@2024 Afarand., IRAN
ISSN: 2252-0805 The Horizon of Medical Sciences 2017;23(4):285-292
ISSN: 2252-0805 The Horizon of Medical Sciences 2017;23(4):285-292
Comparison the Effect of Two Exercise Training Protocols (Aerobic and Resistance Exercises) on Levels of Interleukin-10, CReactive Protein (CRP) and Insulin Rresistance Index in Women with Type 2 Diabetes
ARTICLE INFO
Article Type
Original ResearchAuthors
Khosravi N. (*)Fatahi F. (1)
Ramezankhani A. (2)
(*) Exercise physiology Department, Education & Sport Sciences Faculty, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
(1) Exercise Physiology Department, Education & Sport Sciences Faculty, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran
(2) Exercise Physiology Department, Education & Sport Sciences Faculty, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran
Correspondence
Address: Exercise physiology Department, Education & Sport Sciences Faculty, Alzahra University, Dehe Vanak Street, Tehran, IranPhone: +98 (21) 88041468
Fax: +98 (21) 88041468
niku461@yahoo.com
Article History
Received: January 2, 2016Accepted: May 3, 2017
ePublished: September 28, 2017
ABSTRACT
Aims
Chronic inflammation in the body can be a stimulant for insulin
resistance and type 2 diabetes. C-reactive protein (CRP) is an indicator of
systemic inflammation and Interleukin-10 is one of the most important antiinflammatory
cytokines. The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of
two exercise training protocols (aerobic and resistance exercises) on levels of
Interleukin-10, CRP and insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) in women with
type 2 diabetes.
Materials & Methods In this semi-experimental study with pre-test and posttest design in 2015, 24 women with type 2 diabetes who referred to diabetes control centers in Tehran city were selected by random sampling method and randomly divided into three groups (n=8): aerobic training group, resistance training group and control group. Exercise training was conducted in aerobic training group with 50-65% of maximum oxygen consumption (Vo2max) and in resistance training group with intensity of 60-70% one repetition maximum (1RM) for 10 weeks. Before and after exercise, anthropometric indices and blood samples of subjects were evaluated. Data were analyzed by SPSS 20 software and using repeated measures analysis of variance.
Findings ,After 10 weeks, levels of Interleukin-10 in the aerobic training and resistance training groups were significantly increased and insulin, fasting glucose and insulin resistance index decreased significantly, but CRP concentration and body fat percentage decreased only in the resistance training group (p<0.05).
Conclusion Both exercise training protocols improve fasting blood glucose, insulin, insulin resistance index and increase levels of Interleukin-10 in type 2 diabetic women. Resistance training also decrease levels of CRP,
Materials & Methods In this semi-experimental study with pre-test and posttest design in 2015, 24 women with type 2 diabetes who referred to diabetes control centers in Tehran city were selected by random sampling method and randomly divided into three groups (n=8): aerobic training group, resistance training group and control group. Exercise training was conducted in aerobic training group with 50-65% of maximum oxygen consumption (Vo2max) and in resistance training group with intensity of 60-70% one repetition maximum (1RM) for 10 weeks. Before and after exercise, anthropometric indices and blood samples of subjects were evaluated. Data were analyzed by SPSS 20 software and using repeated measures analysis of variance.
Findings ,After 10 weeks, levels of Interleukin-10 in the aerobic training and resistance training groups were significantly increased and insulin, fasting glucose and insulin resistance index decreased significantly, but CRP concentration and body fat percentage decreased only in the resistance training group (p<0.05).
Conclusion Both exercise training protocols improve fasting blood glucose, insulin, insulin resistance index and increase levels of Interleukin-10 in type 2 diabetic women. Resistance training also decrease levels of CRP,
Keywords:
Interleukin-10,
C-Reactive Protein,
Type 2 Diabetes,
Aerobic Training,
Resistance Training,
CITATION LINKS
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[2]Blüher M. Adipose tissue inflammation: A cause or consequence of obesity-related insulin resistance?. Clin Sci (Lond). 2016;130(18):1603-14.
