@2024 Afarand., IRAN
ISSN: 2008-2630 Iranian Journal of War & Public Health 2019;11(2):101-108
ISSN: 2008-2630 Iranian Journal of War & Public Health 2019;11(2):101-108
Mediating Role of Psychological Security in the Relationship between Optimism and Self-Compassion with Psychological Well-Being in Veterans’ Spouses
ARTICLE INFO
Article Type
Descriptive & Survey StudyAuthors
Namani E (*1)Bagherian Kakhki M (2)
(*1) Educational Sciences Department, Literature & Humanities Faculty, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran
(2) Consulting Department, Humanities Faculty, Neyshabur Branch, Islamic Azad University, Neyshabur, Iran
Correspondence
Article History
Received: July 22, 2018Accepted: December 31, 2018
ePublished: May 15, 2019
BRIEF TEXT
After the end of the war and the return of the warriors to the family, due to the stresses of the war and its devastating effect on the spirit and soul of the veterans, the adverse effects of war on the family, especially the spouse, continue.
Allen et al. [14] in their two studies have shown their role of self-compassion in physical health and psychological well-being in individuals. Higher self-efficacy was associated with reduced emotional difficulties and life satisfaction. Perchiaky et al. [15] study on self-compassion effect in well-being indicated new evidences in the role of self-compassion in psychological distress. Jacobson et al. [16] emphasize that high levels of self-compassion can provide a supportive role for people at risk for mental disorders. This protective approach to yourself is associated with many positive psychological consequences, such as greater motivation for solving intrapersonal conflicts, effective problem solving, getting ready for being less shameful, less fear of failure, less negative self-assessment, less depression and anxiety, and more psychological well-being [17].
The aim of this study was to investigate the mediating role of psychological security in the relationship between optimism and self-compassion with psychological well-being in veterans' spouses.
This research is a descriptive-correlational study with the path analysis model.
This research was done on 226 veterans’ spouses supported by the foundation of martyrs and veterans affairs of Mashhad in 2017.
The sample size was determined 226 subjects by considering the study population and based on the Cochran formula. Sampling was done based on available sampling method and in voluntarily. The researcher selected the subjects from those referring to the foundation of martyrs and veterans affairs in Mashhad, who were interested in participating in the research. Accordingly, the sample size obtained 291 subjects through the winter 2017.
The research tools included the following questionnaires: 1- Reef’s Psychological Well-being Scales: it was developed by Reef in 1980 and in this study the 84-item form was used. Reff et al. [28] reported the internal consistency of between 0.82 and 0.90 for psychological well-being scales. 2- Reis et al.’s Self-Compassion Scale-Short Form (SCS-SF): it is a 12-item scale developed by Reis et al. in 2011 [12]. Its validity has been reported appropriate by Zeller et al. [17]. 3- Scheier and Carver’s Optimism Scale: it was developed by Scheier and Carver in 1994, including 10 items, of which 3 items measure pessimism and 4 items measure pessimism and 4 items serve as fillers that are not scored. Its reliability obtained 0.81 using Cronbach's alpha. 4- Maslow's psychological security questionnaire: it (the full form) assesses various dimensions of psychological security. Cronbach's alpha for this scale was obtained 0.84, 0.85 and 0.86 in three studies [31]. Data was analyzed using Amos 20 and SPSS 22, using Pearson correlation test, path analysis and structural equation modeling.
In terms of age range, the majority of subjects aged between 35 to 59 years and the fewer aged over 59 years. In terms of education, the majority of subjects had diploma and the Master’s degree or above had the less frequency. Most of the samples had two children, and the fewer number of subjects had three or more children. There was a positive and significant correlation between psychological security with optimism and self-compassion, as well as between optimism, self-compassion and psychological security with psychological well-being (Table 1). There was not a direct significant relationship between optimism and self-compassion on psychological well-being (p>0.05), but psychological security had a mediating role in the relationship between optimism and self-compassion with psychological well-being.
Among the predictive variables in this study, self-compassion greatly explained variability in psychological well-being. The results of this study are consistent with the findings of Leary et al. [32], Jennings & Philip Tan [13], Bluth & Blanton [33], Mülazım & Eldeleklioğlu [33] and Sabaitytė & Diržytė [35]. Previous studies have shown that self-compassion is associated with virtuous virtues of well-being that are characterized by mental happiness, positive affection, and life satisfaction [38]. The findings of Zessin et al. [10], based on the theory of Reese et al. [12], have defined self-compassion as a component of life satisfaction. In addition, Allen et al. [14] in two studies have shown the mediating role of self-compassion in physical health and psychological well-being in individuals.
