ARTICLE INFO

Article Type

Original Research

Authors

Houshmand   M. (1)
Saeede Zarabadi   ZS. (*2)
Majedi   H. (2)
Nouri   SA. (3)






(*2) Department of Urbanism, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Art, Science & Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
(1) Department of Urbanism, Faculty of Marine Sciences and Technology, Tehran North Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
(3) Department of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering, Kermanshah Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah , Iran

Correspondence

Address: Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hesarak Martyrs Boulevard, University Square, End of Shahid Sattari Highway, Tehran, Iran. Postal Code: 3973188981.
Phone: +98 (21) 44865179
Fax: +98 (21) 44865166
z.zarabadi@srbiau.ac.ir

Article History

Received:  August  11, 2019
Accepted:  December 20, 2019
ePublished:  March 10, 2020

BRIEF TEXT


The population growth and strive to improve the life quality in cities have led to efforts to maximize the use of urban space in the third dimension which is underground space for different purposes.

Nowadays all urban activities can be done in the cities' underground including Transport (road, rail, pedestrian sidewalk), parking lots, energy transfer tunnels, offices, and leisure buildings, service sector of commercial, residential, and military areas [Penga et al 2019]. Underground urban space development is highly influenced by environmental technical properties (soil and rock quality and underground water resources), underground layers' feature (models showing the lower layers), architectural designs, relevant laws and land use regulations, economic factors (land price, the financial costs difference to build something underground or above it, and time costs), economic and efficiency of the labor, final effort to increase environmental, social and economic costs [Broere,2016]. Urban development stimulus has eight main features according to the renovating projects of cities in the US [Robert et al, 2000]: The new component changes other components. Other elements change positively and improve. This catalytic reaction does not damage the structure around. The catalytic reaction needs a comprehensive understanding of the background. All catalytic reactions are not the same. Designing an urban catalyst needs a strategic process. The final product of a catalytic reaction should be better than the collection of all components. The first step (catalyst) should be recognized.

This study aimed to present a conceptual model for the factors making the underground space a development catalyst.

This is a qualitative study carried out using grounded theory.

The current research is done in 2019 consulting the experts and academics in Mashhad and Tehran universities.

35 experts and faculty members with more than 15 years' experience in urbanism were chosen using the snowball sampling method.

Semi-structured interviews were used for gathering data. NVivo software was used for qualitative data analysis, coding, and codes' frequency analysis.

After desk review, interviewing the experts, and qualitative data analysis and according to the number of references (237references), 29 primary codes making the underground space as the urban development catalyst were extracted. Five perceptual, visional, structural, service, and functional codes are pivotal and three parameters of activity, body, and imagination are labeled as the main features making the underground space (Table 3).Figures 2, 3, and 4 show the relationships between the pivotal codes for each imagination, activity, and structure, respectively.

Molaei (2013) in his research "Explaining the relationship between underground transportation and sustainable urban development" mentions underground transport development may lead to sustainable urban development by compensating the shortage of green space and measuring traffic and environmental issues. In his recent research, Molaei (2019) recognizes the cons and pros of the underground space and gives some suggestions to improve its quality. Moreover, Pour Jafar et al (2017) presented a modern model for urban designing qualities for underground spaces.

There is no suggestion reported.

There is no suggestion reported.

The main criteria making underground space as the stimulus of urban development were extracted after in-depth interviews using grounded theory. These criteria in form of a conceptual method show activity criteria in urban underground space and city dwellers' imagination of such places lead to the expectances of services such as safety, security, and infrastructures' consonance with economic efficiency. Imagination criterion leads to the recognition of items such as consonance, human scale, comfort and sense of place, legibility, and Iranian identity in urban underground spaces. The interaction of activity and structure includes two important factors of land use and transport which are among the main features of a city or a development stimulus project. If this project is constructed in underground space, its efficiency will improve because of land use intermixture, access hierarchy and all inclusion.

There is no acknowledgment reported.

None

None

This paper is extracted from a Ph.D. thesis "explaining a conceptual model for indices of underground spaces as development stimulus in the urban development project. Case study: Mashhad" under the supervision of Dr. Zarabadi and Dr. Majedi and with the advice of Dr. Nouri.

TABLES and CHARTS

Show attach file


CITIATION LINKS

[1]Admiraal H, Cornaro A (2019) Future cities, resilient cities – The role of underground space in achieving urban resilience. Underground Space. in press.
[2]Broere W (2016). Urban underground space: solving the problems of today’s cities. Tunneling and Underground Space Technology. 55:245-248.
[3]Cui J, Allan A, Taylor MA, Lin D (2013). Underground pedestrian systems development in cities: Influencing factors and implications. Tunneling and Underground Space Technology. 35:152-160.
[4]Carmody RJ (1993). Underground space design. 1st ed. New York: Wiley.
[5]Doucet B (2007). Flagship regeneration: Panacea or urban problem. Paper presented at the EURA Conference the Vital City. 2007, 12-14 September: Glasgow, Scotland.
[6]Hunt D V L, Makana LO, Jefferson I, Rogers CDF (2016). Liveable cities and urban underground space. Tunneling and Underground Space Technology. 55:8-20.
[7]Kongsombat P (2012). Study on urban catalyst for sustainable urban development, case study of IMS/Solaria Plaza and Hotel II Palazzo [dissertation]. Japan: Kyushu University.
[8]Molyneaux N, Riccardo S, Bierlaire M (2018). Two management strategies for improving passenger transfer experience in train stations. 18th Swiss Transport Research Conference. 2018, 16-18 May: Monte Verità, Ascona, Switzerland.
[9]Molaei A (2013) Explain the relationship between underground transportation and sustainable urban development. Third International Conference on Environmental Planning and Management. 2013, December: Tehran.
[10]Molaei A (2015). Urban subsurface spaces development: Studying the basics. Iranian and World records of Urban Subsurface Spaces in urban design approach. Tehran: Armahnshahr Publication.
[11]Molaei A (2019). Urban underground space, new strategy in urban development. Urban Structure and Function Studies. 6(18):57-86.
[12]Pourjafar A, Ranjbar E, Khorrami A (2017). Explaining the new model of urban design qualities of underground urban spaces. Naqshejahan- Basic studies and New Technologies of Architecture and Planning. 7(3):79-97
[13]Penga J, Penga F, Yabukib N, Fukudab T (2019). Factors in the development of urban underground space surrounding metro stations: A case study of Osaka, Japan. Tunneling and Underground Space Technology. 91.
[14]Robert P, Sykes H (2000). Urban Regeneration: A Handbook. California: SAGE Publications.
[15]Tarafdar Z (2014). Recognizing the role of urban development stimulus projects in urban reconstruction of historically valuable textures case study: Shiraz Region 2 [dissertation]. Shiraz: Shiraz University.