@2024 Afarand., IRAN
ISSN: 2383-3483 Journal of Police Medicine 2018;7(2):51-55
ISSN: 2383-3483 Journal of Police Medicine 2018;7(2):51-55
Effect of Ranger Training Course on Testosterone and LH/FSH Concentrations
ARTICLE INFO
Article Type
Original ResearchAuthors
Bararpour E. (*)Mirzaei S. (1)
Chale Chale M. (1)
(*) Department of Physiology & Sport Biomechanics, Physical Education & Sports Sciences Faculty, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
(1) Department of Sport Physiology, West Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
Correspondence
Address: Mazandaran University, Pasdaran Street, Babolsar, Mazandaran, IranPhone: +98 (11) 35303560
Fax: +98 (11) 35334253
eb.physio61@hotmail.com
Article History
Received: June 27, 2017Accepted: December 30, 2018
ePublished: April 25, 2018
ABSTRACT
Aims
High degree of physical readiness is essential for officers. This study examined the effect of 8-week Ranger training course on physical readiness and Testosterone and LH/FSH concentrations.
Materials & Methods This semi-experimental study with pre- and post-test design and control group was performed in Imam Ali University cadets of second year in 2015. Using available sampling method, 24 samples were selected and divided into two groups of test (n=12) and control (n=12). To evaluate physical readiness data was collected using, sit and reach, 20m sprint, 4x9 Agility and Sargent jump tests. The measurement of hormones was done using conventional blood tests. Data was analyzed by SPSS 21 using independent t-test.
Findings During the 8-week Ranger training course, the testosterone concentration decreased by 61.25% (p=0.001). Increasing anaerobic power of subjects after training was significant too (t=2.14; p=0.044); However, no significant effect was observed in LH/FSH and speed, agility and flexibility of subjects (p>0.05).
Conclusion The Ranger training course is effective in testosterone concentration reduction and increasing anaerobic power in soldiers.
Materials & Methods This semi-experimental study with pre- and post-test design and control group was performed in Imam Ali University cadets of second year in 2015. Using available sampling method, 24 samples were selected and divided into two groups of test (n=12) and control (n=12). To evaluate physical readiness data was collected using, sit and reach, 20m sprint, 4x9 Agility and Sargent jump tests. The measurement of hormones was done using conventional blood tests. Data was analyzed by SPSS 21 using independent t-test.
Findings During the 8-week Ranger training course, the testosterone concentration decreased by 61.25% (p=0.001). Increasing anaerobic power of subjects after training was significant too (t=2.14; p=0.044); However, no significant effect was observed in LH/FSH and speed, agility and flexibility of subjects (p>0.05).
Conclusion The Ranger training course is effective in testosterone concentration reduction and increasing anaerobic power in soldiers.
CITATION LINKS
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[4]Plavina L. Preparedness and physical fitness of military personnel. In: Kaarma HMD, Tamm M, Anvelt I, editors. Papers on anthropology 17. Tartu: Tartu University Press; 2008. pp- 255-64.
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[6]Burke WP, Dyer FN. Effects of ranger training on selected measures of strength and cardiovascular fitness. U.S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences. Alexandria; 1980 Oct. Report No: 1353.
[7]Shippee R, Askew EW, Bernton E, Martinez-Lopez L, Kramer M. Nutritional and immunological assessment of ranger students with increased caloric intake. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine. Natick; 1994 Dec.
[8]Pemrick MD, Michael D. Physical fitness and the 75th ranger regiment: the components of physical fitness and the ranger mission. Army Command and General Staff College. Fort Leavenworth; 1999.
[9]Bovill ME, Tharion WJ, Lieberman HR. Nutrition knowledge and supplement use among elite US army soldiers. Mil Med. 2003;168(12):997-1000.
[10]Opstad PK. Endocrine and metabolic changes during exhaustive multifactorial military stress. Results from studies during the ranger training course of the Norwegian Military Academy. Norwegian Defence Research Establishment. Kjeller; 2001.
[11]Majumdar P, Sri Srividhya JR. Monitoring Training Load in Indian Male Swimmers. Int J Exerc Sci. 2010;3(3):102-7.
[12]Arce JC, De Souza MJ. Exercise and male factor infertility. Sports Med. 1993;15(3):146-69.
[13]Calbet JL, Navarro MA, Barbany JR, Manso JG, Bonnin MR, Valero J. Salivary steroid changes and physical performance in highly trained cyclists. Int J Sports Med. 1993;14(3):111-7.
