@2024 Afarand., IRAN
ISSN: 2383-2150 Journal of Education and Community Health 2020;7(2):81-87
ISSN: 2383-2150 Journal of Education and Community Health 2020;7(2):81-87
Factors Related with Tobacco Smoking among College Students: The Application of the Extended Theory of Planned Behavior
ARTICLE INFO
Article Type
Original ResearchAuthors
Karimi M. (1)Jormand H. (2)
Zangeneh M. (*3)
(*3) Health Management Department, School of Health Management & Information Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
(1) Malayer Health Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan , Iran
(2) Students Research Committee, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
Correspondence
Address: School of Health Management & Information Sciences, No. 4, Rashid Yasemi Street, Vanak Square, Valiasr Avenue, Tehran, Iran. Postal code: 1996713883Phone: +98 (81) 33353418
Fax: +98 (81) 3337978
zangeneh_m_a@yahoo.com
Article History
Received: January 9, 2019Accepted: October 22, 2019
ePublished: June 20, 2020
ABSTRACT
Aims
Today, the prevalence of tobacco smoking among students is increasing. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to determine the factors related with tobacco smoking among students using extended theory of planned behavior.
Materials & Methods This cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 360 students of Universities of Malayer city who were selected by stratified random sampling method in 2017. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire including demographic variables and constructs of extended theory of planned behavior. Data were analyzed by SPSS 19 software using Pearson correlation, linear regression and logistic regression tests.
Findings Perceived behavioral control (β=-0.402), positive attitude toward smoking (β=0.164), and parenting styles (β=-0.143) predicted behavioral intention, respectively and totally explained 32% of variance of behavioral intention of tobacco smoking (p<0.05). Also, behavioral intention (β=0.135) and perceived behavioral control (β=-0.098) were the most important predictors of tobacco smoking and totally explained 40% of variance of tobacco smoking among students (p<0.05).
Conclusion The extended theory of planned behavior is appropriate and useful for identifying the factors affecting tobacco smoking. Perceived behavioral control, positive attitude toward smoking, and parenting styles are predictors of behavioral intention, respectively and behavioral intention and perceived behavioral control are predictors of tobacco smoking among students.
Materials & Methods This cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 360 students of Universities of Malayer city who were selected by stratified random sampling method in 2017. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire including demographic variables and constructs of extended theory of planned behavior. Data were analyzed by SPSS 19 software using Pearson correlation, linear regression and logistic regression tests.
Findings Perceived behavioral control (β=-0.402), positive attitude toward smoking (β=0.164), and parenting styles (β=-0.143) predicted behavioral intention, respectively and totally explained 32% of variance of behavioral intention of tobacco smoking (p<0.05). Also, behavioral intention (β=0.135) and perceived behavioral control (β=-0.098) were the most important predictors of tobacco smoking and totally explained 40% of variance of tobacco smoking among students (p<0.05).
Conclusion The extended theory of planned behavior is appropriate and useful for identifying the factors affecting tobacco smoking. Perceived behavioral control, positive attitude toward smoking, and parenting styles are predictors of behavioral intention, respectively and behavioral intention and perceived behavioral control are predictors of tobacco smoking among students.
CITATION LINKS
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[14]Sudo A, Kuroda Y. Media exposure, interactive health literacy, and adolescents' susceptibility to future smoking. Int J Adolesc Med Health. 2017;29(2):pii.
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[17]Ghaderi M, Mousavi Jajarmi SM, Haresabadi M, Bakhshabadi M, Feizi P, Majlesi S. Investigating of the prevalence and underlying factors of substance abuse among students of North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences. Iran J Anesthesiol Crit Care. 2019;2(1):29-38. [Persian]
[18]Bashirian S, Barati M, Mohammadi Y, Mostafaei H. Factors associated with hookah use among male high school students: the role of demographic characteristics and hookah user and non-user prototypes. J Res Health Sci. 2016;16(4):217-23.
[19]Saffari M, Shojaeizadeh D, Ghofranipour F, Heydarnia A, Pakpour A. Health Education & Promotion-Theories, Models & Methods. 1st Edition. Tehran: Sobhan; 2009. p. 12-21. [Persian]
[20]Harakeh Z, Scholte RH, Vermulst AA, de Vries H, Engels RC. Parental factors and adolescents' smoking behavior: an extension of the theory of planned behavior. Prev Med. 2004;39(5):951-61.
[21]Fathi Y, Bashirian S, Barati M, Hazavei SMM. Tramadol abuse status and related factors among three college students in Hamadan. Avicenna J Clin Med. 2012;19(3):23-9. [Persian]
[22]Dehdari T, Jafari A, Joveyni H. Students’ perspectives in Tehran University of Medical Sciences about factors affecting smoking hookah. Razi J Med Sci. 2012;19(95):17-24. [Persian]
[23]Barati M, Niknami S, Heidarnia A, Allahverdipour H. Predictors of tobacco smoking in male adolescents in Hamadan based on the theory of planned behavior. J Educ Community Health. 2014;1(3):28-37. [Persian]
[24]Karimy M, Niknami S, Heidarnia AR, Hajizadeh I, Montazeri A. Prevalence and determinants of male adolescents’ smoking in Iran: an explanation based on the theory of planned behavior. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2013;15(3):187-93.