[3]Tabák AG, Kivimäki M, Brunner EJ, Lowe GD, Jokela M, Akbaraly TN, et al. Changes in C-reactive protein levels before type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular death: the Whitehall II study. Eur J Endocrinol. 2010;163(1):89-95.
[4]Barry JC, Shakibakho S, Durrer C, Simtchouk S, Jawanda KK, Cheung ST, et al. Hyporesponsiveness to the anti-inflammatory action of interleukin-10 in type 2 diabetes. Sci Rep. 2016;6:21244.
[5]Xu A, Zhu W, Li T, Li X, Cheng J, Li C, et al. Interleukin-10 gene transfer into insulin-producing β cells protects against diabetes in non-obese diabetic mice. Mol Med Rep. 2015;12(3):3881-9.
[6]Janowska J, Chudek J, Olszanecka-Glinianowicz M, Semik-Grabarczyk E, Zahorska-Markiewicz B. Interdependencies among selected pro-inflammatory markers of endothelial dysfunction, c-peptide, anti-inflammatory interleukin-10 and glucose metabolism disturbance in obese women. Int J Med Sci. 2016;13(7):490-9.
[7]Pedersen BK. The anti-inflammatory effect of exercise: Its role in diabetes and cardiovascular disease control. Essays Biochem. 2006;42:105-17.
[8]Kwak MS, Kim D, Chung GE, Kim W, Kim YJ, Yoon JH. Role of physical activity in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in terms of visceral obesity and insulin resistance. Liver Int. 2015;35 (3):944–52.
[9]Church TS, Blair SN, Cocreham S, Johannsen N, Johnson W, Kramer K, et al. Effects of aerobic and resistance training on hemoglobin a1c levels in patients with type 2 diabetes. JAMA. 2010;304(20):2253-62.
[10]Umpierre D, Ribeiro PA, Kramer CK, Leita˜o CB, Zucatti AT, Azevedo MJ, et al. Physical activity advice only or structured exercise training and association with hba1c levels in type 2 diabetes. JAMA. 2011;305(17):1790-9.
[11]Jorge M, Oliveira V, Resende NM, Paraiso LF, Calixto A, Diniz AL, et al .The effects of aerobic, resistance, and combined exercise on metabolic control, inflammatory markers, adipocytokines, and muscle insulin signaling in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metabolism. 2011;60(9):1244-52.
[12]Speretta GF, Rosante MC, Duarte FO, Leite RD, Lino AD, Andre RA, et al. The effects of exercise modalities on adiposity in obese rats. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2012;67(12):1469-77.
[13]Ropelle ER, Flores MB, Cintra DE, Rocha GZ, Pauli JR, Morari J, et al. IL- 6 and IL-10 anti-inflammatory activity links exercise to hypothalamic insulin and leptin sensitivity through IKKbeta and ER stress inhibition. PLoS Biol. 2010;8(8):1-20.
[14]Jankord R, Jemiolo B. Influence of Physical Activity on serum IL-6 and IL-10 levels in healthy older men. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2004;36(6):960-4.
[15]Malm C, Sjodin TL, Sjoberg B, Lenkei R, Renstrom P, Lundberg IE, et al. Leukocytes, cytokines, growth factors and hormones in human skeletal muscle and blood after uphill or downhill running. J Physiol. 2004;556(Pt 3):983-1000.
[16]Teixeira-Lemos E, Nunes S, Teixeira F, Reis F. Regular physical exercise training assists in preventing type 2 diabetes development: focus on its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2011;10:12.
[17]Hopps E, Canino B, Caimi G. Effects of exercise on inflammation markers in type 2 diabetic subjects. Acta Diabetol. 2011;48(3):183-9.
