@2024 Afarand., IRAN
ISSN: 2252-0805 The Horizon of Medical Sciences 2016;22(4):267-274
ISSN: 2252-0805 The Horizon of Medical Sciences 2016;22(4):267-274
Adaptation in Response of Excitation and Inhibition Factors of Angiogenesis after 4 Weeks of Progressive Resistant Training in Sedentary Men
ARTICLE INFO
Article Type
Original ResearchAuthors
Karami S. (*)Ramezani A.R. (1)
(*) Sport Physiology Department, Physical Education & Sport Sciences Faculty, Training Shahid Rajaee University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
(1) Sport Physiology Department, Physical Education & Sport Sciences Faculty, Training Shahid Rajaee University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
Correspondence
Address: No. 14, Sport Physiology Department, Hamshahri Institute, Touraj Street, Valiasr Street, Tehran, IranPhone: +98 (26) 34329028
Fax: +98 (21) 22046067
karami.sp@gmail.com
Article History
Received: December 25, 2015Accepted: May 11, 2016
ePublished: October 1, 2016
ABSTRACT
Aims
The sport activity is an important factor affecting the capillary density and angiogenesis. Nitric oxide (NO) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) are the most important stimulative regulators in the angiogenesis. In addition, endostatin is one of the inhibitors of angiogenesis. The aim of this study was to investigate the adaptation in the responses of the angiogenesis inhibition and stimulating factors after 4-week increasing resistive exercises in the sedentary men.
Materials & Methods In the semi-experimental study, 20 healthy and inactive male students, aged between 20 and 25 years, who were residents of Tehran University Dormitory, were studied in the first semester of the academic year 2015-16. The subjects, selected via available sampling method, were divided into two groups including experimental and control groups (n=10 per group). 4-week resistive exercises were done three sessions per week. Blood-sampling was done before and 48 hours after the last exercise session. VEGF, NO, and endostatin were then measured. Data was analyzed by SPSS 18 software using independent and dependent T tests, as well as Pearson correlation coefficient test.
Findings In experimental group, VEGF and No significantly increased at the posttest stage than the pretest (p=0.001). Nevertheless, no significant difference was observed in control group (p>0.05). In both experimental and control groups, endostatin level did not significantly increase at the posttest stage than the pretest (p>0.05). In addition, VEGF and NO were the only variables that were significantly correlated (p=0.016; r=0.82).
Conclusion 4-week increasing resistive exercises in the sedentary men significantly affect the angiogenes stimulating factors, i. e. VEGF and NO, while such exercises do not significantly affect the angiogenesis inhibition factor, i. e. endostatin.
Materials & Methods In the semi-experimental study, 20 healthy and inactive male students, aged between 20 and 25 years, who were residents of Tehran University Dormitory, were studied in the first semester of the academic year 2015-16. The subjects, selected via available sampling method, were divided into two groups including experimental and control groups (n=10 per group). 4-week resistive exercises were done three sessions per week. Blood-sampling was done before and 48 hours after the last exercise session. VEGF, NO, and endostatin were then measured. Data was analyzed by SPSS 18 software using independent and dependent T tests, as well as Pearson correlation coefficient test.
Findings In experimental group, VEGF and No significantly increased at the posttest stage than the pretest (p=0.001). Nevertheless, no significant difference was observed in control group (p>0.05). In both experimental and control groups, endostatin level did not significantly increase at the posttest stage than the pretest (p>0.05). In addition, VEGF and NO were the only variables that were significantly correlated (p=0.016; r=0.82).
Conclusion 4-week increasing resistive exercises in the sedentary men significantly affect the angiogenes stimulating factors, i. e. VEGF and NO, while such exercises do not significantly affect the angiogenesis inhibition factor, i. e. endostatin.
CITATION LINKS
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[11]Hellsten Y, Rufener N, Nielsen J, Hoier B, Krustrup P, Bangsbo J. Passive leg movement enhances interstitial VEGF protein, endothelial cell proliferation, and eNOS mRNA content in human skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2008;294(3):R975-82.