[25]Zhu BP, Liu M, Shelton D, Liu S, GA. G. Cigarette smoking and its risk factors among elementary school students in Beijing. Am J Public Health 1996;86(3): 368-75.
[26]Malmberg M, Overbeek G, Vermulst AA, Monshouwer K, Vollebergh WA, Engels RC. The theory of planned behavior: Precursors of marijuana use in early adolescence? Drug Alcohol Depend. 2012;123(1-3):22-8.
[27]Tavousi M, Heidarnia A, Montazeri A, Taremian F, Akbari H, Haeri A. Distinction between two control constructs: an application of the theory of planned behavior for substance abuse avoidance in adolescents. Horizon Med Sci. 2009;15(3):36-44. [Persian]
[28]Glanz K, Rimer BK, Viswanath K, editors. Health behavior and health education: theory, research, and practice. 4th Edition. San Francisco, Calif: John Wiley & Sons; 2008.
[29]Barreto SM, Giatti L, Casado L, de Moura L, Crespo C, Malta D. Contextual factors associated with smoking among Brazilian adolescents. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2012;66(8):723-9.
[30]Bashirian S, Barati M, Abasi H, Sharma M, Karami M. The role of sociodemographic factors associated with waterpipe smoking among male adolescents in western Iran: a cross-sectional study. Tob Induc Dis. 2018;16:29.
[31]Akbari M. Developing and testing of a model for preventing of smoking behavior among adolescents in Tehran [Dissertation]. Tehran: Tarbiat Modares University; 2007. [Persian]
[32]El-Amin Sel-T, Nwaru BI, Ginawi I, Pisani P, Hakama M. The role of parents, friends and teachers in adolescents' cigarette smoking and tombak dipping in Sudan. Tob Control. 2011;20(2):94-9.
[33]Bashirian S, Barati M, Mohammadi Y, Mahmoodi H. Factors associated with intention of hookah and tobacco supply in Iran: application of the theory of planned behavior. J Subst Use. 2019;24(2):223-8.
[34]Moeini B, Barati M, Hazavehei SMM, Soltanian AR, Zareban I, Mousali AA. Applying theory of planned behavior to predict condom use intention among Iranian substance users covered by addiction treatment centers. J Subst Use. 2017;22(5):511-5.
[2]Rostamian A. Increased smoking among students of university [Internet]. Tehran: ISNA; 2017 [cited 2017 Oct 24]. Available from: https://www.isna.ir/news/96111710252/. [Persian]
[3]Arazi H, Hosseini R, Rahimzadeh M. Comparison of cigarette and hookah smoking between physical education and non-physical education students. J Jahrom Univ Med Sci. 2013;11(3):57-63. [Persian]
[4]Barati M, Allahverdipour H, Hidarnia A, Niknami S. Predicting tobacco smoking among male adolescents in Hamadan City, west of Iran in 2014: an application of the prototype willingness model. J Res Health Sci. 2015;15(2):113-8.
[5]Makvandi Z, Sharifi M, Barati M. Assessment of factors associated with hookah consumption among college students of asad abad city base on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) in 2015-2016. Iran J Health Educ Health Promot. 2017;5(4):270-9. [Persian]
[6]Ramezankhani A, Sarbandi Zaboli F, Zarghi A, Heidari G, Masjedi MR. Pattern of cigarette smoking in adolescent students in Tehran. Pejouhandeh. 2010;15(3):115-22. [Persian]
[7]Shojaa M, Jouybari L, Ghorbani M, Sanagoo A, Shojaei H, Kia Kajoori Z, et al. Prevalence and causes of smoking students living in dormitories of Golestan Medical Sciences University. Pejouhandeh. 2010;15(3):123-8. [Persian]
[8]Pasharoush L, Khoshbou S, Rezaei M, Saeidi MR. Frequency and related factors of smoking in high school girls in Kermanshah (2004). J Kermanshah Univ Med Sci. 2010;13(4):309-19. [Persian]
[9]Bashirian S, Barati M, Sharma M, Abasi H, Karami M. Water pipe smoking reduction in the male adolescent students: An educational intervention using multi-theory model. J Res Health Sci. 2019;19(1):e00438.
[10]Nazemi S, Chaman R, Davardoost N. Prevalence and reasons of inclination towards smoking among university students. Knowledge Health. 2012;7(3):107-11. [Persian]
[11]Jafari F, Aminzadeh M. Prevalence and factors associated with smoking among students of Tehran Art University. Avicenna Sci J. 2011;14(3):23-8. [Persian]
[12]Reed MB, Wang R, Shillington AM, Clapp JD, Lange JE. The relationship between alcohol use and cigarette smoking in a sample of undergraduate college students. Addict Behav. 2007;32(3):449-64.
