@2024 Afarand., IRAN
ISSN: 1027-1457 Scientific Journal of Forensic Medicine 2019;25(2):61-64
ISSN: 1027-1457 Scientific Journal of Forensic Medicine 2019;25(2):61-64
Identification of Medicine Components in Herbal Drugs for Addiction Treatment; A Case Study of Zanjan City
ARTICLE INFO
Article Type
Original ResearchAuthors
Valipour R. (1)Shekari A. (*1)
Setareh M. (1)
Fakour K. (1)
(1) Legal Medicine Research Center, Legal Medicine, Organization, Zanjan, Iran
Correspondence
Address: Legal Medicine Research Center, Legal Medicine, Organization, Zanjan, IranPhone: +98 (24) 33445051
Fax: +98 (24) 33445051
ash61@gmx.com
Article History
Received: April 3, 2016Accepted: May 7, 2019
ePublished: June 20, 2019
ABSTRACT
Aims
Production and distribution of herbal drugs by herb sellers are increased for addiction treatment in recent years. The aim of this study was to investigate the medicine components of herbal drugs for addiction treatment, collected from the herb shops of Zanjan city.
Materials & Methods This experimental study was performed in legal medicine laboratory of Zanjan city in 2014. Samples (N=143) collected from the herb shops (N=20) of Zanjan city and their components detected by GC/MS and HPLC instrument. Data were analyzed through SPSS 19 software.
Findings 31 samples (21.7%) of 143 samples didn’t have any medicine components and 112 samples (78.3%) had at least one medicine component. The most abundant medicine components were tramadol (69.9%) and diphenoxylate (31.5%), and atropine (31.5%). Investigating of the number of medicine components in one drug type revealed that 51 samples (35.7%) had one component, 23 samples (16.1%) had two components, 36 samples (25.2%) had three components and 2 samples (1.4%) had four components, simultaneously.
Conclusion In most samples collected from herb shops, one or two medicine components of opium exists that the most abundant of them is tramadol, diphenoxylate, and atropine.
Materials & Methods This experimental study was performed in legal medicine laboratory of Zanjan city in 2014. Samples (N=143) collected from the herb shops (N=20) of Zanjan city and their components detected by GC/MS and HPLC instrument. Data were analyzed through SPSS 19 software.
Findings 31 samples (21.7%) of 143 samples didn’t have any medicine components and 112 samples (78.3%) had at least one medicine component. The most abundant medicine components were tramadol (69.9%) and diphenoxylate (31.5%), and atropine (31.5%). Investigating of the number of medicine components in one drug type revealed that 51 samples (35.7%) had one component, 23 samples (16.1%) had two components, 36 samples (25.2%) had three components and 2 samples (1.4%) had four components, simultaneously.
Conclusion In most samples collected from herb shops, one or two medicine components of opium exists that the most abundant of them is tramadol, diphenoxylate, and atropine.
CITATION LINKS
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[9]Esmaeili MH, Parivar K, Yaghmaie P, Abbasi E, Jahani Hashemee H. Effects of Matricaria chamomilla extract injection into paragigantocellularis nucleus on morphine withdrawal signs in rats. J Adv Med Biomed Res. 2006;14(55):9-16. [Persian]
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[11]Nazari SM, Naseri M, Mokri A, Ghaffari F, Davati A, Kamalinejad M. Opium and opium addiction treatment in Persian traditional medicine. Med Hist J. 2012;3(9):133-50. [Persian]
[12]Najafi HR. The prohibition of selling medicines for drug treatment by sellers of medicinals herbs. J Darmangar. 2005;5:44. [Persian]
[13]Abbasi M, Nazeri A. Abuse of morphine and codeine (opium, alkaloids) within herbal drugs. J Urmia Univ Med Sci. 2004;14(4):304-8. [Persian]
[14]Khazan M , Hedayati M , Askari S, Azizi F. Content analysis of Chinese herbal pills for weight loss. Res Med. 2012;35(4):209-14. [Persian]
[2]Rahimi Movaghar A, Khastoo G, Fekri M, Akhondzadeh Sh. Treatment of addiction by medicinal herbs sellers in Tehran. Hakim Res J. 2008;11(3):11-9. [Persian]
[3]Shahraz S, Ghazani T. Iranpharma. Tehran: Teimourzadeh; 2008. [Persian]
[4]Goldstein DB, Goldstein A. Possible role of enzyme inhibition and repression in drug tolerance and addiction. Biochem Pharmacol. 1961;8(1):48.
[5]Gerrits MAFM, Lesscher HBM, Van Ree JM. Drug dependence and the endogenous opioid system. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2003;13(6):424-34.
[6]Radbruch L, Grond S, Lehmann KA. A risk-benefit assessment of tramadol in the management of pain. Drug Saf. 1996;15(1):8-29.
[7]Shadnia S, Soltaninejad K, Heydari K, Sasanian G, Abdollahi M. Tramadol intoxication: A review of 114 cases. Hum Exp Toxicol. 2008;27(3):201-5.
[8]Loram LC, Mitchell D, Skosana M, Fick LG. Tramadol is more effective than morphine and amitriptyline against ischaemic pain but not thermal pain in rats. Pharmacol Res. 2007;56(1):80-5.
[9]Esmaeili MH, Parivar K, Yaghmaie P, Abbasi E, Jahani Hashemee H. Effects of Matricaria chamomilla extract injection into paragigantocellularis nucleus on morphine withdrawal signs in rats. J Adv Med Biomed Res. 2006;14(55):9-16. [Persian]
[10]Reed LJ, Glasper A, de Wet CJ, Bearn J, Gossop M. Comparison of buprenorphine and methadone in the treatment of opiate withdrawal: Possible advantages of buprenorphine for the treatment of opiate-benzodiazepine codependent patients?. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2007;27(2):188-92.
[11]Nazari SM, Naseri M, Mokri A, Ghaffari F, Davati A, Kamalinejad M. Opium and opium addiction treatment in Persian traditional medicine. Med Hist J. 2012;3(9):133-50. [Persian]
[12]Najafi HR. The prohibition of selling medicines for drug treatment by sellers of medicinals herbs. J Darmangar. 2005;5:44. [Persian]
[13]Abbasi M, Nazeri A. Abuse of morphine and codeine (opium, alkaloids) within herbal drugs. J Urmia Univ Med Sci. 2004;14(4):304-8. [Persian]
[14]Khazan M , Hedayati M , Askari S, Azizi F. Content analysis of Chinese herbal pills for weight loss. Res Med. 2012;35(4):209-14. [Persian]