@2024 Afarand., IRAN
ISSN: 2383-2568 International Archives of Health Sciences 2015;2(1):25-29
ISSN: 2383-2568 International Archives of Health Sciences 2015;2(1):25-29
Evaluation of Heavy Metals in Iranian and Non-Iranian Rice Supplied by Shopping Centers of Kashan, Iran
ARTICLE INFO
Article Type
Original ResearchAuthors
Rabbani D. (1 )Mostafaii Gh.R. (2 )
Dehghani R. (1 )
Gilasi H. (3 )
Hosein Abadi Z. (* )
(* ) Environmental Health Engineering Department, Health Faculty, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
(1 ) “Environmental Health Engineering Department, Health Faculty” and “Social Determinants of Health Research Center”, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
(2 ) Environmental Health Engineering Department, Health School, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
(3 ) Environmental Health Department, Health Faculty, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
Correspondence
Address: Sadra 11 street, Zibashahr, Zahedan, Iran. Postal Code: 9817915881Phone: +985433284044
Fax: +983155540111
hbkashan@yahoo.com
Article History
Received: October 2, 2014Accepted: December 3, 2014
ePublished: January 10, 2015
ABSTRACT
Aims
Heavy metals in the environment are toxic to plants, animals and human. This study
aimed to investigate concentration of Arsenic, Lead and Cadmium in Iranian and non-
Iranian rice which have been sold in Kashan City, Iran shops.
Materials & Methods In this cross-sectional study, 126 samples from 42 trademarks (15 Iranian and 27 non-Iranian) rice were collected from Kashan shopping centers. At first each sample was ashed, and then they have been dissolved with nitric acid. Heavy metal concentration was evaluated by inductively coupled plasma emission spectrophotometer. Data were analyzed by SPSS 16 software using One-sample and Independent T-tests.
Findings Arsenic was not found in any of rice samples. There was a significant difference between Pb concentration in both Iranian and non-Iranian rice samples. There was not a significance difference between Cd concentration in Iranian (p=0.823) and non-Iranian (p=0.346) rice samples according to Iran national standards but there was a significant difference between Cd concentration in both Iranian (p=0.001) and non-Iranian (p=0.001) rice samples according to WHO and FAO standards.
Conclusion Consumed rice pollution with Pb is considerable but with Cd is low. Arsenic concentration in Iranian and non-Iranian rice is less than Iran national and WHO/FAO standards.
Materials & Methods In this cross-sectional study, 126 samples from 42 trademarks (15 Iranian and 27 non-Iranian) rice were collected from Kashan shopping centers. At first each sample was ashed, and then they have been dissolved with nitric acid. Heavy metal concentration was evaluated by inductively coupled plasma emission spectrophotometer. Data were analyzed by SPSS 16 software using One-sample and Independent T-tests.
Findings Arsenic was not found in any of rice samples. There was a significant difference between Pb concentration in both Iranian and non-Iranian rice samples. There was not a significance difference between Cd concentration in Iranian (p=0.823) and non-Iranian (p=0.346) rice samples according to Iran national standards but there was a significant difference between Cd concentration in both Iranian (p=0.001) and non-Iranian (p=0.001) rice samples according to WHO and FAO standards.
Conclusion Consumed rice pollution with Pb is considerable but with Cd is low. Arsenic concentration in Iranian and non-Iranian rice is less than Iran national and WHO/FAO standards.
CITATION LINKS
[1]Amaraneni SR. Distribution of pesticides, PAHs and heavy metals in prawn ponds near Kolleru lake wetland, India. Environ Int. 2006;32(3):294-302.
[2]Li P, Wang X, Allinson G, Li X, Xiong X. Risk assessment of heavy metals in soil previously irrigated with industrial wastewater in Shenyang, China. J Hazard Mater. 2009;161(1):516-21.
[3]Cao H, Chen J, Zhang J, Zhang H, Qiao L, Men Y. Heavy metals in rice and garden vegetables and their potential health risks to inhabitants in the vicinity of an industrial zone in Jiangsu, China. J Environ Sci. 2010;22(11):1792-9.
[4]Fu J, Zhou Q, Liu J, Liu W, Wang T, Zhang Q, et al. High levels of heavy metals in rice (Oryza sativa L.) from a typical E-waste recycling area in southeast China and its potential risk to human health. Chemosphere. 2008;71(7):1269-75.
[5]Chen G, Sun GR, Liu AP, Zhou WD. Lead enrichment in different genotypes of rice grains. Food Chem Toxicol. 2008;46(3):1152-6.
