@2024 Afarand., IRAN
ISSN: 2252-0805 The Horizon of Medical Sciences 2014;20(3):157-163
ISSN: 2252-0805 The Horizon of Medical Sciences 2014;20(3):157-163
Variations of Serum Electrolytes and Osmolality Levels of Athletes During One Month Fasting with Regular Physical Activity
ARTICLE INFO
Article Type
Original ResearchAuthors
Attarzadeh Hosseini S.R. (* )Motahari Rad M. (1 )
Hejazi K. (1 )
(* ) Sport Physiology Department, Physical Education & Sports Sciences Faculty, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
(1 ) Sport Physiology Department, Physical Education & Sports Sciences Faculty, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
Correspondence
Address: Sport Physiology Department, Physical Education & Sports Sciences Faculty, Pardis of Ferdowsi University, Azadi Square, Mashhad, Iran. Postal Code: 48979-91779Phone: +985118833910
Fax: +985118829580
attarzadeh@um.ac.ir
Article History
Received: July 9, 2014Accepted: September 10, 2014
ePublished: September 23, 2014
ABSTRACT
Aims
Restriction of fluid intake during Ramadan is one of the most common causes of renal
dysfunction. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of one month fasting along with
regular exercise on male wrestlers’ electrolytes changes and serum osmolality.
Materials & Methods This semi-experimental study with repeated tests design was done on male wrestlers in Ramadan June and August 2014 (about 16-hour fasting). Among volunteers 9 elite and healthy wrestlers with 8 years experiences were selected using selective available and purposive sampling. Serum electrolytes and body compounds were measured 3 days before the Ramadan, 14 days after fasting and two weeks after Ramadan in the equal conditions. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance of repeated measures test.
Findings Body weight (p=0.001) and the body water amount (p=0.037) were reduced at the end of Ramadan significantly. Urea within group mean changes (p=0.049), Creatinine (p=0.031), Uric Acid (p=0.0001) and Sodium (p=0.01) during Ramadan were increased significantly compared with the beginning of Ramadan. Serum osmolality within group changes mean (p=0.001) increased during Ramadan significantly.
Conclusion Fasting increases serum electrolytes and osmolality in professional athletes.
Materials & Methods This semi-experimental study with repeated tests design was done on male wrestlers in Ramadan June and August 2014 (about 16-hour fasting). Among volunteers 9 elite and healthy wrestlers with 8 years experiences were selected using selective available and purposive sampling. Serum electrolytes and body compounds were measured 3 days before the Ramadan, 14 days after fasting and two weeks after Ramadan in the equal conditions. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance of repeated measures test.
Findings Body weight (p=0.001) and the body water amount (p=0.037) were reduced at the end of Ramadan significantly. Urea within group mean changes (p=0.049), Creatinine (p=0.031), Uric Acid (p=0.0001) and Sodium (p=0.01) during Ramadan were increased significantly compared with the beginning of Ramadan. Serum osmolality within group changes mean (p=0.001) increased during Ramadan significantly.
Conclusion Fasting increases serum electrolytes and osmolality in professional athletes.
CITATION LINKS
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[2]Tayebi SM, Hanachi P, Ghanbari Niaki A, Nazar Ali P, Ghorban-alizadeh Ghaziani F. Ramadan fasting and weight-lifting training on vascular volumes and hematological profiles in young male weight-lifters. Global J health Sci. 2010;2(1):160-6.
[3]Azizi F, Rasouli H. Serum glucose, bilirubin, calcium, phosphorus, protein and albumin concentrations during Ramadan. Med J IR Iran. 1992;6(3):43-6.
[4]Chtourou H, Hammouda O, Chaouachi A, Chamari K, Souissi N. The effect of time-of-day and Ramadan fasting on anaerobic performances. Int J Sports Med. 2012;33(2):142-7.
[5]Chaouachi A, Chamari K, Roky R, Wong P, Mbazaa A, Bartagi Z, et al. Lipid profiles of judo athletes during Ramadan. Int J Sports Med. 2008;29(4):282-8.