It is suggested that an intervention study examine the effect of psychological security training on psychological well-being of veterans' wives.
The small sample size was one of the limitations of this study.
The relationship between optimism and self-compassion with psychological well-being is not a simple linear relationship and psychological security can mediate this relationship.
The authors are thankful to all who collaborated in this study, especially the wives of the veteran of Mashhad, who responded to the questionnaire with grace and patience.
None declared.
All participants agreed to participate in the research.
This research was not supported by any organization and is financially supported by the authors.
TABLES and CHARTS
Show attach fileCITIATION LINKS
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[18]Carver CS, Scheier MF, Segerstrom SC. Optimism. Clin psychol rev. 2010;30(7):879-89.
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[23]Bergheim K, Eid J, Hystad SW, Birkeland Nielsen M, Mearns K, Larsson G, et al. The role of psychological capital in perception of safety climate among air traffic controllers. J Leadersh Organ Stud. 2013;20(2):232- 41.
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[25]Kumcagiz H, Gunduz Y. Relationship between psychological well-being and smartphone addiction of university students. Int J Higher Educ. 2016;5(4):144-56.
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[28]Ryff CD, Lee YH, Essex MJ, Schmutte PS. My children and me: midlife evaluations of grown children and of self. Psychol Aging. 1994;9(2):195-205.
[29]Bayani AA, Koochaki AM, Bayani A. Reliability and validity of Ryff’s psychological well-being scales. Iran J Psychiatr Clin Psychol. 2008;14(2):146-51. [Persian]
[30]Shahbazi M, Rajabi Gh, Moghami E, Jelodari A. Confirmatory factor analysis of the persian version of the self-compassion rating scale-revised. J Psychol Models Methods. 2015;6(19):31-46. [Persian]
[31]Cohen S, Janicki-Deverts D. Who's stressed? Distributions of psychological stress in the United States in probability samples from 1983, 2006 and 2009. J Appl Soc Psychol. 2012;42(6):1320-34.
[32]Leary MR, Tate EB, Adams CE, Battsat AA, Hancock J. Self-compassion and reactions to unpleasant self-relevant events: the implications of treating oneself kindly. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2007;92(5):887-904.
[33]Bluth K, Blanton PW. The influence of self-compassion on emotional well-being among early and older adolescent males and females. J Posit Psychol. 2015;10(3):219-30.
[34]Mülazım ÇÖ, Eldeleklioğlu J. What is the role of self-compassion on subjective happiness and life satisfaction? J Hum Sci. 2016;13(3):3895-904.
[35]Sabaitytė E, Diržytė A. Psychological capital, self-compassion, and life satisfaction of unemployed youth. Int J Psycholo Biopsychosoc Approach. 2019;19:49-69.
[36]Magnus C, Kowalski KC, McHugh TLF. The role of self- compassion in women’s self-determined motives to exercise and exercise-related outcomes. Self Identity. 2010;9(4):363-82.
[37]Berry KA, Kowalski KC, Ferguson LJ, McHugh TLF. An empirical phenomenology of young adult women exercisers’ body self-compassion. Qual Res Sport Exerc. 2010;2(3):293-312.
[38]Neff KD, Rude SS, Kirkpatrick KL. An examination of self-compassion in relation to positive psychological functioning and personality traits. J Res Pres. 2007;41(4):908-16.
[39]Neff KD, Hsieh YP, Dejitterat K. Self-compassion, achievement goals, and coping with academic failure. Self Identity. 2005;4(3):263-87.
[40]Allen AB, Leary MR. Self-Compassion, Stress, and Coping. Soc Pers Psychol Compass. 2010;4(2):107-18.
[41]Neff KD. The science of self-compassion. In: Germer CK, Siegel RD, editors. Wisdom and Compassion in Psychotherapy. New York: The Guilford Press; 2012. p.79-92.
[42]Neff KD, Kirkpatrick KL, Rude SS. Self-compassion and adaptive psychological functioning. J Res Pers. 2007;41(1):139-54.
[43]Eriksson M, Lindstrom B. Antonovsky’s sense of coherence scale and the relation with health: a systematic review. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2006;60(5):376-81.
[44]Akamani K, Hall TE. Determinants of the process and outcomes of household participation in collaborative forest management in Ghana: a quantitative test of a community resilience model. J Environ Manag. 2015;147:1-11.
