@2024 Afarand., IRAN
ISSN: 2008-2630 Iranian Journal of War & Public Health 2016;8(1):17-23
ISSN: 2008-2630 Iranian Journal of War & Public Health 2016;8(1):17-23
Correlation of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder with Social Support, Quality of Life and Mental Happiness in Wives of Veterans with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
ARTICLE INFO
Article Type
Descriptive & Survey StudyAuthors
Eskafi Noghani M. (1)Nateghian S. (*)
Shirinzadeh Dastgiri S. (2)
Mohammadazadeh A. (3)
Najafi M. (4)
(*) Psychology Department, Educational Sciences & Psychology Faculty, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
(1) Social Sciences Department, Human Sciences Faculty, Gonabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Gonabad, Iran
(2) Psychology Department, Educational Sciences & Psychology Faculty, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
(3) Psychology Department, Human Sciences Faculty, Payam-e-Noor University, Tehran, Iran
(4) Clinical Psychology Department, Educational Sciences & Psychology Faculty, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran
Correspondence
Address: Faculty of Education & Psychology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Azadi Square, Mashhad, Iran. P.O. Box: 9177948974Phone: +982177222235
Fax: +982177263800
sama.ntgh@gmail.com
Article History
Received: May 25, 2015Accepted: September 16, 2015
ePublished: April 3, 2016
ABSTRACT
Aims
PTSD in the veterans can affect the quality of life and happiness in their family members including their spouses. Nevertheless, some factors can reduce mental problems. The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between the PTSD intensity and the perceived social support and mental happiness and quality of life in the spouses of the veterans with PTSD.
Instrument & Methods In the descriptive-correlational study, 302 spouses of the veterans with PTSD living in Mashhad were studied in 2014. The subjects were selected via available sampling method. Data was collected using post-traumatic stress disorder checklist, quality of life questionnaire, Oxford happiness inventory, and perceived social support scale. Data was analyzed by SPSS 21 software using Pearson correlation coefficient, Spearman correlation, Eta-squared correlation, and stepwise regression analysis.
Findings There were direct and reverse correlations between metal happiness and quality of life and the perceived social support and the PTSD intensity, respectively (p<0.001). Totally, 64% of the variance of quality of life were explained by the perceived social support, the PTSD intensity, and the economic status. In addition, 75% of the variance of the spouse’s mental happiness were explained by the perceived social support, the PTSD intensity, and the educational status.
Conclusion Any enhancement in the perceived social support and reduction in the PTSD intensity in veterans leads to the enhancement of the quality of life in veterans’ spouses.
Instrument & Methods In the descriptive-correlational study, 302 spouses of the veterans with PTSD living in Mashhad were studied in 2014. The subjects were selected via available sampling method. Data was collected using post-traumatic stress disorder checklist, quality of life questionnaire, Oxford happiness inventory, and perceived social support scale. Data was analyzed by SPSS 21 software using Pearson correlation coefficient, Spearman correlation, Eta-squared correlation, and stepwise regression analysis.
Findings There were direct and reverse correlations between metal happiness and quality of life and the perceived social support and the PTSD intensity, respectively (p<0.001). Totally, 64% of the variance of quality of life were explained by the perceived social support, the PTSD intensity, and the economic status. In addition, 75% of the variance of the spouse’s mental happiness were explained by the perceived social support, the PTSD intensity, and the educational status.
Conclusion Any enhancement in the perceived social support and reduction in the PTSD intensity in veterans leads to the enhancement of the quality of life in veterans’ spouses.
CITATION LINKS
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[2]Imani S, Atef VahidMK, Asgharnejad FA. Quality of life in war veterans with chronic PTSD with other veterans. Andishe Raftar. 2012;7(25):47-56. [Persian]
[3]Dimauro J, Carter S, Folk JB, Kashdan TB. A historical review of trauma-related diagnoses to reconsider the heterogeneity of PTSD. J Anxiety Disord. 2014;28(8):774-86.