[12]Shekarchizade P, Khazai M, Gharakhanlo R, Karimiyan J, Safarzade A. The effects of resistance training on plasma angiogenic factors in normal rats. J Medical Isfahan. 2012;30(176):65-73. [Persian]
[13]Gavin TP, Drew JL, Kubik CJ, Pofahl WE, Hickner RC. Acute resistance exercise increases skeletal muscle angiogenic growth factor expression. Acta Physiol. 2007;191(2):139-46.
[14]Nour Shahi M, Babai A, Ghasemi MR, Beyrami M. The effect of six weeks of resistance training on tumor tissue VEGF and endostatin in mice with breast cancer. Sci Sports. 2013;5(17):27-46. [Persian]
[15]Suhr F, Brixius K, de Marées M, Bölck B, Kleinöder H, Achtzehn S, et al. Effects of short-term vibration and hypoxia during high-intensity cycling exercise on circulating levels of angiogenic regulators in humans. J Appl Physiol. 2007;103(2):474-83.
[16]Rullman E, Rundqvist H, Wagsater D, Fischer H, Eriksson P, Sundberg CJ, et al. A single bout of exercise activates matrix metalloproteinase in human skeletal muscle. Appl Physiol. 2007;102(6):2346-51.
[17]Mahrou M, Gaeini AA, Javidi M, Chobbineh S. Changes in stimulating factors of angiogenesis, induced by progressive resistance training in diabetic rats. Iran J Diabetes Metabol. 2014;14 (1):1-8. [Persian]
[18]Griffin E, Mullally W, Foley S, Warmington C, OMara S. A. Aerobic exercise improves hippocampal function and increases BDNF in the serum of young adult males. Physiol Behav. 2011;104(5):934-41.
[19]Qi Z, He J, Zhang Y, Shao Y, Ding S. Exercise training attenuates oxidative stress and decreases p53 protein content in skeletal muscle of type 2 diabetic Goto-Kakizaki rats. Free Radic Biol Med. 2011;50(7):794-800.
[20]Gharakhanlo R, Saremi A, Omidfar K, Sharghi S, Gheraati MR. Effect of resistance training on myostatin, testestron and cortisol in young men. Olympic. 2008;16(3):42-55. [Persian]
[21]Tesch PA, Ekberg A, Lindquist D, Trieschmann JT. Muscle hypertrophy following 5 week resistance training using a non gravity dependent exercise system. Acta Physiol Scand. 2004;180(1):89-98.
[22]Trenerry MK, Carey KA, Ward AC, Cameron-Smith D. STAT3 signaling is activated in human skeletal muscle following acute resistance exercise. J Appl Physiol. 2007;102(4):1483-9.
[23]Helge JW, Stallknecht B, Pedersen BK, Galbo H, Kiens B, Richter EA. The effect of graded exercise on IL-6 release and glucose uptake in human skeletal muscle. J Physiol. 2003;546:299-305.
[24]Brixius K, Schoenberger S, Ladage D, Knigge H, Falkowski G, Hellmich M, et al. Long-term endurance exercise decreases antiangiogenic endostatin signalling in overweight men aged 50-60 years. Br J Sports Med. 2008;42(2):126-9.
[25]Seida A, Wada J, Kunitomi M, Tsuchiyama Y, Miyatake N, Fujii M, et al. Serum bFGF levels are reduced in Japanese overweight men and restored by a 6-month exercise education. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2003;27(11):1325-31.
[26]Loufrani L, Henrion D. Role of the cytoskeleton in flow (shear stress)-induced dilation and remodeling in resistance arteries. Med Biol Eng Comput. 2008;46(5):451-60.
[27]Milkiewicz M, Hudlicka O, Brown MD, Silgram H. Nitric oxide, VEGF, and VEGFR-2: Interactions in activity-induced angiogenesis in rat skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2005;289(1):H336-43.
