@2024 Afarand., IRAN
ISSN: 2383-2150 Journal of Education and Community Health 2020;7(4):263-273
ISSN: 2383-2150 Journal of Education and Community Health 2020;7(4):263-273
Associated Factors with Developmental Delay of under 5 Year Old Children in Hamadan, Iran: A Case-Control Study
ARTICLE INFO
Article Type
Descriptive & Survey StudyAuthors
Moradi-Pourghavam Z. (1)Karimi-Shahanjarini A. (*2)
Barati M. (3)
Doosti-Irani A. (4)
Nouri Sh. (5)
(*2) Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
(1) Department of Public Health, School of Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
(3) Autism Spectrum Disorders Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
(4) Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
(5) Department of Family Health, Vice Chancellor for Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
Correspondence
Article History
Received: May 5, 2020Accepted: June 28, 2020
ePublished: December 20, 2020
ABSTRACT
Aims
Early childhood development is one of the priority areas of social determinants of health. A wide range of factors influence a child's development. This study aimed to investigate the factors associated with developmental delay in children under 5 years.
Instrument & Methods This study was a case-control study that conducted from April to August 2019 in Hamadan city. 462 children under 5 years and their mothers participated (231 children that have a developmental delay in the case group and 231 healthy children in the control group). The risk factors assessed were demographic characteristics, mothers’ awareness, and childhood developmental care. The data analysis were performed using Logistic Regression by Stata11 software and a significant level of 5% was considered.
Findings The results showed that there were statistically significant relation between the developmental delay with mothers’ age (OR=1.04, 95%CI:1.00-1.08), history of child hospitalization (OR=2.57, 95%CI:1.63-4.05), tobacco use by parents (OR=2.09, 95%CI:1.20-3.64), and mothers’ awareness (OR=0.44, 95%CI:-0.25-0.82).
Conclusion Mothers with children under 5 years need to be educated on various aspects of development and caregiving behaviors that protect their children from developmental delays, and the Identify these factors can help planners to reduce developmental delays and their effects.
Instrument & Methods This study was a case-control study that conducted from April to August 2019 in Hamadan city. 462 children under 5 years and their mothers participated (231 children that have a developmental delay in the case group and 231 healthy children in the control group). The risk factors assessed were demographic characteristics, mothers’ awareness, and childhood developmental care. The data analysis were performed using Logistic Regression by Stata11 software and a significant level of 5% was considered.
Findings The results showed that there were statistically significant relation between the developmental delay with mothers’ age (OR=1.04, 95%CI:1.00-1.08), history of child hospitalization (OR=2.57, 95%CI:1.63-4.05), tobacco use by parents (OR=2.09, 95%CI:1.20-3.64), and mothers’ awareness (OR=0.44, 95%CI:-0.25-0.82).
Conclusion Mothers with children under 5 years need to be educated on various aspects of development and caregiving behaviors that protect their children from developmental delays, and the Identify these factors can help planners to reduce developmental delays and their effects.
CITATION LINKS
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[18]Singh A, Yeh CJ, Blanchard SB. Ages and stages questionnaire: A global screening scale. Bol Med Hosp Infant Mex. 2017;74(1):5-12.
[19]Vameghi R, Sajedi F, Kraskian Mojembari A, Habiollahi A, Lornezhad HR, Delavar B. Cross-cultural adaptation, validation and standardization of ages and stages questionnaire (ASQ) in Iranian children. Iran J Public Health. 2013;42(5):522-8. [Persian]
[20]Ertem IO, Atay G, Dogan DG, Bayhan A, Bingoler BE, Gok CG, et al. Mothers ' knowledge of young child development in a developing country. Child Care Health Dev. 2007;33(6):728-37.
[21]Shrestha M, Ulak M, Strand TA, Kvestad I, Hysing M. How much do Nepalese mothers know about child development?. Early Child Dev Care. 2019;189(1):135-42.
[22]Sudfeld CR, Bliznashka L, Ashery G, Yousafzai AK, Masanja H. Effect of a community health worker delivered health, nutrition and responsive stimulation package and conditional cash transfers on child development and growth in rural Tanzania: Protocol for a cluster-randomized trial. BMC Public Health. 2019;19(1):641.
[23]Chandyo RK, Ulak M, Kvestad I, Shrestha M, Ranjitkar S, Basnet S, et al. The effects of vitamin B12 supplementation in pregnancy and postpartum on growth and neurodevelopment in early childhood: Study protocol for a randomized placebo controlled trial. BMJ Open. 2017;7(8):016434.
