ARTICLE INFO

Article Type

Descriptive & Survey Study

Authors

Rahmanian   V. (1)
Zolala   F. (* )
Mohseni   M. (1 )
Baneshi   M. (1)
Khalili   N. (1)






(* ) Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman , Iran
(1) Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran

Correspondence

Address: Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, First of Haft Bagh-e-Alavi, Kerman, Iran. Postal Code: 76169-13555
Phone: +98 (34) 31325090
Fax: +98 (34) 31325407
zolalafarzaneh@gmail.com

Article History

Received:  April  6, 2016
Accepted:  January 21, 2017
ePublished:  March 25, 2017

BRIEF TEXT


The concept of body is the result of applying it as much as possible in social actions. So, achieving social success affects the physical image and, as a result, makes people know how to deal with their bodies. … [1-8].

In Iran, there are few studies on the body`s image and the factors affecting it, and these studies are very limited in special populations, such as pregnant women [1].

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between body image and social participation in pregnant women.

This research is longitudinal.

This study was conducted in 2014 among pregnant patients at the specialty-specialized referential arts clinic of Jahrom University of Medical Sciences.

A total of 260 pregnant women were selected by simple sampling during the third month of pregnancy.

… [6-8]. The main questionnaire of the research included demographic characteristics, body image questionnaire, and social participation questionnaire. Demographic characteristics include age, education, place of residence, occupation, pregnancy status (wanted, unwanted) and pregnancy turn (first delivery, not the first delivery). Body image questionnaire (BSQ) shows a view of the respondent of his/her appearance. The validity and reliability of this questionnaire have been reported appropriate in Iran [9]. The Social Participation Questionnaire is a researcher-made questionnaire that shows the level of formal and informal participation. In order to evaluate the content validity, the Hamilton method that the basis of this method is the viewpoint of an expert was used. Statistical analysis: Data analysis was performed using SPSS 18 software and central tendency and distribution indices were used to describe the data. In order to study the relationship and to identify the effect of various factors on body image and social participation, paired t-test was used. Considering the longitudinal nature of the study and measurement of the variables during pregnancy months, “Multivariate Linear Regression Model” was used using reverse deletion method.

The mean age of participants was 27.6±4.88 years (with the range of 17-39 and medium 28). 84.9% of them were homemakers and the residence place of 78.0% of them was city. 42.4% of the women had their first experience of pregnancy and about 86.5% of them had wanted pregnancy. 100% of the participants were using the phone and 89% were using internet and mass media (What’s up, viber, etc.). 14.3% of the participants were at the first stage of pregnancy, while this ratio was 3.3% in the second phase. Also, 4.5% of them had the first stage of pregnancy problems that this was 12.7% in the second stage. The mean score of body imagination in the third quarter was higher and it was toward dissatisfaction with the body`s imagination. Also, the mean score of social participation in pregnant women was lower (Table 1). The relationship between body imagination and social participation in the first trimester of pregnancy was positive, weak and significant (p=0.007; r=0.12) that is with increase in one, another one was slightly increased. However, this relation was not significant in the third quarter (p=0.88; r=0.007). No significant correlation was observed between body image and social participation using multiple linear regression (p=0.69). There was a significant difference between the mean score of body image and in the first and third trimester of pregnancy (p=0.001) so that female participants had better body image in the first trimester of pregnancy. Also, body image scores in women with their first pregnancy and women with several pregnancy (p=0.04) had significant difference and it was higher in the women in their pregnancy. Female participants, had more social participation in the first trimester compared to the third quarter (p=0.001). The social participation score was significantly different in urban and rural women (p=0.008) and in the urban women, the mean social participation was higher. In addition, the social participation score was significantly different in different educational levels (p=0.001) that is with the increase in the level of education, the level of social participation was higher (Table 2). As a result of one-year increase in the age of pregnant women, the social participation score decreased by 0.07 which was not significant (p=0.58), and as a unit of increase in the body imagination score, the mean score of social participation of pregnant women decreased by 0.007 which also was not significant (p=0.69). The variables of pregnancy time (p=0.001) and pregnancy turn (p=0.04) in the linear regression model showed significant correlation with body imagination, and in other variables including age, occupation, education level, longing and pregnancy problems, this correlation was not significant and were removed from the model. Regarding the social participation, also, the variables of pregnancy time (p=0.001) and education level (p=0.001) were significant in the model. Other variables were not meaningful and excluded from the model.

In this study, the body image of pregnant women changed during pregnancy, so women found more dissatisfaction with body image at the end of pregnancy compared with their early pregnancy [10]. However, the most important part of body`s image during pregnancy is the effect that dissatisfaction with body can directly and indirectly have on health of mother and fetus [11, 12]. … 13, 14]. Other results of this study showed that demographic factors such as age, education, wanted or unwanted pregnancy and occupation do not affect the body image in the pregnant women. On the other hand, other studies have shown that despite the weight gain during pregnancy and the absence of aesthetic social ideas, the body image of the women is positive [15]. The view that “My body is my baby`s body” shows how women see their body changes during pregnancy as a good indication of the growth and development of their fetus and their adequacy as mothers [16]. The concept of body image is more of a cultural issue that goes back to the values and norms of society. … [17-22]. In the present study, with the passage of time from the first trimester to the third trimester of pregnancy, the rate of social participation of women showed a lower score.

It is suggested that descriptive and analytic research be conducted regarding the social participation of pregnant women.

So far, a study has not been conducted to measure the extend of social participation in a particular group of pregnant women.

During pregnancy from the first trimester to the third quarter, the level of body image satisfaction and social participation in pregnant women decrease, but the social participation of pregnant women during pregnancy is not affected by the body image.

This research work is the result of dissertation with the same title in Graduate Epidemiology Department of Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health. Thanks to the cooperation of the pregnant women and the staff of the art clinic who collaborated with this study.

Non-declared

For ethical consideration, at first, the purpose of the study was described to the participants, and then written consent was received for participation in the study.

This study has been funded by the authors.

TABLES and CHARTS

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