@2024 Afarand., IRAN
ISSN: 2008-2630 Iranian Journal of War & Public Health 2016;8(1):41-47
ISSN: 2008-2630 Iranian Journal of War & Public Health 2016;8(1):41-47
Effect of Different Offline Periods on Enhance-Based Consolidation Process in Implicit Motor Memory of Veteran and Disabled Athletes
ARTICLE INFO
Article Type
Descriptive & Survey StudyAuthors
Ahar S. (*)Aslankhani M.A. (1)
Zareian E. (2)
(*) Motor Behavior Department, Physical Education & Sport Sciences Faculty, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran
(1) Motor Behavior Department, Physical Education & Sport Sciences Faculty, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
(2) Motor Behavior Department, Physical Education & Sport Sciences Faculty, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran
Correspondence
Address: Physical Education & Sport Sciences Faculty, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Shahid Fahmide Highway, Tehran, Iran. Postal Code: 1464785581Phone: +982144118632
Fax: +982144118629
saeid.ahar@atu.ac.ir
Article History
Received: November 27, 2015Accepted: February 9, 2016
ePublished: April 3, 2016
ABSTRACT
Aims
Based on the studies, there are processes in resting interval following learning, through which the trained skills are transferred into the long-term memory structures. Such a process is called the consolidation process. There are conflicting results following studies about the effects of different off-line periods on the consolidation process in the motor memory. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different off-line periods on the enhance-based consolidation process in the implicit motor memory in veteran and disabled athletes.
Instrument & Methods In the semi-experimental study, 45 male veteran and disabled athletes with physical motor disabilities were studied in Yazd in 2015.The subjects were selected via available sampling and randomly divided into three experimental groups with 6-, 24-, and 72-hour off-line periods. The test was done in two steps including learning and retention using alternating serial reaction time task (ASRTT). Data was analyzed using repeated measures two-factor ANOVA, one-way ANOVA, and Bonferroni’s post-hoc tests.
Findings In the skill learning step, the major effect of the group and the interaction effect of the group and the training package were not significant. Nevertheless, the major effect of the training package was solely significant (p=0.002). In addition, in the retention step, the major effect of the group and the interaction effect of the training package and the group were not significant. Nevertheless, the major effect of the training package was significant (p=0.001). The functioning of three groups in the retention package was better than the fifth package in the learning step.
Conclusion The off-line period and especially a 72-hour interval after the training and skill learning step can enhance the consolidation process in the implicit motor memory in the veteran and disabled athletes.
Instrument & Methods In the semi-experimental study, 45 male veteran and disabled athletes with physical motor disabilities were studied in Yazd in 2015.The subjects were selected via available sampling and randomly divided into three experimental groups with 6-, 24-, and 72-hour off-line periods. The test was done in two steps including learning and retention using alternating serial reaction time task (ASRTT). Data was analyzed using repeated measures two-factor ANOVA, one-way ANOVA, and Bonferroni’s post-hoc tests.
Findings In the skill learning step, the major effect of the group and the interaction effect of the group and the training package were not significant. Nevertheless, the major effect of the training package was solely significant (p=0.002). In addition, in the retention step, the major effect of the group and the interaction effect of the training package and the group were not significant. Nevertheless, the major effect of the training package was significant (p=0.001). The functioning of three groups in the retention package was better than the fifth package in the learning step.
Conclusion The off-line period and especially a 72-hour interval after the training and skill learning step can enhance the consolidation process in the implicit motor memory in the veteran and disabled athletes.
CITATION LINKS
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[28]Brashers-Krug T, Shadmehr R, Bizzi E. Consolidation in human motor memory. Nature. 1996;382(6588):252-5.
[29]Doyon J, Bellec P, Amsel R, Penhune V, Monchi O, Carrier J, et al. Contributions of the basal ganglia and functionally related brain structures to motor learning. Behav Brain Res. 2009;199(1):61-75.
[30]Press DZ, Casement MD, Pascual-Leone A, Robertson EM. The time course of off-line motor sequence learning. Brain Res Cog Brain Res. 2005;25(1):375-8.
[31]Poldrack RA, Rodriguez P. How do memory systems interact? Evidence from human classification learning. Neurobiol Learn Mem. 2004;82(3):324-32.
[2]Inda MC, Delgado-Garcia JM, Carrion AM. Acquisition, consolidation, reconsolidation, and extinction of eyelid conditioning responses require de novo protein synthesis. J Neurosci. 2005;25(8):2070-80.
[3]Walker MP, Brakefield T, Hobson JA, Stickgold R. Dissociable stages of human memory consolidation and reconsolidation. Nature. 2003;425(6958):616-20.
[4]Stickgold R, Walker MP. Memory consolidation and reconsolidation: What is the role of sleep?. Trends Neurosci. 2005;28(8):408-15.
[5]Robertson EM, Press DZ, Pascual-Leone A. Off-line learning and the primary motor cortex. J Neurosci. 2005;25(27):6372-8.