[24]Basak S, Srimani S, Dey T. Knowledge and skills of auxiliary nurse and midwives (ANMS) on identification of birth defects, developmental delays and disabilities among preschool children in West Bengal. Malays J Med Sci, 2020;4(3):35-41.
[25]Rashidian A, Karimi-Shahanjarini A, Khosravi A, Elahi E, Beheshtian M, Shakibazadeh E, et al. Iran's multiple indicator demographic and health survey-2010: Study protocol. Int J Prev Med. 2014;5(5):632-42.
[26]Karami K, Abbasi L, Moridi F, Fallah F, Bayat Z, Pourvakhshoori N. Evaluation criteria and factors associated with the development of one year old children in Khorramabad. J Pediatr Nurs. 2015;1(3):57-64. [Persian]
[27]Soltani M, Razavi Ardekani SM, Erami A, Eskandari Kootahi Z, Yazdani N. Study of factors associated with developmental delay in low birth weight infants admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit. Razi J Med Sci. 2017;24(158):1-9. [Persian]
[28]Gupta SK, Bansal D, Malhi P, Das R. Developmental profile in children with iron deficiency anemia and its changes after therapeutic iron supplementation. Indian J Pediatr. 2010;77(4):375-9.
[29]Pala E, Erguven M, Guven S, Erdogan M, Balta T. Psychomotor development in children with iron deficiency and iron-deficiency anemia. Food Nutr Bull. 2010;31(3):431-5.
[30]Sidrak S, Yoong T, Woolfenden S. Iron deficiency in children with global developmental delay and autism spectrum disorder. J Paediatr Child Health. 2014;50(5):356-61.
[31]Julvez J, Ribas-Fito N, Torrent M, Forns M, Garcia-Esteban R, Sunyer J. Maternal smoking habits and cognitive development of children at age 4 years in a population-based birth cohort. Int J Epidemiol. 2007;36(4):825–32.
[32]Rashidian A. Health observatory: First reportI.R. Iran multiple-indicator demographic and health survey 2010. Tehran: Ministry of Health and Medical Education; 2012. p. 121. [Persian]
[33]Sajedi F, Habibi E, Hatamizadeh N, Shahshahanipour S, Malek Afzali H. Early storybook reading and childhood development: A cross-sectional study in Iran. F1000 Res. 2018;7:411.
[34]Jeong J, Pitchik HO, Yousafzai AK. Stimulation interventions and parenting in low-and middle-income countries: A meta-analysis. Pediatrics. 2018;141(4):20173510.
[35]Wei QW, Zhang JX, Scherpbier RW, Zhao CX, Luo SS, Wang XL, et al. High prevalence of developmental delay among children under three years of age in poverty-stricken areas of China. Public Health. 2015;129(12):1610-7.
[36]Aghajani T, Vakil JR, Mustafayev M. The effect of playing on children’s social skills (case of study: Preschool children in Tehran). J Iran Soc Dev Stud. 2014;6(3):97-104. [Persian]
[37]Safadi RR, Ahmad M, Nassar OS, Alashhab SA, Abdel Kader R, Amre HM. Jordanian mothers' knowledge of infants' childrearing and developmental milestones. Int Nurs Rev. 2016;63(1):50-9.
[38]Perez D. Adults’ knowledge of child development and child guidance [dissertation]. San Bernardino: CSUSB; 2017.
[39]Rehman AU, Kazmi SF, Munir F. Mothers’ knowledge about child development. Pakistan Pediatr J. 2016;40(3):176-81.
[40]Scarzello D, Arace A, Prino LE. Parental practices of Italian mothers and fathers during early infancy: The role of knowledge about parenting and child development. Infant Behav Dev. 2016;44:133-43.
[41]Zellman GL, Karam R, Perlman M. Predicting child development knowledge and engagement of Moroccan parents. Near Middle East J Res Educ. 2014;5:4-17.
[42]Habibi E, Sajedi F, Malek Afzali H, Hatamizadeh N, Shahshahanipour S, Glascoe FP. Early childhood development and Iranian parents' knowledge: A qualitative study. Int J Prev Med. 2017;8:84.
