. 5th ed. Champaign: Human kinetics; 2011.
[14]Magill RA. Motor Learning: Concepts and applications. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies; 2002.
[15]Fery YA. Differentiating visual and kinesthetic imagery in mental practice. Can J Exp Psychol. 2003;57(1):1-10.
[16]Murphy SM, Fleck SJ, Dudley G, Callister R. Psychological and performance concomitants of increased volume training in athletes. J Applied Sport Psychol. 1990;2(1):34-50.
[17]Popescu A. The effect of different imagery ratios on learning and performing a gymnastic floor routine. [dissertation]. Michigan: Eastern Michigan University; 2005.
[18]Paivio A. Cognitive and motivational functions of imagery in human performance. Can J Applied Sport Sci. 1985;10(4):22-8.
[19]Hall CR, Mack DM, Paivio A, Hausenblas HA. Imagery use by athletes: Development of the sport imagery questionnaire. Int J Sport Psychol. 1998;29(1):73-89.
[20]Salmon J, Hall CR, Haslam I. The use of imagery by soccer players. J Applied Sport Psychol. 1994;6(1):116-33.
[21]White A, Hardy L. Use of imagery perspectives on the learning & performance of different motor skills. Brit J Psychol. 1995;86(2):169-80.
[22]Barr K, Hall C. The use of imagery by rowers. Int Sport Psychol. 1992;23(3):243-61.
[23]Gregg M, Hall C, McGowan E, Hall N. The relationship between imagery ability and imagery use among athletes. J Applied Sport Psychol. 2011;23(2):129-41.
[24]Rostami R, Rezaie M. A comparison of different functions of sport imagery based on the experience level and the player’s position among female basketball players of league one in Iran universities. Middle East J Sci Res. 2013;14(9):1235-41.
[25]Issac AR. Mental practice- does it work in the field?. Sport Psychol. 1992;6(2):192-8.
[26]Gregg M, Hall C, Nederhof E. The imagery ability, imagery use, and performance relationship. Sport Psychol. 2005;19:93-9.
[27]Robin N, Dominique L, Toussaint L, Blandin Y, Guillot A, Le Her M. Effect of motor imagery training on service return accuracy in tennis: The role of imagery ability. Int J Sport Exerc Psychol. 2007;5(2):175-86.
[28]Kirkby RJ. Wheelchair netball: Motives and attitudes of competitors with and without disabilities. Aust Psychol. 1995;30(2):109-12.
[29]Hanrahan SJ. Practical considerations for working with athletes with disabilities. Sport Psychol. 1998;12(3):346-57.
[30]Henschen KP, Horvat M, Roswal G. Psychological profiles of the United States wheelchair basketball team. Int J Sport Psychol. 1992;23(2):128-37.
[31]Martin JJ, Mushett CA. Social support mechanisms among athletes with disabilities. Adapt Phys Act Q. 1996;13(1):74-83.
[32]Watanabe KT, Cooper RA, Vosse AJ, Baldini FD, Robertson RN. Training practices of athletes who participated in the national wheelchair athletic association training camps. Adapt Phys Act Q. 1992;9(3):249-60.
[33]Vealey RS, Hayashi SW, Garner-Holman M, Giacobbi P. Sources of sport-confidence: Conceptualization and instrument development. J Sport Exerc Psychol. 1998;20:54-80.
[34]Asken MJ. The challenge of the physically challenged: Delivering sport psychology services to physically disabled athletes. Sport Psychol. 1991;5(4):370-81.
[35]Jefferies P, Gallagher P, Dunne S. The paralympic athlete: A systematic review of the psychosocial literature. Prosthet Orthot Int. 2012;36(3):278-89.
[36]Hanrahan SJ. Psychological skills training for competitive wheelchair and amputee athletes. Aust Psychol. 1995;30(2):96-101.
[37]Shearer D, Mellalieu S, Shearer C, Roderique-Davies G. The effects of a video-aided imagery intervention upon collective efficacy in an international paralympic wheelchair basketball team. J Imagery Res Sport Phys Act. 2009;4(1):1-25.
[38]Isaac AR, Marks DF, Russell DG. An instrument for assessing the imagery of movement: The vividness of movement imagery questionnaire. J Ment Imagery. 1986;10(4):23-30.
[39]Hemayat talab R, Sheikh M, Movahedi A, Asad M. Effect of transposition of mental practice on learning perceptual-motor skills with a focus on internal and external imagery. Res Sport Sci. 2007;4(14):139-51. [Persian]
[40]Marks DF. Visual imagery differences in the recall of pictures. Br J Psychol. 1973;64(1):17-24.
[41]Campos A. The vividness of imagery in a person who has been blind for three years. J Vis Impair Blind. 2004;98(5):1211-7.
[42]Rostami R, Vaez Mousavi M, Bahram A, Kazem Nezhad A. Effect of cognitive and motivational imagery along with physical practice on the performance and learning of basketball free throw. Mov Sci Sport. 2009;14(7):39-50. [Persian]