[6]Oluyemi EA, Feuyit G, Oyekunle JAO, Ogunfowokan AO. Seasonal variations in heavy metal concentration in soil and some selected crops at a landfill in Nigeria. Afr J Environ Sci Tech. 2008;2(5):89-96.
[7]Liu J, Li K, Xu J, Zhang Z, Ma T, Lu, X. Lead toxicity, uptake, and translocation in different rice cultivars. Plant Sci. 2003;165(4):793-802.
[8]Mandal BK, Suzuki KT. Arsenic round the world: A review. Talanta. 2002;58(1):201-35.
[9]de P, Pereira PA, et al. Atmospheric concentrations and dry deposition fluxes of particulate trace metals in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. Atmospher Environ. 2007;41(36):7837-50.
[10]Huang SQ, Peng J, Qiu CX, Yang ZM. Heavy metal-regulated new microRNAs from rice. J Inorg Biochem. 2009;103(2):282-7.
[11]Singh N, Kumar D, Sahu AP. Arsenic in the environment: Effects on human health and possible prevention. J Environ Biol. 2007;28(2 Suppl):359-65.
[12]Kumar V, Bellinder RR, Brainard DC, Malik RK, Gupta RK. Risks of herbicide-resistant rice in India: A review. Crop Protect. 2008;27(3):320-9.
[13]Bigdeli M, Seilsepour M. Investigation of metals accumulation in some vegetables irrigated with waste water in Shahre Rey-Iran and toxicological implications. Am Eur J Agric Environ Sci. 2008;4(1):86-92.
[14]Dahiya S, Karpe R, Hegde AG, Sharma RM. Lead, cadmium and nickel in chocolates and candies from suburban areas of Mumbai, India. J Food Compos Anal. 2005;18(6):517-22.
[15]Kaushik A, Kansal A, Santosh, Meena, Kumari S, Kaushik CP. Heavy metal contamination of river Yamuna, Haryana, India: Assessment by metal enrichment factor of the sediments. J Hazard Mater. 2009;164(1):265-70.
[16]Kumar Sharma R, Agrawal M, Marshall F. Heavy metal contamination of soil and vegetables in suburban areas of Varanasi, India. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2007;66(2):258-66
[17]Sankar TV, Zynudheen AA, Anandan R, Viswanathan Nair PG. Distribution of organochlorine pesticides and heavy metal residues in fish and shellfish from Calicut region, Kerala, India. Chemosphere. 2006;65(4):583-90.
[18]Singh A, Sharma RK, Agrawal M, Marshall FM. Health risk assessment of heavy metals via dietary intake of foodstuffs from the wastewater irrigated site of a dry tropical area of India. Food Chem Toxicol. 2010;48(2):611-9.
[19]Srinivasa Gowd S, Ramakrishna Reddy M, Govil PK. Assessment of heavy metal contamination in soils at Jajmau (Kanpur) and Unnao industrial areas of the Ganga Plain, Uttar Pradesh, India. J Hazard Mater. 2010;174(1-3):113-21.
[20]Vijayanand C, Rajaguru P, Kalaiselvi K, Selvam KP, Palanivel M. Assessment of heavy metal contents in the ambient air of the Coimbatore city, Tamilnadu, India. J Hazard Mater. 2008;160(2-3):548-53.
[21]Zhuang P, McBride MB, Xia H, Li N, Li Z. Health risk from heavy metals via consumption of food crops in the vicinity of Dabaoshan mine, South China. Sci Total Environ. 2009;407(5):1551-61.
[22]Bhattacharyya P, Chakrabarti K, Chakraborty A, Tripathy S, Kim K, Powell MA. Cobalt and nickel uptake by rice and accumulation in soil amended with municipal solid waste compost. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2008;69(3):506-12.
[23]Greger M, Malm T, Kautsky L. Heavy metal transfer from composted macroalgae to crops. Eur J Agron. 2007;26(3):257-65.
[24]Singh RP, Agrawal M. Variations in heavy metal accumulation, growth and yield of rice plants grown at different sewage sludge amendment rates. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2010;73(4):632-41.
[25]Zeng F, Ali S, Zhang H, Ouyang Y, Qiu B, Wu F, Zhang G. The influence of pH and organic matter content in paddy soil on heavy metal availability and their uptake by rice plants. Environ Pollut. 2011;159(1):84-91.