[6]Alberini CM, Chen DY. Memory enhancement: Consolidation, reconsolidation and insulin-like growth factor 2. Trends Neurosci. 2012;35(5):274-83.
[7]Milekic MH, Pollonini G, Alberini CM. Temporal requirement of C/EBPβ in the amygdala following reactivation but not acquisition of inhibitory avoidance. Learn Mem. 2007;14(7):504-11.
[8]Alberini CM. The role of reconsolidation and the dynamic process of long-term memory formation and storage. Front Behav Neurosci. 2011;5:12.
[9]Beijing 2008 Paraolympic games [Internet]. Information center of national committee of Paralympic of Islamic Republic of Iran [Cited 2015, 23 August]. Available from: http://www.paralympic.ir/Beijing2008
[10]Besharat MA. Reliability and validity of a short form of the mental health inventory in an Iranian population. Sci J Forensic Med. 2009;15(2):87-91. [Persian]
[11]Hasanzadeh H, Alavi K, Ghalebandi MF, Yadolahi Z, Gharaei B, Sadeghikia G. Sleep quality in Iranian drivers recognized as responsible for severe road accidents. J Res Behav Sci. 2008;6(2):97-107. [Persian]
[12]Foroughan M, Jafari Z, Shirinbayan P, Ghaemmagham Farahany Z, Rahgozar M. Validation of mini-mental state examination (MMSE) in the elderly population of Tehran. Adv Cognit Sci. 2008;10(2):29-37. [Persian]
[13]Saed O, Rushan R, Moradi AR. investigating psychometric properties of wechsler memory scale-third edition for the students of Tehran Universities. Clin Psy Personal. 2008;1(31):57-70. [Persian]
[14]Janacsek K, Fiser J, Nemeth D. The best time to acquire new skills: Age‐related differences in implicit sequence learning across the human lifespan. Dev Sci. 2012;15(4):496-505.
[15]Nemeth D, Janacsek K. The dynamics of implicit skill consolidation in young and elderly adults. J Gerontol. 2011;66(1):15-22.
[16]Romano JC, Howard JH Jr, Howard DV. One-year retention of general and sequence-specific skills in a probabilistic, serial reaction time task. Memory. 2010;18(4):427-41.
[17]Shamsipour Dehkordi P, Abdoli B, Ashayeri H, Namazi Zadeh M. The effect of different offline periods on enhancement-based consolidation process in implicit motor memory. J Shahrekord Univ Med Sci. 2014;16(3):95-107. [Persian]
[18]Stadler MA, Frensch PA. Handbook of implicit learning. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications; 1998.
[19]Song S, Howard Jr JH, Howard DV. Implicit probabilistic sequence learning is independent of explicit awareness. Learn Mem. 2007;14(3):167-76.
[20]Ghadiri F, Rashidy-Pour A, Bahram A, Zahediasl S. Effects of stress related acute exercise on consolidation of implicit motor memory. Koomesh. 2013;14(2):223-31. [Persian].
[21]Alberini CM. The role of protein synthesis during the labile phases of memory: revisiting the skepticism. Neurobiol Learn Mem. 2008;89(3):234-46.
[22]Criscimagna-Hemminger SE, Shadmehr R. Consolidation patterns of human motor memory. J Neurosci. 2008;28(39):9610-8.
[23]Chow HM, Horovitz SG, Carr WS, Picchioni D, Coddington N, Fukunaga M, et al. Rhythmic alternating patterns of brain activity distinguish rapid eye movement sleep from other states of consciousness. Proce Natl Acad Sci. 2013;110(25):10300-5.
[24]Brown RM, Robertson EM. Off-line processing: Reciprocal interactions between declarative and procedural memories. J Neurosci. 2007;27(39):10468-75.
[25]Censor N, Cohen LG. Using repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation to study the underlying neural mechanisms of human motor learning and memory. J Physiol. 2011;589(Pt 1):21-8.
[26]Lin CH, Winstein CJ, Fisher BE, Wu AD. Neural correlates of the contextual interference effect in motor learning: a transcranial magnetic stimulation investigation. J Mot Behav. 2010;42(4):223-32.
[27]Gobel EW, Parrish TB, Reber PJ. Neural correlates of skill acquisition: Decreased cortical activity during a serial interception sequence learning task. Neuroimage. 2011;58(4):1150-7.
[28]Brashers-Krug T, Shadmehr R, Bizzi E. Consolidation in human motor memory. Nature. 1996;382(6588):252-5.
[29]Doyon J, Bellec P, Amsel R, Penhune V, Monchi O, Carrier J, et al. Contributions of the basal ganglia and functionally related brain structures to motor learning. Behav Brain Res. 2009;199(1):61-75.
[30]Press DZ, Casement MD, Pascual-Leone A, Robertson EM. The time course of off-line motor sequence learning. Brain Res Cog Brain Res. 2005;25(1):375-8.
[31]Poldrack RA, Rodriguez P. How do memory systems interact? Evidence from human classification learning. Neurobiol Learn Mem. 2004;82(3):324-32.