@2024 Afarand., IRAN
ISSN: 2008-2630 Iranian Journal of War & Public Health 2019;11(3):133-138
ISSN: 2008-2630 Iranian Journal of War & Public Health 2019;11(3):133-138
Effect of Unilateral Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Reaction Time in Veterans and Athletes with Disabilities
ARTICLE INFO
Article Type
Original ResearchAuthors
Arastoo A.A. (1)Parsaei S. (*2)
Zahednejad Sh. (3)
Alboghebish S. (2)
BurBur A. (4)
(*2) Sports Psychology Department, Physical Education Faculty, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
(1) “Social Factors Affecting Health Research Center” and “Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation Research Center” and “Public Health Department, Health Faculty”, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
(3) “Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation Research Center” and “Physical Therapy Department, Rehabilitation Faculty”, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
(4) Physical Education Department, Literature & Human Sciences Faculty, Farhangian University, Tehran, Iran
Correspondence
Article History
Received: September 29, 2018Accepted: March 25, 2019
ePublished: July 21, 2019
ABSTRACT
Aims
Recently, Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) has been considered by researchers to improve various processes. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of tDCS on reaction time in veterans and athletes with disabilities.
Materials & Methods This semi-experimental study with pre-test post-test design was conducted in 2018 among all veterans and athletes with disabilities, who were members of Veterans and disabled board of Shiraz. 24 veterans and disabled persons of Shiraz athletes were selected by available sampling and allocated to experimental and artificial stimulation (sham) groups. Acquisition stage was held during 3 sessions. In the experimental group, an anode electrode was placed on the C4 and the cathode electrode was placed in the FP1. The stimulation rate was 1.5 milliamps in 20 minutes. In the sham groups, the anode and cathode electrode were placed on the C4 and FP1 points, but the stimulation was discontinued after 30 seconds. After the last session, a post-test was performed. Data analysis was performed by SPSS 22, using independent t-test and Multivariable analysis of covariance.
Findings In the post-test, there was a significant difference between the experimental group and the sham at the simple reaction time and choice reaction time and the performance of the experimental group was better than the sham group (p=0.0001).
Conclusion tDCS can improve the simple and choice reaction time in veterans and athletes with disabilities.
Materials & Methods This semi-experimental study with pre-test post-test design was conducted in 2018 among all veterans and athletes with disabilities, who were members of Veterans and disabled board of Shiraz. 24 veterans and disabled persons of Shiraz athletes were selected by available sampling and allocated to experimental and artificial stimulation (sham) groups. Acquisition stage was held during 3 sessions. In the experimental group, an anode electrode was placed on the C4 and the cathode electrode was placed in the FP1. The stimulation rate was 1.5 milliamps in 20 minutes. In the sham groups, the anode and cathode electrode were placed on the C4 and FP1 points, but the stimulation was discontinued after 30 seconds. After the last session, a post-test was performed. Data analysis was performed by SPSS 22, using independent t-test and Multivariable analysis of covariance.
Findings In the post-test, there was a significant difference between the experimental group and the sham at the simple reaction time and choice reaction time and the performance of the experimental group was better than the sham group (p=0.0001).
Conclusion tDCS can improve the simple and choice reaction time in veterans and athletes with disabilities.
CITATION LINKS
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[5]Drescher KD, Foy DW, Kelly C, Leshner A, Schutz K, Litz B. An exploration of the viability and usefulness of the construct of moral injury in war veterans. Traumatology. 2011;17(1):8-13.
[6]Shokri B, Zarei M, Sahraei OR. Comparing the mental health of the athletic and non-athletic sensory-disabled people. Q J Soc Work. 2015;4(3):37-43. [Persian]
[7]Mohamadtaghi B, Shamsipour Dehkordi P, Hejazi Dinan P. Effectiveness of physical activity on quality of life and pain self-efficacy in veterans and non-veterans with amputations of lower limbs. Iran J War Public Health. 2016;8(2):95-103. [Persian]
[8]Robertson EM. The serial reaction time task: Implicit motor skill learning?. J Neurosci. 2007;27(38):10073-5.
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[11]Grouios G. On the reduction of reaction time with mental practice. J Sport Behav. 1992;15(2):141.
[12]Clark VP, Coffman BA, Trumbo MC, Gasparovic C. Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) produces localized and specific alterations in neurochemistry: A ¹H magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. Neurosci Lett. 2011;500(1):67-71.
[13]Brunoni AR, Amadera J, Berbel B, Volz MS, Rizzerio BG, Fregni F. A systematic review on reporting and assessment of adverse effects associated with transcranial direct current stimulation. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2011;14(8):1133-45.