[6]Gwinup G, BYRON RC, Roush WH, Kruger FA, Hamwi GJ. Effect of nibbling versus gorging on serum lipids in man. Am J Clin Nutr. 1963;13:209-13.
[7]Fabry P, Tepperman J. Meal frequency: A possible factor in human pathology. Am J Clin Nutr. 1970;23(8):1059-68.
[8]Waterhouse J, Alkib L, Reilly T. Effects of Ramadan upon fluid and food intake, fatigue, and physical, mental, and social activities: a comparison between the UK and Libya. Chronobiol Int. 2008;25(5):697-724.
[9]Lamri-Senhadji MY, El Kebir B, Belleville J, Bouchenak M. Assessment of dietary consumption and time-course of changes in serum lipids and lipoproteins before, during and after Ramadan in young Algerian adults. Singapore Med J. 2009;50(3):288-94.
[10]Attarzadeh Hosseini SR, Hejazi K. The effects of Ramadan fasting and physical activity on blood hematological-biochemical parameters. Iran J Basic Med Sci. 2013;16(7):845-9.
[11]Chennaoui M, Desgorces F, Drogou C, Boudjemaa B, Tomaszewski A, Depiesse F, et al. Effects of Ramadan fasting on physical performance and metabolic, hormonal, and inflammatory parameters in middle-distance runners. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2009;34(4):587-94.
[12]Sweileh N, Schnitzler A, Hunter GR, Davis B. Body composition and energy metabolism in resting and exercising muslims during Ramadan fast. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 1992;32(2):156-63.
[13]Husain R, Duncan MT, Cheah SH, Ch'ng SL. Effects of fasting in Ramadan on tropical Asiatic Moslems. Br J Nutr. 1987;58(1):41-8.
[14]Mustafa KY, Mahmoud NA, Gumaa KA, Gader AM. The effects of fasting in Ramadan. 2. Fluid and electrolyte balance. Br J Nutr. 1978 Nov;40(3):583-9.
[15]Ramadan J, Telahoun G, Al-Zaid NS, Barac-Nieto M. Responses to exercise, fluid, and energy balances during Ramadan in sedentary and active males. Nutrition. 1999 Oct;15(10):735-9.
[16]Ziaee V, Yousefi R, Ahmadinejad Z, Shaikh H, Rezaei M, Behjati MJ. The effect of Ramadan fasting on serum osmolarity, some electrolytes and hematological parameters. Iran J Endocrinol Metabol. 2007;9(1):47-53.
[17]Maughan RJ, Bartagi Z, Dvorak J, Zerguini Y. Dietary intake and body composition of football players during the holy month of Ramadan. J Sports Sci. 2008;26(3):29-38.
[18]Attarzadeh Hosseini SR, Sardar MA, Hejazi K, Farahati S. The effect of Ramadan fasting and physical activity on body composition, serum osmolarity levels and some parameters of electrolytes in females. Int J Endocrinol Metab. 2013;11(2):88-94.
[19]Azwany N, Aziz AI, Mohammad W. The impact of Ramadan fasting on hydration status of type 2 diabetics in kubang kerian, kelantan. Jurnal Kesihatan Masyarakat. 10(S):31-4.
[20]Indral M, Satumanl L, Widodo E, Tinny E, Endang S, Soemardini S. Study of some biochemical parameters in young men as effected by Ramadan Fasting. Media Majalah Ilmu Faal Indonesia. 2006;5(2):12-6.
[21]Azizi F. Research in Islamic fasting and health. Ann Saudi Med. 2002;22(3-4):186-91.
[22]Elnasri H, Ahmed A. Effects of Ramadan Fasting on Blood Levels of Glucose, Triglyceride and Cholesterol among Type II Diabetic Patients. Sudanese J Pub Health. 2006;11(3):203-6.
[23]Borg G. Borg’s scales of perceived exertion and pain scales. Champaign: Human kinetics; 1998.
[24]Zorofi F, Hojjati Z, Elmiyeh A. Effect of yoga exercises on the body composition of fasting females. J Fasting Health. 2013;1(2):70-8.