[4]Kashdan TB, Elhai JD, Frueh BC. Anhedonia, emotional numbing, and symptom over reporting in male veterans with PTSD. Pers Individ Dif. 2007;43(4):725-35.
[5]Kashdan T, Kane JQ. Post-traumatic distress and the presence of post-traumatic growth and meaning in life: Experiential avoidance as a moderator. Pers Indiv Dif. 2011;50(1):84-9.
[6]Iverson KM, Resick PA, Suvak MK, Walling S, Taft CT. Intimate partner violence exposure predicts PTSD treatment engagement and outcome in cognitive processing therapy. Behav Ther. 2011;42(2):236-48.
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[8]Solomon Z, Kotler M, Mikulincer M. Combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder among second-generation Holocaust survivors: Preliminary findings. Am J Psychiatry. 1988;145(7):865-8.
[9]Kashdan TB, Breen WE, Julian T. Everyday strivings in war veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder: suffering from a hyper-focus on avoidance and emotion regulation. Behav Ther. 2010;41(3):350-63.
[10]Cano A, Vivian D. Life stressors and husband-to-wife violence. Aggress Violent Behav. 2001;6(5):459-80.
[11]McCullough ME, Root LM, Cohen AD. Writing About the Benefits of an Interpersonal Transgression Facilitates Forgiveness. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2006;74(5):887-897 .
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[13]Clapp JD, Beck G. Understanding the relationship between PTSD and social support: The role of negative network orientation. Behav Res Ther. 2009;47(3):237-44.
[14]Ferguson M, Carlson D, Zivnuska S, Whitten D. Support at work and home: The path to satisfaction through balance. J Vocat Behav. 2012;80(2):299-307.
[15]Safarzadeh A, Roshan R, al-Shams J. Effectiveness of stress management and relaxation training in reducing the negative affect and in improving the life quality of women with breast cancer. J Res Psychol Health. 2013;6(4):21-35. [Persian]
[16]Parhon H, Moradi AR, Hatami M, Parhon K. Comparison of short-term behavioral activation therapy and cognitive therapy to reduce the severity of symptoms and improve the quality of life in patients with major depression. J Res Psychol Health. 2012;6(4):36-52. [Persian]
[17]St Cyr K, McIntyre-Smith A, Contractor AA, Elhai JD, Richardson JD. Somatic symptoms and health-related quality of life among treatment-seeking Canadian Forces personnel with PTSD. Psychiatry Res. 2014;218(1-2):148-52.
[18]Grills-Taquechel A, Littleton H, Axsom D. Social support, world assumptions, and exposure as predictors of anxiety and quality of life following a mass trauma. J Anxiety Disord. 2011;25(4):498-506.
[19]Ahmadi Tahour Soltani M, Karaminia R, Ahadi H, Moradi AR. Structural relationship between hope with attachment style, life regard, social support, self-efficacy and mastery goal orientation in students. J Res Psychol Health. 2013;7(1):1-10. [Persian]
[20]Basharpoor S, Narimani M, Essazadeghan A. Relation between coping strategies and social support with perceived stress. J Educ Psychol Stud. 2013;9(2):29-47. [Persian]
[21]Lu L, Argyle M. Leisure satisfaction and happiness as a function of leisure activity. Gaoxiong Yi Xue Ke Xue Za Zhi. 1994;10(2):89-96.
[22]Heintzelman SJ, Bacon PL. Relational self-construal moderates the effect of social support on life satisfaction. Pers Individ Dif. 2015;73:72-7.
[23]Dehle C, Landers JE. You can't always get what you want, but can you get what you need? Personality traits and social support in marriage. J Soc Clin Psychol. 2005;24(7):1051-76.
[24]Glozah FN, Pevalin DJ. Social support, stress, health, and academic success in Ghanaian adolescents: A path analysis. J Adolesc. 2014;37(4):451-60.
[25]Strobe W, Zech E, Strobe MS, Abakoumkin G. Does social support help in bereavement?. J Soc Clin Psychol. 2005;24(7):1030-50.