[13]World Health Organization. Prevalence of current (daily or occasional) tobacco smoking among adults (15 years and older) (percentage) [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization. [cited 2017 Oct 24]. Available from: https://www.who.int/data/gho/indicator-metadata-registry/imr-details/128.
[14]Sudo A, Kuroda Y. Media exposure, interactive health literacy, and adolescents' susceptibility to future smoking. Int J Adolesc Med Health. 2017;29(2):pii.
[15]Mohammadkhani S. Risk and protective factors of alcohol, tobacco and other illicit drugs used among 13 to 18 years-old adolescents. Educ Psychol. 2008;4(12):38-69. [Persian]
[16]Rigotti NA, Moran SE, Wechsler H. US college students’ exposure to tobacco promotions: prevalence and association with tobacco use. Am J Public Health. 2005;95(1):138-44.
[17]Ghaderi M, Mousavi Jajarmi SM, Haresabadi M, Bakhshabadi M, Feizi P, Majlesi S. Investigating of the prevalence and underlying factors of substance abuse among students of North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences. Iran J Anesthesiol Crit Care. 2019;2(1):29-38. [Persian]
[18]Bashirian S, Barati M, Mohammadi Y, Mostafaei H. Factors associated with hookah use among male high school students: the role of demographic characteristics and hookah user and non-user prototypes. J Res Health Sci. 2016;16(4):217-23.
[19]Saffari M, Shojaeizadeh D, Ghofranipour F, Heydarnia A, Pakpour A. Health Education & Promotion-Theories, Models & Methods. 1st Edition. Tehran: Sobhan; 2009. p. 12-21. [Persian]
[20]Harakeh Z, Scholte RH, Vermulst AA, de Vries H, Engels RC. Parental factors and adolescents' smoking behavior: an extension of the theory of planned behavior. Prev Med. 2004;39(5):951-61.
[21]Fathi Y, Bashirian S, Barati M, Hazavei SMM. Tramadol abuse status and related factors among three college students in Hamadan. Avicenna J Clin Med. 2012;19(3):23-9. [Persian]
[22]Dehdari T, Jafari A, Joveyni H. Students’ perspectives in Tehran University of Medical Sciences about factors affecting smoking hookah. Razi J Med Sci. 2012;19(95):17-24. [Persian]
[23]Barati M, Niknami S, Heidarnia A, Allahverdipour H. Predictors of tobacco smoking in male adolescents in Hamadan based on the theory of planned behavior. J Educ Community Health. 2014;1(3):28-37. [Persian]
[24]Karimy M, Niknami S, Heidarnia AR, Hajizadeh I, Montazeri A. Prevalence and determinants of male adolescents’ smoking in Iran: an explanation based on the theory of planned behavior. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2013;15(3):187-93.
[25]Zhu BP, Liu M, Shelton D, Liu S, GA. G. Cigarette smoking and its risk factors among elementary school students in Beijing. Am J Public Health 1996;86(3): 368-75.
[26]Malmberg M, Overbeek G, Vermulst AA, Monshouwer K, Vollebergh WA, Engels RC. The theory of planned behavior: Precursors of marijuana use in early adolescence? Drug Alcohol Depend. 2012;123(1-3):22-8.
[27]Tavousi M, Heidarnia A, Montazeri A, Taremian F, Akbari H, Haeri A. Distinction between two control constructs: an application of the theory of planned behavior for substance abuse avoidance in adolescents. Horizon Med Sci. 2009;15(3):36-44. [Persian]
[28]Glanz K, Rimer BK, Viswanath K, editors. Health behavior and health education: theory, research, and practice. 4th Edition. San Francisco, Calif: John Wiley & Sons; 2008.
[29]Barreto SM, Giatti L, Casado L, de Moura L, Crespo C, Malta D. Contextual factors associated with smoking among Brazilian adolescents. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2012;66(8):723-9.
[30]Bashirian S, Barati M, Abasi H, Sharma M, Karami M. The role of sociodemographic factors associated with waterpipe smoking among male adolescents in western Iran: a cross-sectional study. Tob Induc Dis. 2018;16:29.
[31]Akbari M. Developing and testing of a model for preventing of smoking behavior among adolescents in Tehran [Dissertation]. Tehran: Tarbiat Modares University; 2007. [Persian]
[32]El-Amin Sel-T, Nwaru BI, Ginawi I, Pisani P, Hakama M. The role of parents, friends and teachers in adolescents' cigarette smoking and tombak dipping in Sudan. Tob Control. 2011;20(2):94-9.
[33]Bashirian S, Barati M, Mohammadi Y, Mahmoodi H. Factors associated with intention of hookah and tobacco supply in Iran: application of the theory of planned behavior. J Subst Use. 2019;24(2):223-8.
[34]Moeini B, Barati M, Hazavehei SMM, Soltanian AR, Zareban I, Mousali AA. Applying theory of planned behavior to predict condom use intention among Iranian substance users covered by addiction treatment centers. J Subst Use. 2017;22(5):511-5.