[25]Unalacak M, Kara IH, Baltaci D, Erdem O, Bucaktepe PG. Effects of Ramadan fasting on biochemical and hematological parameters and cytokines in healthy and obese individuals. Metab Syndr Relat Disord. 2011;9(2):157-61.
[26]Kordi R, Abdollahi M, Memari AH, Najafabadi MG. Investigating two different training time frames during Ramadan fasting. Asian J Sports Med. 2011;2(3):205-10.
[27]Memari AH, Kordi R, Panahi N, Nikookar LR, Abdollahi M, Akbarnejad A. Effect of Ramadan fasting on body composition and physical performance in female athletes. Asian J Sports Med. 2011;2(3):161-6.
[28]Ramadan J. Does fasting during Ramadan alter body composition, blood constituents and physical performance?. Med Principles Pract. 2002;11(suppl 2):41-6.
[29]Khoshdel A, Kheiri S, Nasiri J, Mobasheri M. The effect of Ramadan fasting on biochemical substances relating to the renal and bone function of fasting pregnant women, 2011-2012. J Fasting Health, 2013;1(2):79-84.
[30]Sayedda K, Kamal Sh, Shahir Ahmed Q. Effect of Ramadan fasting on anthropometric parameters, blood pressure, creatine phosphokinase activity, serum calcium and phosphorus in healthy students of Shri Ram Murti smarak institute of medical sciences, bareilly-up. Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol. 2013;3(1):48-52.
[31]Leiper JB, Molla AM, Molla AM. Effects on health of fluid restriction during fasting in Ramadan. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2003;57(Suppl 2):S30-8.
[32]Karaağaoğlu N, Yücecan S. Some behavioural changes observed among fasting subjects, their nutritional habits and energy expenditure in Ramadan. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2000;51(2):125-34.
[33]Gumaa KA, Mustafa KY, Mahmoud NA, Gader AM. The effects of fasting in Ramadan. 1. Serum uric acid and lipid concentrations. Br J Nutr. 1978;40(3):573-81.
[34]Roky R, Iraki L, HajKhlifa R, Lakhdar Ghazal N, Hakkou F. Daytime alertness, mood, psychomotor performances, and oral temperature during Ramadan intermittent fasting. Ann Nutr Metab. 2000;44(3):101-7.
[35]Heilbronn LK, Smith SR, Martin CK, Anton SD, Ravussin E. Alternate-day fasting in nonobese subjects: Effects on body weight, body composition, and energy metabolism. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;81(1):69-73.
[36]Azzout B, Bois-Joyeux B, Chanez M, Peret J. Development of gluconeogenesis from various precursors in isolated rat hepatocytes during starvation or after feeding a high protein, carbohydrate-free diet. J Nutr. 1987;117(1):164-9.
[37]Hejazi K, Nikroo H, Attarzadeh Hosseini R, Nematy M. Comparing the effect of fasting and physical activity on active and non-active males’ body composition, serum osmolarity levels and some parameters of electrolytes. J Shahid Sadoughi Univ Med Sci, 2012;20(3):371-82.
[38]Aksungar FB, Eren A, Ure S, Teskin O, Ates G. Effect of intermittent fasting on serum lipid levels, coagulation staus and plasma homocysteine levels. Ann Nutr Metab. 2005 Mar-Apr;49(2):77-82.
[39]Mafauzy M, Mohammed WB, Anum MY, Zulkifli A, Ruhani AH. A study of fasting diabetic patients during the month of Ramadan. Med J Malaysia. 1990;45(1):14-7.
[2]Tayebi SM, Hanachi P, Ghanbari Niaki A, Nazar Ali P, Ghorban-alizadeh Ghaziani F. Ramadan fasting and weight-lifting training on vascular volumes and hematological profiles in young male weight-lifters. Global J health Sci. 2010;2(1):160-6.
[3]Azizi F, Rasouli H. Serum glucose, bilirubin, calcium, phosphorus, protein and albumin concentrations during Ramadan. Med J IR Iran. 1992;6(3):43-6.