[18]Volaklis KA, Smilios I, Spassis AT, Zois CE, Douda HT, Halle M, et al. Acute pro- and anti-inflammatory responses to resistance exercise in patients with coronary artery disease: A pilot study. J Sports Sci Med. 2015;14(1):91–7.
[19]Swift DL, Johannsen NM, Earnest CP, Blair SN, Church TS. Effect of exercise training modality on C-reactive protein in type 2 diabetes. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2012;44(6):1028-34.
[20]Oberbach A, Tönjes A, Klöting N, Fasshauer M, Kratzsch J, Busse MW, et al. Effect of a 4 week physical training program on plasma concentrations of inflammatory markers in patients with abnormal glucose tolerance. Eur J Endocrinol. 2006;154( 4):577-85
[21]Touvra AM, Volaklis KA, Spassis AT, Zois CE, Douda HD, Kotsa K, et al. Combined strength and aerobic training increases transforming growth factor-β1 in patients with type 2 diabetes. Hormones (Athens). 2011;10(2):125-30.
[22]Craig C, Marshall AL, Sjöström M, Bauman AE, Booth ML, Ainsworth BE, et al. International physical activity questionnaire: 12-country reliability and validity. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003;35(8):1381-95.
[23]SeyedEmami R, Eftekhar Ardebili H, Golestan B. Effect of a health education intervention related to physical activity on knowledge, attitude and behavior in health volunteers. Hatat. 2011;16(3-4):48-55. [Persian]
[24]Hazavehei S, Asadi Z, Hasanzade A, Shekarchizadeh P. A study on the effect of physical education curriculum based on basnef model on female students’ regular physical activity in Isfahan. J Zanjan Univ Med Sci Health Serv. 2009;17(69):70-83. [Persian]
[25]Hernández Davó JL, Solana RS, Sarabia Marín JM, Fernández Fernández J, Moya Ramón M. Rest Interval required for power training with power load in the bench press throw exercise. J Strength Cond Res. 2016;30(5):1265-74.
[26]Mason C, Schubert KE, Imayama I, Kong A, Xiao L, Bain C, et al. Dietary weight loss and exercise effects on insulin resistance in postmenopausal women. Am J Prev Med. 2011;41(4):366-75.
[27]Banaeifar A, Soheily SH, Kazemzade Y, Parsian H. Changes of interleukin-10 concentration and lipids profile following 6 and 12 weeks of aerobic training in obese women. Int Med J. 2016;23(4):342-5.
[28]Hirose L, Nosaka K, Newton M, Laveder A, Kano M, Peake J, Suzuki K. Changes in inflammatory mediators following eccentric exercise of the elbow flexors. Exerc Immunol Rev. 2004;10:75-90.
[29]Ouchi N, Parker JL, Lugus JJ, Walsk K. Adipokines in inflammation and metabolic disease. Nat Rev Immunol. 2011;11(2):85-97.
[30]Soheily SH, Yadegari E, Banaeifar A. The effect of endurance and resistance training on inflammatory cytokines in sedentary young women. Acta Medica Mediterranea. 2016,32:999-1002.
[31]Donges CE, Duffield R, Drinkwater EJ. Effects of resistance or aerobic exercise Ttraining on interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, and body composition. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2010;42(2):304-13.
[32]Kadoglou NP, Iliadis F, Angelopoulou N, Perrea D, Ampatzidis G, Liapis CD, et al. The anti-inflammatory effects of exercise training in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2007;14(6):837-43.
[33]Campbell PT, Campbell KL, Wener MH, Wood BL, Potter JD, McTiernan A, et al. A yearlong exercise intervention decreases CRP among obese postmenopausal women. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2009;41(8):1533-9
[34]Christiansen T, Paulsen SK, Bruun JM, Pedersen SB, Richelsen B. Exercise Training Versus Diet-induced Weight-loss on Metabolic Risk Factors and Inflammatory Markers in Obese Subjects: A 12-week Randomized Intervention Study. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2010;298(4):E824-31.