[14]Häkkinen K, Pakarinen A, Alen M, Kauhanen H, Komi PV. Daily hormonal and neuromuscular responses to intensive strength training in 1 week. Int J Sports Med. 1988;9(6):422-8.
[15]Farbiak L. Effects of lower-and higher-volume resistance exercise on serum total and free testosterone, skeletal muscle testosterone and dihydrotestosterone content, and skeletal muscle androgen receptor mRNA expression and protein content [dissertation]. Waco, Texas :Baylor University; 2013.
[16]Schumann M, Walker S, Izquierdo M, Newton RU, Kraemer WJ, Häkkinen K. The order effect of combined endurance and strength loadings on force and hormone responses: effects of prolonged training. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2014;114(4):867-80.
[17]Adlercreutz H, Härkönen M, Kuoppasalmi K, Näveri H, Huhtaniemi I, Tikkanen H. Effect of training on plasma anabolic and catabolic steroid hormones and their response during physical exercise. Int J Sports Med. 1986;7(S1):S27-8.
[18]Vervoorn C, Quist AM, Vermulst LJ, Erich WB, De Vries WR, Thijssen JH. The behavior of the plasma free testosterone/cortisol ratio during a season of elite rowing training. Int J Sports Med. 1991;12(3):257-63.
[19]Nindl BC, Barnes BR, Alemany JA, Frykman PN, Shippee RL, Friedl KE. Physiological consequences of US Army Ranger training. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007;39(8):1380-7.
[20]Friedl KE, Moore RJ, Hoyt RW, Marchitelli LJ, Martinez-Lopez LE, Askew EW. Endocrine markers of semistarvation in healthy lean men in a multistressor environment. J Appl Physiol. 2000;88(5):1820-30.
[21]Opstad PK, Aakvaag A. Decreased serum levels of oestradiol, testosterone and prolactin during prolonged physical strain and sleep deprivation and the influence of a high caloric diet. Eur J Appl Physiol 1982;49:343-8.
[22]Opstad PK, Ekanger R, Nummestad M, Raabe N. Performance, mood, and clinical symptoms in men exposed to prolonged, severe physical work and sleep deprivation. Aviat, Space, Environ Med. 1978;49(9):1065-73.
[23]Sgrò P, Romanelli F, Felici F, Sansone M, Bianchini S, Buzzachera CF. Testosterone responses to standardized short-term sub-maximal and maximal endurance exercises: issues on the dynamic adaptive role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis. J Endocrinol Investig. 2014;37(1):13-24.
[24]Hiruntrakul A, Nanagara R, Emasithi A, Borer KT. Effect of endurance exercise on resting testosterone levels in sedentary subjects. Cent Eur J Public Health. 2010;18(3):169-72.
[25]Friedl KE, Mays MZ, Kramer TR, Shippee RL. Acute recovery of physiological and cognitive function in US Army Ranger students in a multistressor field environment. Army Research Inst Of Environmental Medicine. Natick; 2001.
[26]Sporiš G, Harasin D, Bok D, Matika D, Vuleta D. Effects of a training program for special operations battalion on soldiers' fitness characteristics. J Strength Cond Res. 2012;26(10):2872-82.
[2]Kraemer WJ, Vescovi JD, Volek JS, Nindl BC, Newton RU, Patton JF, et al. Effects of concurrent resistance and aerobic training on load-bearing performance and the Army physical fitness test. Mil Med. 2004;169(12):994-9.
[3]Santtila M, Häkkinen K, Kraemer WJ, Kyröläinen H. Effects of basic training on acute physiological responses to a combat loaded run test. Mil Med. 2010;175(4):273-9.
[4]Plavina L. Preparedness and physical fitness of military personnel. In: Kaarma HMD, Tamm M, Anvelt I, editors. Papers on anthropology 17. Tartu: Tartu University Press; 2008. pp- 255-64.
[5]Chicharro JL, Lopez-Mojares LM, Lucia A, Perez M, Alvarez J, Labanda P, et al. Overtraining parameters in special military units. Aviat, Space, Environ Med. 1998;69(6):562-8.
[6]Burke WP, Dyer FN. Effects of ranger training on selected measures of strength and cardiovascular fitness. U.S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences. Alexandria; 1980 Oct. Report No: 1353.