[4]Chtourou H, Hammouda O, Chaouachi A, Chamari K, Souissi N. The effect of time-of-day and Ramadan fasting on anaerobic performances. Int J Sports Med. 2012;33(2):142-7.
[5]Chaouachi A, Chamari K, Roky R, Wong P, Mbazaa A, Bartagi Z, et al. Lipid profiles of judo athletes during Ramadan. Int J Sports Med. 2008;29(4):282-8.
[6]Gwinup G, BYRON RC, Roush WH, Kruger FA, Hamwi GJ. Effect of nibbling versus gorging on serum lipids in man. Am J Clin Nutr. 1963;13:209-13.
[7]Fabry P, Tepperman J. Meal frequency: A possible factor in human pathology. Am J Clin Nutr. 1970;23(8):1059-68.
[8]Waterhouse J, Alkib L, Reilly T. Effects of Ramadan upon fluid and food intake, fatigue, and physical, mental, and social activities: a comparison between the UK and Libya. Chronobiol Int. 2008;25(5):697-724.
[9]Lamri-Senhadji MY, El Kebir B, Belleville J, Bouchenak M. Assessment of dietary consumption and time-course of changes in serum lipids and lipoproteins before, during and after Ramadan in young Algerian adults. Singapore Med J. 2009;50(3):288-94.
[10]Attarzadeh Hosseini SR, Hejazi K. The effects of Ramadan fasting and physical activity on blood hematological-biochemical parameters. Iran J Basic Med Sci. 2013;16(7):845-9.
[11]Chennaoui M, Desgorces F, Drogou C, Boudjemaa B, Tomaszewski A, Depiesse F, et al. Effects of Ramadan fasting on physical performance and metabolic, hormonal, and inflammatory parameters in middle-distance runners. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2009;34(4):587-94.
[12]Sweileh N, Schnitzler A, Hunter GR, Davis B. Body composition and energy metabolism in resting and exercising muslims during Ramadan fast. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 1992;32(2):156-63.
[13]Husain R, Duncan MT, Cheah SH, Ch'ng SL. Effects of fasting in Ramadan on tropical Asiatic Moslems. Br J Nutr. 1987;58(1):41-8.
[14]Mustafa KY, Mahmoud NA, Gumaa KA, Gader AM. The effects of fasting in Ramadan. 2. Fluid and electrolyte balance. Br J Nutr. 1978 Nov;40(3):583-9.
[15]Ramadan J, Telahoun G, Al-Zaid NS, Barac-Nieto M. Responses to exercise, fluid, and energy balances during Ramadan in sedentary and active males. Nutrition. 1999 Oct;15(10):735-9.
[16]Ziaee V, Yousefi R, Ahmadinejad Z, Shaikh H, Rezaei M, Behjati MJ. The effect of Ramadan fasting on serum osmolarity, some electrolytes and hematological parameters. Iran J Endocrinol Metabol. 2007;9(1):47-53.
[17]Maughan RJ, Bartagi Z, Dvorak J, Zerguini Y. Dietary intake and body composition of football players during the holy month of Ramadan. J Sports Sci. 2008;26(3):29-38.
[18]Attarzadeh Hosseini SR, Sardar MA, Hejazi K, Farahati S. The effect of Ramadan fasting and physical activity on body composition, serum osmolarity levels and some parameters of electrolytes in females. Int J Endocrinol Metab. 2013;11(2):88-94.
[19]Azwany N, Aziz AI, Mohammad W. The impact of Ramadan fasting on hydration status of type 2 diabetics in kubang kerian, kelantan. Jurnal Kesihatan Masyarakat. 10(S):31-4.
[20]Indral M, Satumanl L, Widodo E, Tinny E, Endang S, Soemardini S. Study of some biochemical parameters in young men as effected by Ramadan Fasting. Media Majalah Ilmu Faal Indonesia. 2006;5(2):12-6.
[21]Azizi F. Research in Islamic fasting and health. Ann Saudi Med. 2002;22(3-4):186-91.