[35]Arbabi A, Moamen kahkha H. The effect of 32 week resistance exercise on serum C - Reactive Protein and leptin levels in middle-aged women. Int Res J Appl Basic Sci. 2016;10(3):252-5.
[36]Heffernan KS, Jae SY, Vieira VJ, Iwamoto GA, Wilund KR, Woods JA, et al. C-reactive protein and cardiac vagal activity following resistance exercise training in young African-American and white men. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2009;296(4):R1098-105.
[37]Nicklas BJ, Ambrosius W, Messier SP, Miller GD, Penninx BW, Loeser RF, et al. Diet- induced weight loss, exercise and chronic inflammation in older, obese adults: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Am J Clin Nutri. 2004;79(4):544-51.
[38]Olson TP, Dengel DR, Leon AS, Schmitz KH. Changes in inflammatory biomarkers following one-year of moderate resistance training in overweight women. Int J Obes (Lond). 2007;31(6):996-1003.
[39]Levinger I, Goodman C, Peake J, Garnham A, Hare DL, Jerums G, et al. Inflammation, hepatic enzymes and resistance training in individuals with metabolic risk factors. Diabetic Med. 2009;26(3):220-7.
[40]Suh S, Jeong IK, Kim MY, Kim YS, Shin S, Kim SS, et al. Effects of resistance training and aerobic exercise on insulin sensitivity in overweight Korean adolescents: A controlled randomized trial. Diabetes Metab J. 2011;35(4):418-26.
[41]Shamsoddini A, Sobhani V, Ghamar Chehreh ME, Alavian SM, Zaree A. Effect of aerobic and resistance exercise training on liver enzymes and hepatic fat in Iranian men with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepat Mon. 2015;15(10):e31434.
[42]Pannacciulli N, Cantatore FP, Minenna A, Bellacicco M, Giorgino R, De Pergola G. C-reactive protein is independently associated with total body fat, central fat, and insulin resistance in adult women. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2001;25(10):1416-20.
[2]Blüher M. Adipose tissue inflammation: A cause or consequence of obesity-related insulin resistance?. Clin Sci (Lond). 2016;130(18):1603-14.
[3]Tabák AG, Kivimäki M, Brunner EJ, Lowe GD, Jokela M, Akbaraly TN, et al. Changes in C-reactive protein levels before type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular death: the Whitehall II study. Eur J Endocrinol. 2010;163(1):89-95.
[4]Barry JC, Shakibakho S, Durrer C, Simtchouk S, Jawanda KK, Cheung ST, et al. Hyporesponsiveness to the anti-inflammatory action of interleukin-10 in type 2 diabetes. Sci Rep. 2016;6:21244.
[5]Xu A, Zhu W, Li T, Li X, Cheng J, Li C, et al. Interleukin-10 gene transfer into insulin-producing β cells protects against diabetes in non-obese diabetic mice. Mol Med Rep. 2015;12(3):3881-9.
[6]Janowska J, Chudek J, Olszanecka-Glinianowicz M, Semik-Grabarczyk E, Zahorska-Markiewicz B. Interdependencies among selected pro-inflammatory markers of endothelial dysfunction, c-peptide, anti-inflammatory interleukin-10 and glucose metabolism disturbance in obese women. Int J Med Sci. 2016;13(7):490-9.
[7]Pedersen BK. The anti-inflammatory effect of exercise: Its role in diabetes and cardiovascular disease control. Essays Biochem. 2006;42:105-17.
[8]Kwak MS, Kim D, Chung GE, Kim W, Kim YJ, Yoon JH. Role of physical activity in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in terms of visceral obesity and insulin resistance. Liver Int. 2015;35 (3):944–52.
[9]Church TS, Blair SN, Cocreham S, Johannsen N, Johnson W, Kramer K, et al. Effects of aerobic and resistance training on hemoglobin a1c levels in patients with type 2 diabetes. JAMA. 2010;304(20):2253-62.