[26]Bennett JP, Chiriboga E, Coleman J, Waller DM. Heavy metals in wild rice from northern Wisconsin. Sci Total Environ. 2000;246(2-3):261-9.
[27]Organization INS. Food & feed-maximum limit of heavy metals, in 2013. Iranian National Standardization Organization; 2013. Available from: http://isiri.org/portal/File/ShowFile.aspx?ID=a02570df-ac29-42a6-87f3-7282ebc2b147.
[28]Malakootian M, Yaghmaeian K, Meserghani M, Mahvi AH. Determination of Pb, Cd, Cr and Ni concentration in Imported Indian Rice to Iran. Iran J Health Environ. 2011;4(1):77-84.
[29]Zazouli MA, Bandpei AM, Ebrahimi M, Izanloo H. Investigation of Cadmium and Lead contents in Iranian rice cultivated in Babol Region. Asian J Chem. 2010;22(2):1369-76.
[30]Khaniki GRJ, Zazoli MA. Cadmium and Lead contents in rice (Oryza sativa) in the north of Iran. Int J Agric Bliol. 2005; 7(6):1026-9.
[31]Neghab M, Hoseinzadeh K, Hasanzadeah J. Assessment of Hematotoxic effects of occupational exposure to unleaded petrol. Iran Occup Health. 2013;9(4):1-12.
[32]Zazoli MA, Bazerafshan E, Hazrati M, Tavakkoli A. Determination and estimation of Cadmium intake from Tarom rice. J Appl Sci Environ Manag. 2006;10(3):147-50.
[33]Karimzadeh L, Bagheri GhA, Pour Ali A, Gholipour M, Mohammadi Z, Moshrefi B. Evaluation of Lead, cadmium and Copper in black tea leaves in Mazandaran factories, spring and summer 2011. J Mazandaran Univ Med Sci. 2013;23(99):2-10.
[2]Li P, Wang X, Allinson G, Li X, Xiong X. Risk assessment of heavy metals in soil previously irrigated with industrial wastewater in Shenyang, China. J Hazard Mater. 2009;161(1):516-21.
[3]Cao H, Chen J, Zhang J, Zhang H, Qiao L, Men Y. Heavy metals in rice and garden vegetables and their potential health risks to inhabitants in the vicinity of an industrial zone in Jiangsu, China. J Environ Sci. 2010;22(11):1792-9.
[4]Fu J, Zhou Q, Liu J, Liu W, Wang T, Zhang Q, et al. High levels of heavy metals in rice (Oryza sativa L.) from a typical E-waste recycling area in southeast China and its potential risk to human health. Chemosphere. 2008;71(7):1269-75.
[5]Chen G, Sun GR, Liu AP, Zhou WD. Lead enrichment in different genotypes of rice grains. Food Chem Toxicol. 2008;46(3):1152-6.
[6]Oluyemi EA, Feuyit G, Oyekunle JAO, Ogunfowokan AO. Seasonal variations in heavy metal concentration in soil and some selected crops at a landfill in Nigeria. Afr J Environ Sci Tech. 2008;2(5):89-96.
[7]Liu J, Li K, Xu J, Zhang Z, Ma T, Lu, X. Lead toxicity, uptake, and translocation in different rice cultivars. Plant Sci. 2003;165(4):793-802.
[8]Mandal BK, Suzuki KT. Arsenic round the world: A review. Talanta. 2002;58(1):201-35.
[9]de P, Pereira PA, et al. Atmospheric concentrations and dry deposition fluxes of particulate trace metals in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. Atmospher Environ. 2007;41(36):7837-50.
[10]Huang SQ, Peng J, Qiu CX, Yang ZM. Heavy metal-regulated new microRNAs from rice. J Inorg Biochem. 2009;103(2):282-7.
[11]Singh N, Kumar D, Sahu AP. Arsenic in the environment: Effects on human health and possible prevention. J Environ Biol. 2007;28(2 Suppl):359-65.
[12]Kumar V, Bellinder RR, Brainard DC, Malik RK, Gupta RK. Risks of herbicide-resistant rice in India: A review. Crop Protect. 2008;27(3):320-9.
[13]Bigdeli M, Seilsepour M. Investigation of metals accumulation in some vegetables irrigated with waste water in Shahre Rey-Iran and toxicological implications. Am Eur J Agric Environ Sci. 2008;4(1):86-92.
[14]Dahiya S, Karpe R, Hegde AG, Sharma RM. Lead, cadmium and nickel in chocolates and candies from suburban areas of Mumbai, India. J Food Compos Anal. 2005;18(6):517-22.