[26]Lau Y, Wong DF, Wang Y, Kwong DH, Wang Y. The roles of social support in helping chinese women with antenatal depressive and anxiety symptoms cope with perceived stress. Arch Psychiatr Nurs. 2014;28(5):305-13.
[27]Hashemian K, Pourshahriari MS, Bani Jamali SS, Golestani Bakht T. study of subjective well-being and happiness based on demographic characters in Tehran Population. J Educ Psychol Stud. 2007;3(3):139-63. [Persian]
[28]Valois RF, Zullig KJ, Huebner ES, Drane JW. Physical activity behaviors and perceived life satisfaction among public high school adolescents. J Sch Health. 2004;74(2):59-65.
[29]Bjørnskov Ch, Dreher A, Fischer J, Schnellenbach J, Gehring K. Inequality and happiness: When perceived social mobility and economic reality do not match. J Econ Behav Organ. 2013;91:75-92.
[30]Yuki M, Sato K, Takemura K, Oishi Sh. Social ecology moderates the association between self-esteem and happiness. J Exp Soc Psychol. 2013;49(4):741-6.
[31]Goodarzi MA. Validity and reliability of the scale of post-traumatic stress disorder, Mississippi (scale). J Psychol. 2003;7(2):153-78. [Persian]
[32]Motalebzadeh A. Assessing the effectiveness of humor on the mental health and happiness between high school students in Shiraz [Dissertation]. Shiraz: Shiraz University; 2004. [Persian]
[33]Parandeh A, Siratinir M, Khaghanizadeh M, Karimi Zarchi AA. Comparison of two methods of conflict resolution and relaxation on the quality of life of patients with posttraumatic stress disorder and major depressive disorder. J Fund Mental Health. 2007;9(33-34):67-78. [Persian]
[34]Zimet GD, Dahlen NW, Zimet SG, Farly GK. The Multidimensional scale of perceived social support. J Pers Assess. 1988;52(1):30-41.
[35]Bruwer B, Emsley R, Kidd M, Lochner C, Seedat S. Psychometric properties of the multidimensional scale of perceived social support in youth. Compr Psychiatry. 2008;49(2):195-201.
[36]Salimi AR, Joukar B, Nikpour R. Internet and Communication: Perceived Social Support and Loneliness as Antecedent Variable. Psy Stud. 2009;5(3):81-102. [Persian]
[37]Molazadeh J, Mansoor M, Ejehee J, Kiamanesh AL. Coping styles and marital adjustment in martyr children. J Psy. 2002;6(3):255-75. [Persian]
[38]Mohammadyfar MA, Najafi M. Comparison of personality trait and marital satisfaction in veterans with- and without post-traumatic stress disorder. Iran J War Public Health. 2014;6(3):101-7. [Persian]
[39]Lyubomirsky S, Tkach C, Dimatteo MR. What are the difference between happiness and self-esteem?. Soc Indic Res. 2006;78(3):363-404.
[40]Kashdan TB, Julian T, Merritt K, Uswatte G. Social anxiety and Posttraumatic stress in combat veterans: relations to well- being and character strengths. Behav Res Ther. 2006;44(4):561-83.
[41]Jungbauer J, Wittmund B, Dietrich S, Angermeyer MC. The disregarded caregivers: subjective burden in spouses of schizophrenia patients. Schizophr Bull. 2004;30(3):665-75.
[42]Najafy M, Mohammadyfar M, Dabiri S, Erfani N, Kamary A. The comparison of the quality of life of the war veterans families with/without Post traumatic stress disorder. Iran J War Public Health. 2011;3(3):27-35. [Persian]
[2]Imani S, Atef VahidMK, Asgharnejad FA. Quality of life in war veterans with chronic PTSD with other veterans. Andishe Raftar. 2012;7(25):47-56. [Persian]
[3]Dimauro J, Carter S, Folk JB, Kashdan TB. A historical review of trauma-related diagnoses to reconsider the heterogeneity of PTSD. J Anxiety Disord. 2014;28(8):774-86.