[10]Umpierre D, Ribeiro PA, Kramer CK, Leita˜o CB, Zucatti AT, Azevedo MJ, et al. Physical activity advice only or structured exercise training and association with hba1c levels in type 2 diabetes. JAMA. 2011;305(17):1790-9.
[11]Jorge M, Oliveira V, Resende NM, Paraiso LF, Calixto A, Diniz AL, et al .The effects of aerobic, resistance, and combined exercise on metabolic control, inflammatory markers, adipocytokines, and muscle insulin signaling in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metabolism. 2011;60(9):1244-52.
[12]Speretta GF, Rosante MC, Duarte FO, Leite RD, Lino AD, Andre RA, et al. The effects of exercise modalities on adiposity in obese rats. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2012;67(12):1469-77.
[13]Ropelle ER, Flores MB, Cintra DE, Rocha GZ, Pauli JR, Morari J, et al. IL- 6 and IL-10 anti-inflammatory activity links exercise to hypothalamic insulin and leptin sensitivity through IKKbeta and ER stress inhibition. PLoS Biol. 2010;8(8):1-20.
[14]Jankord R, Jemiolo B. Influence of Physical Activity on serum IL-6 and IL-10 levels in healthy older men. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2004;36(6):960-4.
[15]Malm C, Sjodin TL, Sjoberg B, Lenkei R, Renstrom P, Lundberg IE, et al. Leukocytes, cytokines, growth factors and hormones in human skeletal muscle and blood after uphill or downhill running. J Physiol. 2004;556(Pt 3):983-1000.
[16]Teixeira-Lemos E, Nunes S, Teixeira F, Reis F. Regular physical exercise training assists in preventing type 2 diabetes development: focus on its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2011;10:12.
[17]Hopps E, Canino B, Caimi G. Effects of exercise on inflammation markers in type 2 diabetic subjects. Acta Diabetol. 2011;48(3):183-9.
[18]Volaklis KA, Smilios I, Spassis AT, Zois CE, Douda HT, Halle M, et al. Acute pro- and anti-inflammatory responses to resistance exercise in patients with coronary artery disease: A pilot study. J Sports Sci Med. 2015;14(1):91–7.
[19]Swift DL, Johannsen NM, Earnest CP, Blair SN, Church TS. Effect of exercise training modality on C-reactive protein in type 2 diabetes. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2012;44(6):1028-34.
[20]Oberbach A, Tönjes A, Klöting N, Fasshauer M, Kratzsch J, Busse MW, et al. Effect of a 4 week physical training program on plasma concentrations of inflammatory markers in patients with abnormal glucose tolerance. Eur J Endocrinol. 2006;154( 4):577-85
[21]Touvra AM, Volaklis KA, Spassis AT, Zois CE, Douda HD, Kotsa K, et al. Combined strength and aerobic training increases transforming growth factor-β1 in patients with type 2 diabetes. Hormones (Athens). 2011;10(2):125-30.
[22]Craig C, Marshall AL, Sjöström M, Bauman AE, Booth ML, Ainsworth BE, et al. International physical activity questionnaire: 12-country reliability and validity. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003;35(8):1381-95.
[23]SeyedEmami R, Eftekhar Ardebili H, Golestan B. Effect of a health education intervention related to physical activity on knowledge, attitude and behavior in health volunteers. Hatat. 2011;16(3-4):48-55. [Persian]
[24]Hazavehei S, Asadi Z, Hasanzade A, Shekarchizadeh P. A study on the effect of physical education curriculum based on basnef model on female students’ regular physical activity in Isfahan. J Zanjan Univ Med Sci Health Serv. 2009;17(69):70-83. [Persian]
[25]Hernández Davó JL, Solana RS, Sarabia Marín JM, Fernández Fernández J, Moya Ramón M. Rest Interval required for power training with power load in the bench press throw exercise. J Strength Cond Res. 2016;30(5):1265-74.
