@2024 Afarand., IRAN

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ISSN: 2538-4384    Geographical Researches 2020;35(3):251-263

Background
Nowadays, the combination of indigenous architecture guidelines with modern methods can be of great importance to achieve a sustainable life pattern.
Previous Studies
Indigenous architecture (indigenous housing) has been meeting human needs in even the worst climate situation. Then, the attitude toward indigenous architecture as a model and pattern for modern architecture has changed so as to include the traditional values and principles in the architecture [Steadman, 2008]. Indigenous housing is a particular type of housing that fits the economic, social, and cultural situation of the inhabitants and also to the natural and environmental features of the place very well. Apart from the quantitative aspects, the qualitative aspects should be considered beside other factors [Tavassoli, 1980]. Asefi & Imani (2014) evaluated the reasons behind the transformations in architecture and their consequences in Iran's modern architecture. Ghobadian (1998) introduced the indigenous buildings in various climates in Iran and assessed their components in his article. Bagheri et al. (2014) evaluated the changes in the patterns of architecture in the Qajar era and compared them with that of the current era. They believe the housing language is interpretative by paying deep attention to the cultural (behavioral) patterns and spatial organizations.
Aim(s)
This study aimed to introduce the available indigenous patterns' components and indicators and suggest new ones for Mashhad.
Research type
This is an empirical descriptive-analytical study that is carried out in two theoretical and practical parts. The practical part is a case study.
Research society, place and time
The current research is carried out on the indigenous houses in Mashhad, built from 1941 to 1980.
Sampling method and number
7 out of 32 historical houses that are registered in the list of national works were chosen using the Cochran formula.
Used devices&materials
The questionnaire was used for data collection and AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) technique was used to evaluate the data.
Findings by Text
Physical features of the studied houses: Evaluating the chosen houses' architecture, most of the houses from thePahlavi era have external plans and there is no complexity in the houses' space anymore. Panjdari and Sedari (the main halls or large spaces in old houses) are replaced with square and rectangular spaces. Simple symmetrical plans and facades, reduction of the noble areas in comparison to the past, smaller lands due to the development plans, changes in the new generation lifestyle, reduction in the walls' thickness, reduction of the decorations both inside and outside the house, and locating the house in one side of the ground are the main features of the houses of this era. Other features are the yards, simple entrance, and balcony, windows to the yard, inside stairs, using the bricks and tiles in the building, wooden roof with nods covered by chalk, and simple decorations. The extraction of the indicators and criteria from experts' perspectives using a data-based approach: 611 codes were detected in the process of data collection that were classified into 9 categories using the components of lasting patterns including "conceptual class" with 30 codes, "environmental class" with 33 codes, "populism class" with 134 codes, "holism and unity class" with 72 codes, "introversion class" with 24 codes, "confidentiality class" with 231 codes, "self-sufficiency" with 24 codes, "avoid inefficacy" with 45 codes, and "continuity and evolution" with 18 codes. Classification of the indicators and criteria of the indigenous houses and their score: 90 criteria and 38 indicators were defined for the evaluation of the architectural patterns and the scores were presented for each group (Table 1). According to the classification of the patterns' components, each house score was calculated by the experts (Table 2). Pairwise comparison of the criteria and targets: considering the purpose of this research (prioritizing the pattern components of indigenous housing), 7 indigenous houses were considered as the most useful patterns in Mashhad (Table 3). Pairwise comparison of the options and criteria: final matrix was prepared using the experts' opinion and researcher's conclusions (Table 4).
Main comparison to the similar studies
There is no comparison to similar studies.
Suggestions
1. Physical-cultural indicators of the new fabric in Mashhad are weak in comparison to the old fabric. It is suggested to use the measures to use the forgotten criterion again. 2. It is suggested to build affordable standard houses using local designs, materials, and workforce for households. 3. The factors and components of the preferred patterns should be considered in the provision of the local houses in Mashhad. 4. Other techniques such as TOPSIS can be used for prioritizing the local housing indicators.
Limitations
There is no limitation reported.
Conclusions
Five components of confidentiality, introversion, avoid inefficacy, populism, and relationship with the environment are prior to other components that could be updated according to modern needs. Mousavi (Parishani), Bani Hashemi, and Zarif houses were more successful in keeping them as local heritage.
Acknowledgments
There is no acknowledgment reported.
Conflict of interest
None.
Ethical Permissions
None.
Funding Sources
This article is carried out on personal expense of the author.

TABLES and CHARTS

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