@2024 Afarand., IRAN

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ISSN: 2383-2150    Journal of Education and Community Health 2019;6(4):231-237

Background
Unsafe behaviors of motorcyclists are one of the main causes of their mortality. Measuring the unsafe behaviors of motorcyclists and planning for control them in the first step, requires a tool that matches the cultural, social and religious characteristics of the society.
Previous Studies
... [1-14]. Insecure behavior of motorcyclists is one of the causes of accidents [15]. Educational interventions are one of the best ways to reduce unsafe behaviors. The effectiveness of educational interventions and health education programs require the proper and appropriate use of health education theories and models [16]. One of these models is information, motivation and behavioral skills model for assessing and measuring behaviors [17]. In this model three main factors of information, motivation and behavioral skills determine health behaviors. Information refers to the people's knowledge. Motivation involves two factors: personal motivation, as a positive attitude to safe behaviors and the belief that these behaviors are useful and social motivation that includes perceived social support and social norms for engaging in safe behaviors. Finally, behavioral skills indicate the ability and self-efficacy to perform safe behaviors [18]. … [19].
Aim(s)
The purpose of this study was to design and psychometric of measurement tool of unsafe behaviors in motorcycle driving based on information, motivation and behavioral skills model.
Research type
This research was a cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study.
Research society, place and time
This study was carried out on 210 student motorcyclists in Sabzevar in 2018.
Sampling method and number
The study population consisted of Sabzevar University students who were selected through two-stage cluster sampling. First, out of 7 universities in Sabzevar, two universities were randomly selected (Islamic Azad University and Imam Khomeini Technical University) and the sample size was determined based on the population of eligible students. Inclusion criteria were students with motorcycle using it at least one year and also the informed and voluntary consent to participate in the study.
Used devices&materials
The draft of the questionnaire was developed based on information model, motivation and behavioral skills constructs by searching in databases and studying Iranian and international studies, assessing questionnaires and relevant studies basic needs assessments of students' beliefs about motorcycle safety-preventive driving behaviors. Needs assessment was done by open-ended questions based on model constructs. Comments were recorded until saturation. Then, based on the obtained results and the results of other studies, and also observing the principles to design a research tool, the draft of the information, motivation and behavioral skills model questionnaire was designed with 32 questions, including 8 questions for information, 12 questions for motivation, 11 questions for behavioral skills constructs on a Likert scale ranging from 1 to 5.
Findings by Text
The mean age of students was 25.82 ±2.42 years, 11.0% were married and 89.0% were single and most (79.0%) had a motorbike license. Face validity: In the qualitative face validity, some changes were made to the literature of some items of the original questionnaire. Two items were similar that were merged. In quantitative face validity, after calculating the item effect size, 4 items were removed for obtaining an effect size of less than 1.5 and the number of items decreased from 32 to 27 questions. Content validity: In the qualitative content validity, based on the panel of experts, the items were reviewed and the necessary corrections were made to the items. In content validity, the content validity ratio and index were calculated. In terms of content validity ratio, according to the number of experts (n = 11), the accepted minimum CVR was 0.59. According to the scores given by the experts, 3 items were removed due to a score of less than 0.59 and eventually 24 items remained. In the content validity index (CVI), due to the CVI of higher than 0.79, 3 items were omitted. Finally, a 21-item questionnaire was included in the next step to determine construct validity. CVI was obtained from 0.97 to 0.97 with a mean of 0.88. Confirmatory factor analysis showed the effect of hidden variables on the information, motivation and behavioral skills model, and the effect of apparent and hidden variables was significant in most of the constructs (p <0.05). Also, the chi-square/degrees of freedom ratio of the model was less than 2 and the RMSEA was 0.071 (p <0.001; Table 1). Internal consistency and stability: Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the constructs was 0.7 to 0.87 and 0.836 for the whole questionnaire. The ICC index for the whole questionnaire was 0.992, which was calculated separately for each construct (Table 2).
Main comparison to the similar studies
Confirmatory factor analysis was used to determine construct validity. One of the best fit indices of structural equation models in confirmatory factor analysis is the fit index by calculating the root mean square error of approximation. It is defined as the magnitude of the difference for each degree of freedom, which should be less than 0.05 for models with good fit. Values above 0.08 indicate a reasonable approximation error [20]. The LISREL output in the present study was 0.071. The lower this index, the model has a better fit, therefore, it can be claimed that it has a good fit. … [21-27]. In this study, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.836, which is consistent with the results of Sang et al. [28] and Klassen et al. [29]. Given the high Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the questionnaire (0.836), it can be concluded that the questionnaire had a high internal consistency and also indicated that the questionnaire is suitable for using in investigations and interventional studies, as well. The results obtained from the two tests with a two-week interval showed the stability of the questionnaire for model constructs between 0.896 to 0.963 and 0.992 for the whole tool. The results were acceptable and were in agreement with the results of Sang et al., where the ICC index value was 0.81 [30]. This finding also showed that the reliability coefficient of this tool was excellent, as De Croon et al. have introduced the intra-class correlation coefficient of 0.75-75 as excellent [31].
Suggestions
Since the validity of the tool was approved, it is recommended that it be used as a standard tool in various studies on unsafe behaviors.
Limitations
Of the limitations of the present study were the difficulty of designing the items related to measuring the motivation construct based on the information, motivation, behavioral skills model and also self-report questionnaires.
Conclusions
Designed questionnaire to assess the unsafe behaviors of motorcyclists based on the information, motivation and behavioral skills model has appropriate validity and reliability and is approved.
Acknowledgments
We appreciate all the respected members of the Research Council, Ethics Committee, as well as students of Sabzevar Universities who assisted us in this study.
Conflict of interest
None.
Ethical Permissions
This study was extracted from a MSc thesis in Health Education approved by the Research Council Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences Ethics Committee (IR.MEDSAB.REC.1397.057) that registered at the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT20181113041637N1).
Funding Sources
This research was funded by Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences.

TABLES and CHARTS

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