[15]Kaushik A, Kansal A, Santosh, Meena, Kumari S, Kaushik CP. Heavy metal contamination of river Yamuna, Haryana, India: Assessment by metal enrichment factor of the sediments. J Hazard Mater. 2009;164(1):265-70.
[16]Kumar Sharma R, Agrawal M, Marshall F. Heavy metal contamination of soil and vegetables in suburban areas of Varanasi, India. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2007;66(2):258-66
[17]Sankar TV, Zynudheen AA, Anandan R, Viswanathan Nair PG. Distribution of organochlorine pesticides and heavy metal residues in fish and shellfish from Calicut region, Kerala, India. Chemosphere. 2006;65(4):583-90.
[18]Singh A, Sharma RK, Agrawal M, Marshall FM. Health risk assessment of heavy metals via dietary intake of foodstuffs from the wastewater irrigated site of a dry tropical area of India. Food Chem Toxicol. 2010;48(2):611-9.
[19]Srinivasa Gowd S, Ramakrishna Reddy M, Govil PK. Assessment of heavy metal contamination in soils at Jajmau (Kanpur) and Unnao industrial areas of the Ganga Plain, Uttar Pradesh, India. J Hazard Mater. 2010;174(1-3):113-21.
[20]Vijayanand C, Rajaguru P, Kalaiselvi K, Selvam KP, Palanivel M. Assessment of heavy metal contents in the ambient air of the Coimbatore city, Tamilnadu, India. J Hazard Mater. 2008;160(2-3):548-53.
[21]Zhuang P, McBride MB, Xia H, Li N, Li Z. Health risk from heavy metals via consumption of food crops in the vicinity of Dabaoshan mine, South China. Sci Total Environ. 2009;407(5):1551-61.
[22]Bhattacharyya P, Chakrabarti K, Chakraborty A, Tripathy S, Kim K, Powell MA. Cobalt and nickel uptake by rice and accumulation in soil amended with municipal solid waste compost. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2008;69(3):506-12.
[23]Greger M, Malm T, Kautsky L. Heavy metal transfer from composted macroalgae to crops. Eur J Agron. 2007;26(3):257-65.
[24]Singh RP, Agrawal M. Variations in heavy metal accumulation, growth and yield of rice plants grown at different sewage sludge amendment rates. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2010;73(4):632-41.
[25]Zeng F, Ali S, Zhang H, Ouyang Y, Qiu B, Wu F, Zhang G. The influence of pH and organic matter content in paddy soil on heavy metal availability and their uptake by rice plants. Environ Pollut. 2011;159(1):84-91.
[26]Bennett JP, Chiriboga E, Coleman J, Waller DM. Heavy metals in wild rice from northern Wisconsin. Sci Total Environ. 2000;246(2-3):261-9.
[27]Organization INS. Food & feed-maximum limit of heavy metals, in 2013. Iranian National Standardization Organization; 2013. Available from: http://isiri.org/portal/File/ShowFile.aspx?ID=a02570df-ac29-42a6-87f3-7282ebc2b147.
[28]Malakootian M, Yaghmaeian K, Meserghani M, Mahvi AH. Determination of Pb, Cd, Cr and Ni concentration in Imported Indian Rice to Iran. Iran J Health Environ. 2011;4(1):77-84.
[29]Zazouli MA, Bandpei AM, Ebrahimi M, Izanloo H. Investigation of Cadmium and Lead contents in Iranian rice cultivated in Babol Region. Asian J Chem. 2010;22(2):1369-76.
[30]Khaniki GRJ, Zazoli MA. Cadmium and Lead contents in rice (Oryza sativa) in the north of Iran. Int J Agric Bliol. 2005; 7(6):1026-9.
[31]Neghab M, Hoseinzadeh K, Hasanzadeah J. Assessment of Hematotoxic effects of occupational exposure to unleaded petrol. Iran Occup Health. 2013;9(4):1-12.
[32]Zazoli MA, Bazerafshan E, Hazrati M, Tavakkoli A. Determination and estimation of Cadmium intake from Tarom rice. J Appl Sci Environ Manag. 2006;10(3):147-50.
[33]Karimzadeh L, Bagheri GhA, Pour Ali A, Gholipour M, Mohammadi Z, Moshrefi B. Evaluation of Lead, cadmium and Copper in black tea leaves in Mazandaran factories, spring and summer 2011. J Mazandaran Univ Med Sci. 2013;23(99):2-10.