[2]The lancet series. Advancing early childhood development: From science to scale [Internet]. Washington: The Lancet; 2016 [Cited 2019 May 20]. Available from: https://www.thelancet.com/series/ECD2016
[3]Nouhjah S, Mokhveli Khazaei F, Mahdavizadeh N. Assessment of motor development of children attending health centers of Dezful city using world health organization standard indexes. J Paramed Sci Rehabilit. 2014;3(1):16-26. [Persian]
[4]Choo YY, Agarwal P, How CH, Yeleswarapu SP. Developmental delay: Identification and management at primary care level. Singapore Med J. 2019;60(3):119-23.
[5]Global research on developmental disabilities collaborators. Developmental disabilities among children younger than 5 years in 195 countries and territories, 1990-2016: A systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2016. Lancet Glob Health. 2018;6(10):1100-21.
[6]Afraz SF, Ahmadi M, Sajedi F. Development status of 4-24 months children born to teenage mothers referred to health care centers in Yasuj, 2013. ARMAGHANE DANESH. 2015;20(3):253-63. [Persian]
[7]Soleimani F, Bajalan Z, Amir Ali Akbari S, Alavi Majd H. Correlation between anemia during delivery and developmental delay in children 12 months in Qazvin, Iran 2011-2012. Arch Rehabilit. 2013;13(5):66-72. [Persian]
[8]Soleimani F, Bajalan Z, Alavi Majd H, Fallah S. Relationship between gender and development status in children. Arch Rehabilit. 2018;18(4):338-45. [Persian]
[9]Soleimani F, Sajedi F, Amir Ali Akbari S. Developmental delay and related factors. Adv Nurs Midwifery. 2014;24(85):61-70. [Persian]
[10]De Moura DR, Costa JC, Santos IS, Barros AJD, Matijasevich A, Halpern R, et al. Risk factors for suspected developmental delay at age 2 years in a Brazilian birth cohort. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2010;24(3):211-21.
[11]Al-Maadadi F, Ikhlef A. What mothers know about child development and parenting in Qatar: Parenting cognitions and practices. Fam J. 2015;23(1):65-73.
[12]Gibbons B. First-time parent's knowledge of infant and toddler development: A review of the literature [Report]. Washington: Child Trends; 2017.
[13]Roshanfekr P, Gharibzadeh S, Mohammadinia L, Sajedi F, Habibi E, Malekafzali H. Involving mothers in child development assessment in a community-based participatory study using ages and stages questionnaires. Int J Prev Med. 2017;8:102.
[14]Urke HB, Contreras M, Matanda DJ. The influence of maternal and household resources, and parental psychosocial child stimulation on early childhood development: A cross-sectional study of children 36-59 months in honduras. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;15(5):926.
[15]Yousafzai AK, Rasheed MA, Rizvi A, Armstrong R, Bhutta ZA. Effect of integrated responsive stimulation and nutrition interventions in the lady health worker programme in Pakistan on child development, growth, and health outcomes: A cluster-randomised factorial effectiveness trial. Lancet. 2014;384(9950):1282-93.
[16]Correa W, De Fatima Minetto M, Cappellaro-Kobren R, Kruszielski L. Parental beliefs on child development of children with developmental delays. Dev Psychol. 2019;29:2928.
[17]Vittinghoff E, Mcculloch CE. Relaxing the rule of ten events per variable in logistic and cox regression. Am J Epidemiol. 2007;165(6):710-8.
[18]Singh A, Yeh CJ, Blanchard SB. Ages and stages questionnaire: A global screening scale. Bol Med Hosp Infant Mex. 2017;74(1):5-12.
[19]Vameghi R, Sajedi F, Kraskian Mojembari A, Habiollahi A, Lornezhad HR, Delavar B. Cross-cultural adaptation, validation and standardization of ages and stages questionnaire (ASQ) in Iranian children. Iran J Public Health. 2013;42(5):522-8. [Persian]
[20]Ertem IO, Atay G, Dogan DG, Bayhan A, Bingoler BE, Gok CG, et al. Mothers ' knowledge of young child development in a developing country. Child Care Health Dev. 2007;33(6):728-37.
[21]Shrestha M, Ulak M, Strand TA, Kvestad I, Hysing M. How much do Nepalese mothers know about child development?. Early Child Dev Care. 2019;189(1):135-42.
[22]Sudfeld CR, Bliznashka L, Ashery G, Yousafzai AK, Masanja H. Effect of a community health worker delivered health, nutrition and responsive stimulation package and conditional cash transfers on child development and growth in rural Tanzania: Protocol for a cluster-randomized trial. BMC Public Health. 2019;19(1):641.
