@2024 Afarand., IRAN
ISSN: 2538-4384 Geographical Researches 2020;35(2):105-115
ISSN: 2538-4384 Geographical Researches 2020;35(2):105-115
Comparative Study of Sustainable Development of Nomadic Areas from Legal Rules and Development Programs Perspective before and after the Islamic Revolution in Iran
ARTICLE INFO
Article Type
Original ResearchAuthors
Pakrah M. (1)Poorhashemi SA (*1)
Parvin MR (2)
(1) Department of Environmental Law, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
(2) Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
Correspondence
Address: Science and Research Branch of Islamic Azad University, Shohadae Hesarak Boulevard, Daneshgah Square, End of Shahid Sattari Highway, Tehran, Iran. Postal Code: 1477893855Phone: +98 (21) 88253582
Fax: +98 (21) 88252213
ahashemy@yahoo.com
Article History
Received: April 27, 2020Accepted: May 20, 2020
ePublished: May 23, 2020
ABSTRACT
Aims & Backgrounds
This study aims to compare the sustainable development of nomadic areas of the country from the perspective of legal rules before and after the Islamic Revolution of Iran.
Methodology This research is descriptive and analytical in the form of an in-depth study. In the first step, basic information about the nomadic status (population, distribution, and proportion) was collected from documents before and after the revolution. Then; relevant rules and regulations which were enacted in each period were extracted and compared. Furthermore; a comparative analysis was made between the indicators of sustainable nomadic development in both study periods. Finally, the World Bank's approach and guidelines were used to measure sustainable development indicators.
Findings Sustainable development of nomadic areas before the revolution was Varying. While after the revolution, there are fewer changes in planning and lawmaking. However, some indicators of sustainable development had been in a better situation, For example, capital provision by the local community, income level, natural ecosystem health, and natural resource utilization. While, after the revolution, some indicators such as the existence of legal rules, participation in the development programs, introducing plans, and programs to the government, sanitation, literacy rate, and influencing the national economy are better.
Conclusion The results show that despite the approval of progressive laws such as article 50th of the constitution, current legal rules are incapable of striking a balance among the indicators of human, environmental and economic development in nomadic areas.
Methodology This research is descriptive and analytical in the form of an in-depth study. In the first step, basic information about the nomadic status (population, distribution, and proportion) was collected from documents before and after the revolution. Then; relevant rules and regulations which were enacted in each period were extracted and compared. Furthermore; a comparative analysis was made between the indicators of sustainable nomadic development in both study periods. Finally, the World Bank's approach and guidelines were used to measure sustainable development indicators.
Findings Sustainable development of nomadic areas before the revolution was Varying. While after the revolution, there are fewer changes in planning and lawmaking. However, some indicators of sustainable development had been in a better situation, For example, capital provision by the local community, income level, natural ecosystem health, and natural resource utilization. While, after the revolution, some indicators such as the existence of legal rules, participation in the development programs, introducing plans, and programs to the government, sanitation, literacy rate, and influencing the national economy are better.
Conclusion The results show that despite the approval of progressive laws such as article 50th of the constitution, current legal rules are incapable of striking a balance among the indicators of human, environmental and economic development in nomadic areas.
CITATION LINKS
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[2]Borriello F (2013). The sustainability of mediterranean port areas: Environmental management for local regeneration in Valencia. Journal Sustainability. 5(10):4288-4311.
[3]Cochran JC, Lynch MJ, Toman EL, Shields (2016). Court sentencing patterns for environmental crimes: Is there a “Green” gap in punishment?. Journal of Quantitative Criminology. 1-30.
[4]Hajivand A, Mirkamali A, Safari F, Sarvai Sarmidani O (2018). Government criminal responsibility for environmental crimes in Iran: Necessities and challenges. Environmental Sciences. 16(2):65-82. [Persian]
[5]Hosseini S, Daneshfard K, Memarzadeh Tehran GR, Bahmanpour H (2019). Validation of networking approach in environmental policy in IRAN to decrease environmental pollution by factor analysis method. Anthropogenic Pollution Journal. 3(2):1-9. [Persian]
[6]Statistical Center of Iran [Internet]. Statistical center of Iran, Iranian population and housing Census; Nomadic Areas. periodic report. [Published 2019, 15 May; Cited 2018, 23 July]. Tehran: Iranian Statistical Center Publications. Available From: https://www.amar.org.ir/
[7] Noroozi A, Mahmoodian F (2015). Comparative study of economic and social indicators of settled and uninhabited nomads case study: Koohrang city. Journal of Spatial Planning (Geography). 5(4):17-38. [Persian]
[8]PBO (2019). Plan and budget organization, the evolution of development approaches from an international perspective with an emphasis on sustainable development, 89 p.
[9]Piri F, Aftab A, Majnooni A (2018). Investigating the role of nomadic community in establishing lasting security in Iran's border areas. Journal of Border Sciences and Technology. 7(4):121-146. [Persian]
[10]Safinejad J (2004). The social structure of Iranian nomads. Journal of National Studies. 5(1):43- 84. [Persian]
[11]The Science and Environmental Health Network [Internet]. The International Human Rights Clinic at Harvard Law School, Modeles for Protecting the Environment for future Generations. [Published 2008, 7 May; Cited 2012, 23 June]. United States: SEHN Publications. Available From: http://www.sehn.org
[12]Sidayi E, Dehghani A (2011). Programming of nomadic ecosystems. Tehran: Isfahan University Jihad Publications. [Persian]
[13]Tavakoli J, Ziatavana MH (2009). The spatial consequences of nomadic settlement in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province. Rural and Development Quarterly.12(1):53-86. [Persian]
[14]Education for a Sustainable Future [Internet]. UNESCO: Sustainable development begins with education [Cited 2017, 5 August; Published 2008]. Paris: UNESCO Publications. Available From: https://en.unesco.org/themes/education-sustainable-development
[15]WB. (2017) Guidance note on tools for pollution management, World Bank. 221 p.
[16]Yousefi J, Ozkia M, Kaldi A (2017). Development of a conceptual model resulting from the combination of indigenous and modern knowledge using the basic theory in the restoration, preservation, maintenance and exploitation of natural resources with the post-development approach of Mamasani tribe of Fars province. Sociological studies. 10(34):7-31. [Persian]