[45]Uysal R. Life satisfaction and self-compassion: a structural equation modelling. Int J Curr Res. 2014;6(6):7251-6.
[46]Vastamaki J. Sense of coherence and unemployment [Dissertation]. Erlangen and Nuremberg, Bavaria, Germany: University of Erlangen-Nuremberg and University of Kuopio; 2010.
[47]Thomas LJ, Asselin M. Promoting resilience among nursing students in clinical education. Nurse Educ Pract. 2018;28:231-4.
[2]Seligman MEP. Chris Peterson’s unfinished masterwork: The real mental illnesses. J Posit Psychol: Special issue in memory of Chris Peterson. 2015;10(1):3-6.
[3]Rozanski A. Optimism and other sources of psychological well-being: a new target for cardiac disease prevention. Circ Heart Fail. 2014;7(3):385-7.
[4]Ryff CD, Keyes CL. The structure of psychological well-being revisited. J pers Soc Psychol. 1995;69(4):719-27.
[5]Ryff CD. Psychological well-being revisited: Advances in the science and practice of eudaimonia. Psychother Psychosom. 2014;83(1):10-28.
[6]Ozpolat AR, Isgor IY, Sezer F. Investigating psychological well-being of university students according to lifestyles. Procedia. Soc Behav Sci. 2012;47:256-62.
[7]Synder CR, Lopez SJ. Handbook of positive psychology. New York: Oxford University Press; 2002.
[8]Clark KD. The relationship of perceived stress and self-efficacy among correctional employees in close-security and medium-security-level institutions [Dissertation]. Minneapolis: Walden University; 2010.
[9]Errisuriz VL, Pasch KE, Perry CL. Perceived stress and dietary choices: The moderating role of stress management. Eat Behav. 2016;22:211-6.
[10]Zessin U, Dickhäuser O, Garbade S. The relationship between self-compassion and well-Being: A meta-analysis. Appl Psychol Health Well Being. 2015;7(3):340-64.
[11]Morin A. Science explains the link between self-compassion and success [Internet]. Jersey City, New Jersey: Forbes: 2015 [cited 2018 May 12]. Available from: https://bit.ly/2UuSRbM
[12]Raes F, Pommier E, Neff KD, Van Gucht D. Construction and factorial validation of a short form of the self-compassion scale. Clin psychol psychother. 2011;18(3):250-5.
[13]Jennings LK, Philip Tan P. Self-compassion and life satisfaction in gay men. Psychol Rep. 2014;115(3):888-95.
[14]Allen AB, Goldwasser ER, Leary MR. Self-compassion and wellbeing among older adults. Self Identity. 2012;11(4):428-53.
[15]Przezdziecki A, Sherman KA, Baillie A, Taylor A, Foley E, Stalgis-Bilinsk K. My changed body: breast cancer, body image, distress and self-compassion. Psychooncolo. 2013;22(8):1872-9.
[16]Jacobson EHK, Wilson KG, Kurz AS, Kellum KK. Examining self-compassion in romantic relationships. J Context Behav Sci. 2018;8:69-73.
[17]Zeller M, Yuval K, Nitzan-Assayag Y, Bernstein A. Self-compassion in recovery following potentially traumatic stress: Longitudinal study of at-risk youth. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2015;43(4):645-53.
[18]Carver CS, Scheier MF, Segerstrom SC. Optimism. Clin psychol rev. 2010;30(7):879-89.
[19]Miller DL, Manne SL, Taylor K, Keates J, Dougherty J. Psychological distress and well-being in advanced cancer: The effects of optimism and coping. J Clin Psychol Med Settings. 1996;3(2):115-30.
[20]Luszczynska A, Gutierrez-Dona B, Schwarzer R. General self-efficacy in various domains of human functioning: evidence from five countries. Int J Psychol. 2005;40(2):80-9.
[21]Karademas EC. Self-efficacy, social support and well-being: the mediating role of optimism. Pers Individ Differ. 2006;40(6):1281-90.
[22]Eid M, Diener E. Global judgments of subjective well-being: situational variability and longterm stability. Soc Indicators Res. 2004;65(3):245-77.
[23]Bergheim K, Eid J, Hystad SW, Birkeland Nielsen M, Mearns K, Larsson G, et al. The role of psychological capital in perception of safety climate among air traffic controllers. J Leadersh Organ Stud. 2013;20(2):232- 41.