[14]Eslamizade MJ, Behbahanian Sh, Mahdavi SM, Oftadehal M. An introduction to neurotechnologies, transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation: Their applications in the cognitive enhancement and rehabilitation. Shefaye Khatam. 2016;4(2):65-86. [Persian]
[15]Strobach T, Antonenko D. tDCS-induced effects on executive functioning and their cognitive mechanisms: A review. J Cogn Enhanc. 2017;1(1):49-64.
[16]Teo F, Hoy KE, Daskalakis ZJ, Fitzgerald PB. Investigating the role of current strength in tDCS modulation of working memory performance in healthy controls. Front Psychiatry. 2011;2:45.
[17]Zamani G, Doostan MR. The effect of transcranial direct current stimulation on working memory and reactiontime in athlete girls. Neuropsychology. 2017;3(3):51-62. [Persian]
[18]Vafaye Sisakht Sh, Ramezani Kh. The effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on mental health of veterans with psychiatric disorders. Shefaye Khatam. 2017;5(2):36-42. [Persian]
[19]Arias P, Corral-Bergantiños Y, Robles-García V, Madrid A, Oliviero A, Cudeiro J. Bilateral tDCS on primary motor cortex: Effects on fast arm reaching tasks. PLoS One. 2016;11(8):e0160063.
[20]Alboghebish S, Shetab Boushehri N, Danshfar A, Abedanzadeh R. Assiament facilitate and significant interference of Stroop effect on psychological refractory period. Neuropsychology. 2017;2(2):93-106. [Persian]
[21]Marquez J, Conley A, Karayanidis F, Lagopoulos J, Parsons M. Anodal direct current stimulation in the healthy aged: Effects determined by the hemisphere stimulated. Restor Neurol Neurosci. 2015;33(4):509-19.
[22]Shelton J, Kumar GP. Comparison between auditory and visual simple reaction times. Neurosci Med. 2010;1:30-2.
[23]Takai H, Tsubaki A, Sugawara K, Miyaguchi Sh, Oyanagi K, Matsumoto T, et al. Effect of transcranial direct current stimulation over the primary motor cortex on cerebral blood flow: A time course study using near-infrared spectroscopy. In: Elwell CE, Leung TS, Harrison DK, editors. Oxygen transport to tissue XXXVII. New York: Springer; 2016. pp. 335-41.
[24]Polanía R, Paulus W, Antal A, Nitsche MA. Introducing graph theory to track for neuroplastic alterations in the resting human brain: A transcranial direct current stimulation study. Neuroimage. 2011;54(3):2287-96.
[25]Ruohonen J, Karhu J. tDCS possibly stimulates glial cells. Clin Neurophysiol. 2012;123(10):2006-9.
[26]Soutschek A, Taylor PC, Schubert T. The role of the dorsal medial frontal cortex in central processing limitation: A transcranial magnetic stimulation study. Exp Brain Res. 2016;234(9):2447-55.
[27]Tavalaee SA, Habibi M, Asari Sh, Ghanei M, Naderi Z, Khateri Sh, et al. Quality of life in chemical weapon victims 15 years after exposure to mustard gas. J Behav Sci. 2007;1(1):17-25. [Persian]
[28]Cohen-Cline H, Turkheimer E, Duncan GE. Access to green space, physical activity and mental health: A twin study. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2015;69(6):523-9.
[2]Kraus WE, Houmard JA, Duscha BD, Knetzger KJ, Wharton MB, Mc Cartney JS, et al. Effects of the amount and intensity of exercise on plasma lipoproteins. N Engl J Med. 2002;347(19):1483-92.
[3]Akbarzadeh B, Esmailie A, Rafat MS, Dadashzadeh M. Comparison of self-regulation components between the disabled and veteran athletes and non-athletes. Iran J War Public Health. 2018;10(3):121-25. [Persian]
[4]Bedirhan Üstün T, Chatterji S, Kostanjsek N, Rehm J, Kennedy C, Epping-Jordan J, et al. Developing the World Health Organization disability assessment schedule 2.0. Bull WHO. 2010;88:815-23.
[5]Drescher KD, Foy DW, Kelly C, Leshner A, Schutz K, Litz B. An exploration of the viability and usefulness of the construct of moral injury in war veterans. Traumatology. 2011;17(1):8-13.