[22]Elnasri H, Ahmed A. Effects of Ramadan Fasting on Blood Levels of Glucose, Triglyceride and Cholesterol among Type II Diabetic Patients. Sudanese J Pub Health. 2006;11(3):203-6.
[23]Borg G. Borg’s scales of perceived exertion and pain scales. Champaign: Human kinetics; 1998.
[24]Zorofi F, Hojjati Z, Elmiyeh A. Effect of yoga exercises on the body composition of fasting females. J Fasting Health. 2013;1(2):70-8.
[25]Unalacak M, Kara IH, Baltaci D, Erdem O, Bucaktepe PG. Effects of Ramadan fasting on biochemical and hematological parameters and cytokines in healthy and obese individuals. Metab Syndr Relat Disord. 2011;9(2):157-61.
[26]Kordi R, Abdollahi M, Memari AH, Najafabadi MG. Investigating two different training time frames during Ramadan fasting. Asian J Sports Med. 2011;2(3):205-10.
[27]Memari AH, Kordi R, Panahi N, Nikookar LR, Abdollahi M, Akbarnejad A. Effect of Ramadan fasting on body composition and physical performance in female athletes. Asian J Sports Med. 2011;2(3):161-6.
[28]Ramadan J. Does fasting during Ramadan alter body composition, blood constituents and physical performance?. Med Principles Pract. 2002;11(suppl 2):41-6.
[29]Khoshdel A, Kheiri S, Nasiri J, Mobasheri M. The effect of Ramadan fasting on biochemical substances relating to the renal and bone function of fasting pregnant women, 2011-2012. J Fasting Health, 2013;1(2):79-84.
[30]Sayedda K, Kamal Sh, Shahir Ahmed Q. Effect of Ramadan fasting on anthropometric parameters, blood pressure, creatine phosphokinase activity, serum calcium and phosphorus in healthy students of Shri Ram Murti smarak institute of medical sciences, bareilly-up. Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol. 2013;3(1):48-52.
[31]Leiper JB, Molla AM, Molla AM. Effects on health of fluid restriction during fasting in Ramadan. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2003;57(Suppl 2):S30-8.
[32]Karaağaoğlu N, Yücecan S. Some behavioural changes observed among fasting subjects, their nutritional habits and energy expenditure in Ramadan. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2000;51(2):125-34.
[33]Gumaa KA, Mustafa KY, Mahmoud NA, Gader AM. The effects of fasting in Ramadan. 1. Serum uric acid and lipid concentrations. Br J Nutr. 1978;40(3):573-81.
[34]Roky R, Iraki L, HajKhlifa R, Lakhdar Ghazal N, Hakkou F. Daytime alertness, mood, psychomotor performances, and oral temperature during Ramadan intermittent fasting. Ann Nutr Metab. 2000;44(3):101-7.
[35]Heilbronn LK, Smith SR, Martin CK, Anton SD, Ravussin E. Alternate-day fasting in nonobese subjects: Effects on body weight, body composition, and energy metabolism. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;81(1):69-73.
[36]Azzout B, Bois-Joyeux B, Chanez M, Peret J. Development of gluconeogenesis from various precursors in isolated rat hepatocytes during starvation or after feeding a high protein, carbohydrate-free diet. J Nutr. 1987;117(1):164-9.
[37]Hejazi K, Nikroo H, Attarzadeh Hosseini R, Nematy M. Comparing the effect of fasting and physical activity on active and non-active males’ body composition, serum osmolarity levels and some parameters of electrolytes. J Shahid Sadoughi Univ Med Sci, 2012;20(3):371-82.
[38]Aksungar FB, Eren A, Ure S, Teskin O, Ates G. Effect of intermittent fasting on serum lipid levels, coagulation staus and plasma homocysteine levels. Ann Nutr Metab. 2005 Mar-Apr;49(2):77-82.
[39]Mafauzy M, Mohammed WB, Anum MY, Zulkifli A, Ruhani AH. A study of fasting diabetic patients during the month of Ramadan. Med J Malaysia. 1990;45(1):14-7.