[23]Chandyo RK, Ulak M, Kvestad I, Shrestha M, Ranjitkar S, Basnet S, et al. The effects of vitamin B12 supplementation in pregnancy and postpartum on growth and neurodevelopment in early childhood: Study protocol for a randomized placebo controlled trial. BMJ Open. 2017;7(8):016434.
[24]Basak S, Srimani S, Dey T. Knowledge and skills of auxiliary nurse and midwives (ANMS) on identification of birth defects, developmental delays and disabilities among preschool children in West Bengal. Malays J Med Sci, 2020;4(3):35-41.
[25]Rashidian A, Karimi-Shahanjarini A, Khosravi A, Elahi E, Beheshtian M, Shakibazadeh E, et al. Iran's multiple indicator demographic and health survey-2010: Study protocol. Int J Prev Med. 2014;5(5):632-42.
[26]Karami K, Abbasi L, Moridi F, Fallah F, Bayat Z, Pourvakhshoori N. Evaluation criteria and factors associated with the development of one year old children in Khorramabad. J Pediatr Nurs. 2015;1(3):57-64. [Persian]
[27]Soltani M, Razavi Ardekani SM, Erami A, Eskandari Kootahi Z, Yazdani N. Study of factors associated with developmental delay in low birth weight infants admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit. Razi J Med Sci. 2017;24(158):1-9. [Persian]
[28]Gupta SK, Bansal D, Malhi P, Das R. Developmental profile in children with iron deficiency anemia and its changes after therapeutic iron supplementation. Indian J Pediatr. 2010;77(4):375-9.
[29]Pala E, Erguven M, Guven S, Erdogan M, Balta T. Psychomotor development in children with iron deficiency and iron-deficiency anemia. Food Nutr Bull. 2010;31(3):431-5.
[30]Sidrak S, Yoong T, Woolfenden S. Iron deficiency in children with global developmental delay and autism spectrum disorder. J Paediatr Child Health. 2014;50(5):356-61.
[31]Julvez J, Ribas-Fito N, Torrent M, Forns M, Garcia-Esteban R, Sunyer J. Maternal smoking habits and cognitive development of children at age 4 years in a population-based birth cohort. Int J Epidemiol. 2007;36(4):825–32.
[32]Rashidian A. Health observatory: First reportI.R. Iran multiple-indicator demographic and health survey 2010. Tehran: Ministry of Health and Medical Education; 2012. p. 121. [Persian]
[33]Sajedi F, Habibi E, Hatamizadeh N, Shahshahanipour S, Malek Afzali H. Early storybook reading and childhood development: A cross-sectional study in Iran. F1000 Res. 2018;7:411.
[34]Jeong J, Pitchik HO, Yousafzai AK. Stimulation interventions and parenting in low-and middle-income countries: A meta-analysis. Pediatrics. 2018;141(4):20173510.
[35]Wei QW, Zhang JX, Scherpbier RW, Zhao CX, Luo SS, Wang XL, et al. High prevalence of developmental delay among children under three years of age in poverty-stricken areas of China. Public Health. 2015;129(12):1610-7.
[36]Aghajani T, Vakil JR, Mustafayev M. The effect of playing on children’s social skills (case of study: Preschool children in Tehran). J Iran Soc Dev Stud. 2014;6(3):97-104. [Persian]
[37]Safadi RR, Ahmad M, Nassar OS, Alashhab SA, Abdel Kader R, Amre HM. Jordanian mothers' knowledge of infants' childrearing and developmental milestones. Int Nurs Rev. 2016;63(1):50-9.
[38]Perez D. Adults’ knowledge of child development and child guidance [dissertation]. San Bernardino: CSUSB; 2017.
[39]Rehman AU, Kazmi SF, Munir F. Mothers’ knowledge about child development. Pakistan Pediatr J. 2016;40(3):176-81.
[40]Scarzello D, Arace A, Prino LE. Parental practices of Italian mothers and fathers during early infancy: The role of knowledge about parenting and child development. Infant Behav Dev. 2016;44:133-43.
[41]Zellman GL, Karam R, Perlman M. Predicting child development knowledge and engagement of Moroccan parents. Near Middle East J Res Educ. 2014;5:4-17.
[42]Habibi E, Sajedi F, Malek Afzali H, Hatamizadeh N, Shahshahanipour S, Glascoe FP. Early childhood development and Iranian parents' knowledge: A qualitative study. Int J Prev Med. 2017;8:84.