[4]Kashdan TB, Elhai JD, Frueh BC. Anhedonia, emotional numbing, and symptom over reporting in male veterans with PTSD. Pers Individ Dif. 2007;43(4):725-35.
[5]Kashdan T, Kane JQ. Post-traumatic distress and the presence of post-traumatic growth and meaning in life: Experiential avoidance as a moderator. Pers Indiv Dif. 2011;50(1):84-9.
[6]Iverson KM, Resick PA, Suvak MK, Walling S, Taft CT. Intimate partner violence exposure predicts PTSD treatment engagement and outcome in cognitive processing therapy. Behav Ther. 2011;42(2):236-48.
[7]Solomon Z, Waysman M, Levy G, Fried B, Mikulincer M, Benbenishty R, et al. From front line to home front: A study of secondary traumatization. Fam Process. 1992;31(3):289-302.
[8]Solomon Z, Kotler M, Mikulincer M. Combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder among second-generation Holocaust survivors: Preliminary findings. Am J Psychiatry. 1988;145(7):865-8.
[9]Kashdan TB, Breen WE, Julian T. Everyday strivings in war veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder: suffering from a hyper-focus on avoidance and emotion regulation. Behav Ther. 2010;41(3):350-63.
[10]Cano A, Vivian D. Life stressors and husband-to-wife violence. Aggress Violent Behav. 2001;6(5):459-80.
[11]McCullough ME, Root LM, Cohen AD. Writing About the Benefits of an Interpersonal Transgression Facilitates Forgiveness. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2006;74(5):887-897 .
[12]Miller M, Wolf E, Reardon A, Harrington K, Ryabchenko K, Castillo D, et al. PTSD and conflict behavior between veterans and their intimate partners. J Anxi Disord. 2013;27(2):240-51.
[13]Clapp JD, Beck G. Understanding the relationship between PTSD and social support: The role of negative network orientation. Behav Res Ther. 2009;47(3):237-44.
[14]Ferguson M, Carlson D, Zivnuska S, Whitten D. Support at work and home: The path to satisfaction through balance. J Vocat Behav. 2012;80(2):299-307.
[15]Safarzadeh A, Roshan R, al-Shams J. Effectiveness of stress management and relaxation training in reducing the negative affect and in improving the life quality of women with breast cancer. J Res Psychol Health. 2013;6(4):21-35. [Persian]
[16]Parhon H, Moradi AR, Hatami M, Parhon K. Comparison of short-term behavioral activation therapy and cognitive therapy to reduce the severity of symptoms and improve the quality of life in patients with major depression. J Res Psychol Health. 2012;6(4):36-52. [Persian]
[17]St Cyr K, McIntyre-Smith A, Contractor AA, Elhai JD, Richardson JD. Somatic symptoms and health-related quality of life among treatment-seeking Canadian Forces personnel with PTSD. Psychiatry Res. 2014;218(1-2):148-52.
[18]Grills-Taquechel A, Littleton H, Axsom D. Social support, world assumptions, and exposure as predictors of anxiety and quality of life following a mass trauma. J Anxiety Disord. 2011;25(4):498-506.
[19]Ahmadi Tahour Soltani M, Karaminia R, Ahadi H, Moradi AR. Structural relationship between hope with attachment style, life regard, social support, self-efficacy and mastery goal orientation in students. J Res Psychol Health. 2013;7(1):1-10. [Persian]
[20]Basharpoor S, Narimani M, Essazadeghan A. Relation between coping strategies and social support with perceived stress. J Educ Psychol Stud. 2013;9(2):29-47. [Persian]
[21]Lu L, Argyle M. Leisure satisfaction and happiness as a function of leisure activity. Gaoxiong Yi Xue Ke Xue Za Zhi. 1994;10(2):89-96.
[22]Heintzelman SJ, Bacon PL. Relational self-construal moderates the effect of social support on life satisfaction. Pers Individ Dif. 2015;73:72-7.
[23]Dehle C, Landers JE. You can't always get what you want, but can you get what you need? Personality traits and social support in marriage. J Soc Clin Psychol. 2005;24(7):1051-76.