[6]Shokri B, Zarei M, Sahraei OR. Comparing the mental health of the athletic and non-athletic sensory-disabled people. Q J Soc Work. 2015;4(3):37-43. [Persian]
[7]Mohamadtaghi B, Shamsipour Dehkordi P, Hejazi Dinan P. Effectiveness of physical activity on quality of life and pain self-efficacy in veterans and non-veterans with amputations of lower limbs. Iran J War Public Health. 2016;8(2):95-103. [Persian]
[8]Robertson EM. The serial reaction time task: Implicit motor skill learning?. J Neurosci. 2007;27(38):10073-5.
[9]Alikhani H, Vaez Mousavi M, Mokhtari P. The effect of cognitive and motivational imagery on choice reaction time. World Appl Sci J. 2011;12(6):792-6.
[10]Schmidt RA, Lee TD. Motor learning and performance: From principles to application. Champaign: Human Kinetics; 2018.
[11]Grouios G. On the reduction of reaction time with mental practice. J Sport Behav. 1992;15(2):141.
[12]Clark VP, Coffman BA, Trumbo MC, Gasparovic C. Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) produces localized and specific alterations in neurochemistry: A ¹H magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. Neurosci Lett. 2011;500(1):67-71.
[13]Brunoni AR, Amadera J, Berbel B, Volz MS, Rizzerio BG, Fregni F. A systematic review on reporting and assessment of adverse effects associated with transcranial direct current stimulation. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2011;14(8):1133-45.
[14]Eslamizade MJ, Behbahanian Sh, Mahdavi SM, Oftadehal M. An introduction to neurotechnologies, transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation: Their applications in the cognitive enhancement and rehabilitation. Shefaye Khatam. 2016;4(2):65-86. [Persian]
[15]Strobach T, Antonenko D. tDCS-induced effects on executive functioning and their cognitive mechanisms: A review. J Cogn Enhanc. 2017;1(1):49-64.
[16]Teo F, Hoy KE, Daskalakis ZJ, Fitzgerald PB. Investigating the role of current strength in tDCS modulation of working memory performance in healthy controls. Front Psychiatry. 2011;2:45.
[17]Zamani G, Doostan MR. The effect of transcranial direct current stimulation on working memory and reactiontime in athlete girls. Neuropsychology. 2017;3(3):51-62. [Persian]
[18]Vafaye Sisakht Sh, Ramezani Kh. The effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on mental health of veterans with psychiatric disorders. Shefaye Khatam. 2017;5(2):36-42. [Persian]
[19]Arias P, Corral-Bergantiños Y, Robles-García V, Madrid A, Oliviero A, Cudeiro J. Bilateral tDCS on primary motor cortex: Effects on fast arm reaching tasks. PLoS One. 2016;11(8):e0160063.
[20]Alboghebish S, Shetab Boushehri N, Danshfar A, Abedanzadeh R. Assiament facilitate and significant interference of Stroop effect on psychological refractory period. Neuropsychology. 2017;2(2):93-106. [Persian]
[21]Marquez J, Conley A, Karayanidis F, Lagopoulos J, Parsons M. Anodal direct current stimulation in the healthy aged: Effects determined by the hemisphere stimulated. Restor Neurol Neurosci. 2015;33(4):509-19.
[22]Shelton J, Kumar GP. Comparison between auditory and visual simple reaction times. Neurosci Med. 2010;1:30-2.
[23]Takai H, Tsubaki A, Sugawara K, Miyaguchi Sh, Oyanagi K, Matsumoto T, et al. Effect of transcranial direct current stimulation over the primary motor cortex on cerebral blood flow: A time course study using near-infrared spectroscopy. In: Elwell CE, Leung TS, Harrison DK, editors. Oxygen transport to tissue XXXVII. New York: Springer; 2016. pp. 335-41.
[24]Polanía R, Paulus W, Antal A, Nitsche MA. Introducing graph theory to track for neuroplastic alterations in the resting human brain: A transcranial direct current stimulation study. Neuroimage. 2011;54(3):2287-96.
[25]Ruohonen J, Karhu J. tDCS possibly stimulates glial cells. Clin Neurophysiol. 2012;123(10):2006-9.
[26]Soutschek A, Taylor PC, Schubert T. The role of the dorsal medial frontal cortex in central processing limitation: A transcranial magnetic stimulation study. Exp Brain Res. 2016;234(9):2447-55.
[27]Tavalaee SA, Habibi M, Asari Sh, Ghanei M, Naderi Z, Khateri Sh, et al. Quality of life in chemical weapon victims 15 years after exposure to mustard gas. J Behav Sci. 2007;1(1):17-25. [Persian]
[28]Cohen-Cline H, Turkheimer E, Duncan GE. Access to green space, physical activity and mental health: A twin study. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2015;69(6):523-9.