[7]Shippee R, Askew EW, Bernton E, Martinez-Lopez L, Kramer M. Nutritional and immunological assessment of ranger students with increased caloric intake. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine. Natick; 1994 Dec.
[8]Pemrick MD, Michael D. Physical fitness and the 75th ranger regiment: the components of physical fitness and the ranger mission. Army Command and General Staff College. Fort Leavenworth; 1999.
[9]Bovill ME, Tharion WJ, Lieberman HR. Nutrition knowledge and supplement use among elite US army soldiers. Mil Med. 2003;168(12):997-1000.
[10]Opstad PK. Endocrine and metabolic changes during exhaustive multifactorial military stress. Results from studies during the ranger training course of the Norwegian Military Academy. Norwegian Defence Research Establishment. Kjeller; 2001.
[11]Majumdar P, Sri Srividhya JR. Monitoring Training Load in Indian Male Swimmers. Int J Exerc Sci. 2010;3(3):102-7.
[12]Arce JC, De Souza MJ. Exercise and male factor infertility. Sports Med. 1993;15(3):146-69.
[13]Calbet JL, Navarro MA, Barbany JR, Manso JG, Bonnin MR, Valero J. Salivary steroid changes and physical performance in highly trained cyclists. Int J Sports Med. 1993;14(3):111-7.
[14]Häkkinen K, Pakarinen A, Alen M, Kauhanen H, Komi PV. Daily hormonal and neuromuscular responses to intensive strength training in 1 week. Int J Sports Med. 1988;9(6):422-8.
[15]Farbiak L. Effects of lower-and higher-volume resistance exercise on serum total and free testosterone, skeletal muscle testosterone and dihydrotestosterone content, and skeletal muscle androgen receptor mRNA expression and protein content [dissertation]. Waco, Texas :Baylor University; 2013.
[16]Schumann M, Walker S, Izquierdo M, Newton RU, Kraemer WJ, Häkkinen K. The order effect of combined endurance and strength loadings on force and hormone responses: effects of prolonged training. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2014;114(4):867-80.
[17]Adlercreutz H, Härkönen M, Kuoppasalmi K, Näveri H, Huhtaniemi I, Tikkanen H. Effect of training on plasma anabolic and catabolic steroid hormones and their response during physical exercise. Int J Sports Med. 1986;7(S1):S27-8.
[18]Vervoorn C, Quist AM, Vermulst LJ, Erich WB, De Vries WR, Thijssen JH. The behavior of the plasma free testosterone/cortisol ratio during a season of elite rowing training. Int J Sports Med. 1991;12(3):257-63.
[19]Nindl BC, Barnes BR, Alemany JA, Frykman PN, Shippee RL, Friedl KE. Physiological consequences of US Army Ranger training. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007;39(8):1380-7.
[20]Friedl KE, Moore RJ, Hoyt RW, Marchitelli LJ, Martinez-Lopez LE, Askew EW. Endocrine markers of semistarvation in healthy lean men in a multistressor environment. J Appl Physiol. 2000;88(5):1820-30.
[21]Opstad PK, Aakvaag A. Decreased serum levels of oestradiol, testosterone and prolactin during prolonged physical strain and sleep deprivation and the influence of a high caloric diet. Eur J Appl Physiol 1982;49:343-8.
[22]Opstad PK, Ekanger R, Nummestad M, Raabe N. Performance, mood, and clinical symptoms in men exposed to prolonged, severe physical work and sleep deprivation. Aviat, Space, Environ Med. 1978;49(9):1065-73.
[23]Sgrò P, Romanelli F, Felici F, Sansone M, Bianchini S, Buzzachera CF. Testosterone responses to standardized short-term sub-maximal and maximal endurance exercises: issues on the dynamic adaptive role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis. J Endocrinol Investig. 2014;37(1):13-24.
[24]Hiruntrakul A, Nanagara R, Emasithi A, Borer KT. Effect of endurance exercise on resting testosterone levels in sedentary subjects. Cent Eur J Public Health. 2010;18(3):169-72.
[25]Friedl KE, Mays MZ, Kramer TR, Shippee RL. Acute recovery of physiological and cognitive function in US Army Ranger students in a multistressor field environment. Army Research Inst Of Environmental Medicine. Natick; 2001.
[26]Sporiš G, Harasin D, Bok D, Matika D, Vuleta D. Effects of a training program for special operations battalion on soldiers' fitness characteristics. J Strength Cond Res. 2012;26(10):2872-82.