@2024 Afarand., IRAN

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ISSN: 2252-0805    The Horizon of Medical Sciences 2017;23(4):325-330

Background
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic endocrine disorder characterized by hyperglycemia due to non-regulation of glucose in the blood [1].
Previous Studies
… [2-6].In a study, it was shown that one week of aerobic exercise activity could improve glycemic indices in type 2 diabetic patients [7]. Medicinal herbs and their derivatives have long been considered in the treatment of diabetes mellitus and its complications, but the effectiveness of many of them have not yet been found to be reliable and valid [8]. Ginger with the scientific name “Zingiber Officinale” is a tropical plant. … [9, 10]. Saghir Ahmad et al. reported the reductive blood glucose effect in the aqueous ginger extract [11]. Roghani et al., also, reported the effectiveness of ginger and its derivations in the treatment of diabetes mellitus and its complications [8].
Aim(s)
In different studies, the hypoglycemic effects of sport activities and consumption of ginger extract have been investigated separately. However, a study that examine the simultaneous effect of these two has not been found in literature. The purpose of this study was to investigate the interactive effect of hypoglycemic use of ginger extract and endurance training on glucose indices in diabetic rats.
Research type
This study is experimental with pretest-posttest design with the control group.
Research society, place and time
In this study, Sprague aged male rats weighting 8 weeks and weighing 120-180 g were purchased from animal house of Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht Branch.
Sampling method and number
After transferring rats to the lab and holding them for one week in cages to adapt to the environment, all rats were injected with peritoneal injection of 60 mg/kg of streptozotocin (Sigma, USA). Four days after induction of diabetes, fasting glucose in rats was measured using a glucometer device by punching the tail. Subsequently, from 50 rats injected with streptozotocin, 40 rats with fasting glucose more than 300 mg/dl were purposively selected as the samples and 10 remained rats with fasting glucose lower than 300 mg/dl were excluded from the research process.
Used devices&materials
The beginning of intervention included exercise program and consumption of ginger extract that were performed one week after induction of diabetes and maintenance of rats. Diabetic rats were randomly divided into four groups of 10: 1) endurance exercise, 2) consumption of ginger extract, 3) endurance exercise along with consumption of ginger extract, and 4) control group. Groups 1 and 3 were trained five days a week. Also, groups 2 and 3 received 100 mg/kg of ginger extract through intraperitoneal injection daily. Groups 1 and 4 did not receive any substance as intraperitoneal. The duration of the research was four weeks. After this time, blood sampling was performed and the studied variables including fasting glucose, insulin and insulin resistance index were measured. Within four weeks, 3 rats were excluded and therefore, the total number of rats at the end of the study was 37. The endurance training instruction included four weeks of increasing running on non-slip treadmill (slope zero percent) at speeds of 8 to 16 m/min, 30 minutes per session and five sessions per week. At the beginning, animals were running at speed of 8 meter per minute for 10 minutes. After completing the training program, in order to run the cooling program, the speed of the device was reduced inversely to speed the machine to zero. The program lasted about 5 to 7 minutes. Glucose was measured by an enzymatic method (glucose oxidase method) using a biochemical kit. Also, for measuring insulin, a sandwich and competitive immune enzyme method was used. Measurement of insulin resistance was done using HOMA-IR index. Data on research variables were described by central indicators and dispersion. To analyze the data, SPSS21 software was used. At first, normality of distribution of data was investigated by Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Then, a T-test was used to compare the weight of the rats in the pretest and posttest stages, and one-way ANOVA along with Tukey's post hoc test were used for comparing fasting glucose, insulin and insulin resistance index in the studied groups.
Findings by Text
There was no significant difference between the weight of rats in control groups, ginger extract group, endurance training, and endurance training with consumption of ginger extract in pretest and posttest levels (p>0.05, Figure 1).The levels of fasting glucose (F3 and 33=52.50), insulin (F3 and 33=52.56) and insulin resistance index (F3 and 33=56.55) were statistically significantly different in the experimental groups (p=0.001). Fasting glucose, insulin and insulin resistance levels in endurance training groups, ginger extract and endurance training with ginger extract were significantly lower than those of control group (p=0.001). Fasting glucose concentration in endurance training group with ginger extract was significantly lower than endurance training groups (p=0.007) and ginger extract group (p=0.001). Insulin concentration and insulin resistance index in endurance training group with ginger extract were significantly lower than endurance training group and ginger extract group (p=0.001; Figure 2).
Main comparison to the similar studies
… [12, 13]. In a study by Mohebi et al., eight weeks of physical training resulted in improved blood glucose control, serum lipids, cardio respiratory fitness, and body compositions in type 2 diabetic men, and these changes were most desirable in a group with high blood glucose levels [14]. In addition, the findings of this study were consistent with the results of study by Hosseini et al. [15]. Since in both studies, diabetic rats received 60 mg/kg of body weight with streptozotocin poison, the basic levels of glucose and insulin resistance in rats were almost identical in both studies, and sport instructions have been able to improve sugar indexes in diabetic rats. … [16-21]. Shirdel et al., with the study of the anti-diabetic and antilipidemic effect of ginger in diabetic rats with alloxan monohydrate as well as comparing it with glibenclamide, found that ginger could significantly decrease serum glucose, triglyceride, low density lipoprotein and very low density lipoprotein. They also found that reduction level of glucose and low density lipoprotein by ginger was the same as glibenclamide, and the decrease of triglyceride and lipoprotein levels by ginger was more than their reduction by glibenclamide [22]. However, the results obtained in the current study was not consistent with the findings of previous studies regarding the reduction of glucose by ginger extract [8, 9, 11, and 22]. However, the results are consistent with other sugar indices. … [23-25].
Suggestions
It is suggested that, in future studies, interactive hypoglycemic effects of ginger with different doses and endurance exercise with different intensities be investigated. Also, considering that all different herbal drugs can have different effects on the improvement of diabetes-related disorders, it is suggested that in future studies, the interactive effect of various hypoglycemic herbal medicine such as saffron, black Cumin, coriander, and ginseng and endurance training in diabetic rats be studied.
Limitations
Limitations of this study include the lack of uniformity of the responses of rats to streptozotocin, lack of injection in all groups in order to eliminate the effect of needle and the inability to measure the caloric intake of rats during the day.
Conclusions
Endurance training along with the use of ginger extract has interactive hypoglycemic effects on improving glucose indices in diabetic rats, leading to a decrease in fasting glucose, insulin, and insulin resistance in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.
Acknowledgments
The authors of this article would like to acknowledge and appreciate the Deputy of Research and Technology of Islamic Azad University of marvdasht Branch, as well as the expert of sports physiology lab at this university unit.
Conflict of interest
Non-declared
Ethical Permissions
This study was carried out based on the instructions for working with animals at Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht Branch.
Funding Sources
This research was supported by Deputy of Research and Technology of Islamic Azad University of Marvdasht Branch.

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