[24]Glozah FN, Pevalin DJ. Social support, stress, health, and academic success in Ghanaian adolescents: A path analysis. J Adolesc. 2014;37(4):451-60.
[25]Strobe W, Zech E, Strobe MS, Abakoumkin G. Does social support help in bereavement?. J Soc Clin Psychol. 2005;24(7):1030-50.
[26]Lau Y, Wong DF, Wang Y, Kwong DH, Wang Y. The roles of social support in helping chinese women with antenatal depressive and anxiety symptoms cope with perceived stress. Arch Psychiatr Nurs. 2014;28(5):305-13.
[27]Hashemian K, Pourshahriari MS, Bani Jamali SS, Golestani Bakht T. study of subjective well-being and happiness based on demographic characters in Tehran Population. J Educ Psychol Stud. 2007;3(3):139-63. [Persian]
[28]Valois RF, Zullig KJ, Huebner ES, Drane JW. Physical activity behaviors and perceived life satisfaction among public high school adolescents. J Sch Health. 2004;74(2):59-65.
[29]Bjørnskov Ch, Dreher A, Fischer J, Schnellenbach J, Gehring K. Inequality and happiness: When perceived social mobility and economic reality do not match. J Econ Behav Organ. 2013;91:75-92.
[30]Yuki M, Sato K, Takemura K, Oishi Sh. Social ecology moderates the association between self-esteem and happiness. J Exp Soc Psychol. 2013;49(4):741-6.
[31]Goodarzi MA. Validity and reliability of the scale of post-traumatic stress disorder, Mississippi (scale). J Psychol. 2003;7(2):153-78. [Persian]
[32]Motalebzadeh A. Assessing the effectiveness of humor on the mental health and happiness between high school students in Shiraz [Dissertation]. Shiraz: Shiraz University; 2004. [Persian]
[33]Parandeh A, Siratinir M, Khaghanizadeh M, Karimi Zarchi AA. Comparison of two methods of conflict resolution and relaxation on the quality of life of patients with posttraumatic stress disorder and major depressive disorder. J Fund Mental Health. 2007;9(33-34):67-78. [Persian]
[34]Zimet GD, Dahlen NW, Zimet SG, Farly GK. The Multidimensional scale of perceived social support. J Pers Assess. 1988;52(1):30-41.
[35]Bruwer B, Emsley R, Kidd M, Lochner C, Seedat S. Psychometric properties of the multidimensional scale of perceived social support in youth. Compr Psychiatry. 2008;49(2):195-201.
[36]Salimi AR, Joukar B, Nikpour R. Internet and Communication: Perceived Social Support and Loneliness as Antecedent Variable. Psy Stud. 2009;5(3):81-102. [Persian]
[37]Molazadeh J, Mansoor M, Ejehee J, Kiamanesh AL. Coping styles and marital adjustment in martyr children. J Psy. 2002;6(3):255-75. [Persian]
[38]Mohammadyfar MA, Najafi M. Comparison of personality trait and marital satisfaction in veterans with- and without post-traumatic stress disorder. Iran J War Public Health. 2014;6(3):101-7. [Persian]
[39]Lyubomirsky S, Tkach C, Dimatteo MR. What are the difference between happiness and self-esteem?. Soc Indic Res. 2006;78(3):363-404.
[40]Kashdan TB, Julian T, Merritt K, Uswatte G. Social anxiety and Posttraumatic stress in combat veterans: relations to well- being and character strengths. Behav Res Ther. 2006;44(4):561-83.
[41]Jungbauer J, Wittmund B, Dietrich S, Angermeyer MC. The disregarded caregivers: subjective burden in spouses of schizophrenia patients. Schizophr Bull. 2004;30(3):665-75.
[42]Najafy M, Mohammadyfar M, Dabiri S, Erfani N, Kamary A. The comparison of the quality of life of the war veterans families with/without Post traumatic stress disorder. Iran J War Public Health. 2011;3(3):27-35. [Persian]