ARTICLE INFO

Article Type

Descriptive & Survey Study

Authors

Akbarzadeh   B. (1)
Esmailie   A. (1)
Rafat   M.S. (*)
Dadashzadeh   M. (2)






(*) Sport Psychology Department, Physical Education & Sport Sciences Faculty, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Alborz, Iran
(1) Sport Psychology Department, Physical Education & Sport Sciences Faculty, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran
(2) Evaluating & Measuring Department, Psychology & Educational Faculty, Allameh ‎Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran

Correspondence

Address: Imam Ali Complex, Moazen Boulevard, Rajaei Shahr, Karaj, Iran. Postal Code: 3148635731
Phone: +98 (21) 55931391
Fax: +98 (21) 44098793
mohammadsr1992@gmail.com

Article History

Received:  May  27, 2017
Accepted:  November 21, 2017
ePublished:  August 29, 2018

BRIEF TEXT


… [1]. Disability defined by World Health Organization is a general term for harm, functional limitations and limited participation that disrupts body and person`s disability to participate in all personal and social activities of everyday life [2-4].

... [5]. Studies have shown that physical disability affect person self-regulation [6]. For the first time, Pintrich and Degroot presented the theory of self-regulation. According to their theory, self-regulation learning is a form of learning in which individuals begin and direct their own efforts, rather than relying on the knowledge and skills of teachers, educators, parents, and others [7]. ... [8-10]. In general, self-regulation can be defined as the ability to control, modify and regulate excitement, arousal, and tendencies [11]. ... [12-14]. Studies have shown that veterans with physical activity have better physical, psychological and quality of life and higher self-efficacy [15]. The severity of stiffness in athletes with disabilities is higher than that of non-athlete disabled women [16]. Also, the disabled athletes have a higher level of self-awareness, social responsibility, interpersonal relationships, problem-solving ability, tolerance, and happiness (emotional intelligence subscales) than non-athlete disabled [17]. In general, sports activities are important in improving the quality of life of the disabled, and the beneficial use of sports activities during leisure time results in the health of the body and soul and the improvement of their social relations, and in the case of access to sports facilities, among other activities, they consider sports activities as their priority [18].

The purpose of this study was to compare the self-regulation components between disabled and veteran athletes and non-athletes.

This applied and descriptive research is of causal-comparative type.

This research was conducted in 2017. The statistical population included all disabled and veteran athletes and non-athletes with physical-motor disability in Tabriz who had no neurological and cognitive disabilities.

According to the minimum sample size required for causal-comparative research [19], a sample of 151 people was selected through targeted sampling. The criteria for entry into research in the selection of disabled and veteran athletes were those who attended in parks, sports and recreation halls for at least one year and three times a week for 30 minutes or more. According to the criteria for selecting individuals, 78 people were considered as disabled and veteran athletes and 73 were non-athletes.

The instruments used in this study included two questionnaires; the first questionnaire was used to examine the demographic information of the disabled and veteran participants (age, percentage of disability, cause of disability, etc.), and the second questionnaire was Miller and Brown's self-regulation scale. Self-regulation Scale: This scale is made by Miller and Brown to measure self-regulation components and consists of 63 items and has 7 subscales (Receiving relevant information, evaluation, triggering change, searching for options, formulating a plan, implementing the plan, and assessing the plan`s effectiveness). Scoring it as a Likert grading is from 1 to 5. In this questionnaire, a score higher than 239 indicates a high self-regulation, between 239 and 214 indicates a moderate self-regulation and less than 213 indicates a low self-regulation. In a research to explore the factor structure of this questionnaire, main components analysis using the Varimax rotation method was used. By removing 12 questions, a questionnaire including two factors of implementation and planning, research and evaluation was used. The coefficient of this scale was 91% in Brown and Miller's research and 94% in its re-run coefficient. This scale has been validated in Iran. The retest reliability for the total SRQ was 0.94 and its internal consistency was 0.91 [20]. Through the members of the sports teams who were working under the guidance of the staff in Disabled and Veteran Board in the East Azarbaijan province, questionnaires were conducted with veterans and disabled people. In the descriptive section, statistics of mean and standard deviation were used and in the inferential statistics section, independent t-test was used for comparing the difference between athletic and non-athlete groups regarding self-regulation. The Levene test, and Shapiro-Wilk test were used for measuring the uniformity of variances, and the normal distribution of data respectively. Multiple Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) was used to examine and analyze the difference of means in self-regulatory components (Receiving relevant information, evaluation, triggering change, searching for options, formulating a plan, implementing the plan, and assessing the plan`s effectiveness). Data analysis was performed using SPSS 22 software.