[24]Kruzich JM, Mienko JA, Courtney ME. Individual and work group influences on turnover intention among public child welfare workers: The effects of work group psychological safety. Child Youth Serv Rev. 2014;42:20-7.
[25]Kumcagiz H, Gunduz Y. Relationship between psychological well-being and smartphone addiction of university students. Int J Higher Educ. 2016;5(4):144-56.
[26]Bradley BH, Postlethwaite BE, Klotz AC, Hamdani MR, Brown KG. Reaping the benefits of task conflict in teams: the critical role of team psychological safety climate. J Appl Psychol. 2012;97(1):151-8.
[27]Dierendonck DV. The construct validity of Ryff's scales of psychological well-being and its extension with spiritual well-being. Pers Individ Differ. 2004;36(3):629-43.
[28]Ryff CD, Lee YH, Essex MJ, Schmutte PS. My children and me: midlife evaluations of grown children and of self. Psychol Aging. 1994;9(2):195-205.
[29]Bayani AA, Koochaki AM, Bayani A. Reliability and validity of Ryff’s psychological well-being scales. Iran J Psychiatr Clin Psychol. 2008;14(2):146-51. [Persian]
[30]Shahbazi M, Rajabi Gh, Moghami E, Jelodari A. Confirmatory factor analysis of the persian version of the self-compassion rating scale-revised. J Psychol Models Methods. 2015;6(19):31-46. [Persian]
[31]Cohen S, Janicki-Deverts D. Who's stressed? Distributions of psychological stress in the United States in probability samples from 1983, 2006 and 2009. J Appl Soc Psychol. 2012;42(6):1320-34.
[32]Leary MR, Tate EB, Adams CE, Battsat AA, Hancock J. Self-compassion and reactions to unpleasant self-relevant events: the implications of treating oneself kindly. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2007;92(5):887-904.
[33]Bluth K, Blanton PW. The influence of self-compassion on emotional well-being among early and older adolescent males and females. J Posit Psychol. 2015;10(3):219-30.
[34]Mülazım ÇÖ, Eldeleklioğlu J. What is the role of self-compassion on subjective happiness and life satisfaction? J Hum Sci. 2016;13(3):3895-904.
[35]Sabaitytė E, Diržytė A. Psychological capital, self-compassion, and life satisfaction of unemployed youth. Int J Psycholo Biopsychosoc Approach. 2019;19:49-69.
[36]Magnus C, Kowalski KC, McHugh TLF. The role of self- compassion in women’s self-determined motives to exercise and exercise-related outcomes. Self Identity. 2010;9(4):363-82.
[37]Berry KA, Kowalski KC, Ferguson LJ, McHugh TLF. An empirical phenomenology of young adult women exercisers’ body self-compassion. Qual Res Sport Exerc. 2010;2(3):293-312.
[38]Neff KD, Rude SS, Kirkpatrick KL. An examination of self-compassion in relation to positive psychological functioning and personality traits. J Res Pres. 2007;41(4):908-16.
[39]Neff KD, Hsieh YP, Dejitterat K. Self-compassion, achievement goals, and coping with academic failure. Self Identity. 2005;4(3):263-87.
[40]Allen AB, Leary MR. Self-Compassion, Stress, and Coping. Soc Pers Psychol Compass. 2010;4(2):107-18.
[41]Neff KD. The science of self-compassion. In: Germer CK, Siegel RD, editors. Wisdom and Compassion in Psychotherapy. New York: The Guilford Press; 2012. p.79-92.
[42]Neff KD, Kirkpatrick KL, Rude SS. Self-compassion and adaptive psychological functioning. J Res Pers. 2007;41(1):139-54.
[43]Eriksson M, Lindstrom B. Antonovsky’s sense of coherence scale and the relation with health: a systematic review. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2006;60(5):376-81.
[44]Akamani K, Hall TE. Determinants of the process and outcomes of household participation in collaborative forest management in Ghana: a quantitative test of a community resilience model. J Environ Manag. 2015;147:1-11.
[45]Uysal R. Life satisfaction and self-compassion: a structural equation modelling. Int J Curr Res. 2014;6(6):7251-6.
[46]Vastamaki J. Sense of coherence and unemployment [Dissertation]. Erlangen and Nuremberg, Bavaria, Germany: University of Erlangen-Nuremberg and University of Kuopio; 2010.
[47]Thomas LJ, Asselin M. Promoting resilience among nursing students in clinical education. Nurse Educ Pract. 2018;28:231-4.