[26]Mason C, Schubert KE, Imayama I, Kong A, Xiao L, Bain C, et al. Dietary weight loss and exercise effects on insulin resistance in postmenopausal women. Am J Prev Med. 2011;41(4):366-75.
[27]Banaeifar A, Soheily SH, Kazemzade Y, Parsian H. Changes of interleukin-10 concentration and lipids profile following 6 and 12 weeks of aerobic training in obese women. Int Med J. 2016;23(4):342-5.
[28]Hirose L, Nosaka K, Newton M, Laveder A, Kano M, Peake J, Suzuki K. Changes in inflammatory mediators following eccentric exercise of the elbow flexors. Exerc Immunol Rev. 2004;10:75-90.
[29]Ouchi N, Parker JL, Lugus JJ, Walsk K. Adipokines in inflammation and metabolic disease. Nat Rev Immunol. 2011;11(2):85-97.
[30]Soheily SH, Yadegari E, Banaeifar A. The effect of endurance and resistance training on inflammatory cytokines in sedentary young women. Acta Medica Mediterranea. 2016,32:999-1002.
[31]Donges CE, Duffield R, Drinkwater EJ. Effects of resistance or aerobic exercise Ttraining on interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, and body composition. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2010;42(2):304-13.
[32]Kadoglou NP, Iliadis F, Angelopoulou N, Perrea D, Ampatzidis G, Liapis CD, et al. The anti-inflammatory effects of exercise training in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2007;14(6):837-43.
[33]Campbell PT, Campbell KL, Wener MH, Wood BL, Potter JD, McTiernan A, et al. A yearlong exercise intervention decreases CRP among obese postmenopausal women. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2009;41(8):1533-9
[34]Christiansen T, Paulsen SK, Bruun JM, Pedersen SB, Richelsen B. Exercise Training Versus Diet-induced Weight-loss on Metabolic Risk Factors and Inflammatory Markers in Obese Subjects: A 12-week Randomized Intervention Study. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2010;298(4):E824-31.
[35]Arbabi A, Moamen kahkha H. The effect of 32 week resistance exercise on serum C - Reactive Protein and leptin levels in middle-aged women. Int Res J Appl Basic Sci. 2016;10(3):252-5.
[36]Heffernan KS, Jae SY, Vieira VJ, Iwamoto GA, Wilund KR, Woods JA, et al. C-reactive protein and cardiac vagal activity following resistance exercise training in young African-American and white men. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2009;296(4):R1098-105.
[37]Nicklas BJ, Ambrosius W, Messier SP, Miller GD, Penninx BW, Loeser RF, et al. Diet- induced weight loss, exercise and chronic inflammation in older, obese adults: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Am J Clin Nutri. 2004;79(4):544-51.
[38]Olson TP, Dengel DR, Leon AS, Schmitz KH. Changes in inflammatory biomarkers following one-year of moderate resistance training in overweight women. Int J Obes (Lond). 2007;31(6):996-1003.
[39]Levinger I, Goodman C, Peake J, Garnham A, Hare DL, Jerums G, et al. Inflammation, hepatic enzymes and resistance training in individuals with metabolic risk factors. Diabetic Med. 2009;26(3):220-7.
[40]Suh S, Jeong IK, Kim MY, Kim YS, Shin S, Kim SS, et al. Effects of resistance training and aerobic exercise on insulin sensitivity in overweight Korean adolescents: A controlled randomized trial. Diabetes Metab J. 2011;35(4):418-26.
[41]Shamsoddini A, Sobhani V, Ghamar Chehreh ME, Alavian SM, Zaree A. Effect of aerobic and resistance exercise training on liver enzymes and hepatic fat in Iranian men with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepat Mon. 2015;15(10):e31434.
[42]Pannacciulli N, Cantatore FP, Minenna A, Bellacicco M, Giorgino R, De Pergola G. C-reactive protein is independently associated with total body fat, central fat, and insulin resistance in adult women. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2001;25(10):1416-20.