Among the subjects, 99 (65.5%) were disabled and 52 (34.5%) were war veterans. Of these, 42 were women (20 athletes and 22 non-athletes) and 109 were men (58 athletes and 51 non-athletes). Of the participants, 15 were under the age of 20, 76 were between 20 and 30 years old, 46 were between the ages of 30 and 40, and 14 were aged over 40. The mean age of the participants was 37.15 ± 8.33 years. There was a significant difference between the athlete and non-athlete groups in the self-regulation variable (t = 7.20; p = 0.001). There was a significant difference between athletic and non-athlete groups in total self-regulation (F = 48.77) and the subscales of receiving relevant information (F = 48.77), evaluation (F = 52.56), triggering change (F = 28.99), searching for options (F=36.60), formulating a plan (F = 14.54), implementation (F = 32.91) and assessment (F = 56.83). In all components, the mean of the athlete group was higher than the mean of non-athlete group (p=0.001; Table 1). Researches on the self-regulation skills of disabled and veterans are very limited and most studies have focused on teaching self-regulation strategies and their impact on different target communities, including students. Among these studies, Kajbaf et al. [12] have suggested that teaching self-regulation strategies is associated with better performance of students. Studies have also shown that self-efficacy, motivation for progress and self-regulation strategies are effective in academic achievement [21]. According to our information, a similar study the results of which can be compared with the findings of this study was not observed in the literature of the self-regulation of the disabled and veterans. ... [22]. It can be said that those who have higher self-regulation strategies have higher mental well-being [23]. According to the results of this study, it can be concluded that athletes with disabilities and veterans have higher mental health. Among the subjects, 99 (65.5%) were disabled and 52 (34.5%) were war veterans. Of these, 42 were women (20 athletes and 22 non-athletes) and 109 were men (58 athletes and 51 non-athletes). Of the participants, 15 were under the age of 20, 76 were between 20 and 30 years old, 46 were between the ages of 30 and 40, and 14 were aged over 40. The mean age of the participants was 37.15 ± 8.33 years. There was a significant difference between the athlete and non-athlete groups in the self-regulation variable (t = 7.20; p = 0.001). There was a significant difference between athletic and non-athlete groups in total self-regulation (F = 48.77) and the subscales of receiving relevant information (F = 48.77), evaluation (F = 52.56), triggering change (F = 28.99), searching for options (F=36.60), formulating a plan (F = 14.54), implementation (F = 32.91) and assessment (F = 56.83). In all components, the mean of the athlete group was higher than the mean of non-athlete group (p=0.001; Table 1).

Researches on the self-regulation skills of disabled and veterans are very limited and most studies have focused on teaching self-regulation strategies and their impact on different target communities, including students. Among these studies, Kajbaf et al. [12] have suggested that teaching self-regulation strategies is associated with better performance of students. Studies have also shown that self-efficacy, motivation for progress and self-regulation strategies are effective in academic achievement [21]. According to our information, a similar study the results of which can be compared with the findings of this study was not observed in the literature of the self-regulation of the disabled and veterans. ... [22]. It can be said that those who have higher self-regulation strategies have higher mental well-being [23]. According to the results of this study, it can be concluded that athletes with disabilities and veterans have higher mental health. Research on the psychology of disabled and veterans has shown that disabled and veteran athletes have more mental health and higher self-esteem and psychological well-being [25]. Sports activities play a part in socializing the disabled and veterans, and enable people with disabilities to cope with barriers and adaptation [26]. Out of sport activities, aerobic exercises can be effective in increasing the general health of inactive veterans and be included in health promotion programs [27], as well as in group and individual exercise activities, physical exercises and aerobic exercise sports activities have a greater effect on the mental health improvement [28]. Generally, doing exercises can improve the quality of life of veterans and disabled people [29]. This causes psychological factors such as self-regulation in the disabled and athlete veterans to be better off than their non-athlete counterparts.

It is suggested that further research be conducted on the self-regulation of the disabled and veterans to determine the main determinant of the high self-regulation of the disabled and the veterans. Undoubtedly, one of these influential factors can be physical activity, and it is suggested that sports and physical activity be included in their programs in order to raise the psychological components of individuals, especially the self-regulation of the disabled and veterans.

This research has been accompanied with a number of limitations, such as the use of self-reporting tools, the limited research background in the self-regulation of disabled and veterans, and the impossibility of examining the type of sport activity and its role in the self-regulation of the disabled and veterans. Therefore, a more comprehensive research is suggested regarding the effect of various sports on self-regulation in the disabled and veterans.

The degree of self-regulation in the disabled and veteran athletes is higher than non-athlete disabled and veterans.

Thanks to the efforts of the research team, the chairman and secretary of the sports delegation of veterans and disabled people in the Province of East Azarbaijan, and all the devoted disabled and veterans who spent their valuable time in this research.

There was no conflict in the interests.

All subjects have participated in this study with their consent.

This research was conducted without funding from a specific institution.

TABLES and CHARTS

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