[28]Laughlin MH, Pollock JS, Amann JF, Hollis ML, Woodman CR, Price EM. Training induces nonuniform increases in eNOS content along the coronary arterial tree. J Appl Physiol. 2001;90(2):501-10.
[29]Lloyd PG, Prior BM, Yang HT, Terjung RL. Angiogenic growth factor expression in rat skeletal muscle in response to exercise training. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2003;284(5):H1668-78.
[2]Siafakas N, Jordan M, Wagner H, Breen E, Benoit H, Wagner P. Diaphragmatic angiogenic growth factor mRNA responses to increased ventilation caused by hypoxia and hypercapnia. Eur Respir J. 2001;17(4):681-7.
[3]Lloyd PG, Prior BM, Li H, Yang HT, Terjung RL. VEGF receptor antagonism blocks arteriogenesis, but only partially inhibits angiogenesis, in skeletal muscle of exercise trained rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2005;288(2):H759-68.
[4]Van Royen N, Piek JJ, Buschmann I, Hoefer I, Voskuil M, Schaper W. Stimulation of arteriogenesis: A new concept for the treatment of arterial occlusive disease. Cardiovasc Res. 2001;49(3):543-53.
[5]Wood RE, Sanderson BE, Askew CD, Walker PJ, Green S, Stewart IB. Effect of training on the response of plasma vascular endothelial growth factor to exercise in patients with peripheral arterial disease. Clin Sci. 2006;111:401-9.
[6]Prior BM, Yang H, Terjung RL. What makes vessels grow with exercise training?. J Appl Physiol. 2004;97(3):1119-28.
[7]Hepple RT, Hogan MC, Stary C, Bebout DE, Mathieu-Costello O, Wagner PD. Structural basis of muscle O2 diffusing capacity: evidence from muscle function in situ. J Appl Physiol. 2000;88(2):560-6.
[8]Richardson RS, Wagner H, Mudaliar SR, Henry R, Noyszewski E, Wagner PD. Human VEGF gene expression in skeletal muscle: Effect of acute normoxic and hypoxic exercise. Am J Physiol. 1999;227(6 Pt 2):H2247-52.
[9]Tang K, Xia FC, Wagner PD, Breen EC. Exercise-induced VEGF transcriptional activation in brain, lung and skeletal muscle. Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 2010;170(1):16-22.
[10]Hiscock N, Fischer C, Pilegaard H, Pedersen B. Vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA expression and arteriovenous balance in response to prolonged, submaximal exercise in humans. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2003;285(4):H1759-63.
[11]Hellsten Y, Rufener N, Nielsen J, Hoier B, Krustrup P, Bangsbo J. Passive leg movement enhances interstitial VEGF protein, endothelial cell proliferation, and eNOS mRNA content in human skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2008;294(3):R975-82.
[12]Shekarchizade P, Khazai M, Gharakhanlo R, Karimiyan J, Safarzade A. The effects of resistance training on plasma angiogenic factors in normal rats. J Medical Isfahan. 2012;30(176):65-73. [Persian]
[13]Gavin TP, Drew JL, Kubik CJ, Pofahl WE, Hickner RC. Acute resistance exercise increases skeletal muscle angiogenic growth factor expression. Acta Physiol. 2007;191(2):139-46.
[14]Nour Shahi M, Babai A, Ghasemi MR, Beyrami M. The effect of six weeks of resistance training on tumor tissue VEGF and endostatin in mice with breast cancer. Sci Sports. 2013;5(17):27-46. [Persian]
[15]Suhr F, Brixius K, de Marées M, Bölck B, Kleinöder H, Achtzehn S, et al. Effects of short-term vibration and hypoxia during high-intensity cycling exercise on circulating levels of angiogenic regulators in humans. J Appl Physiol. 2007;103(2):474-83.
[16]Rullman E, Rundqvist H, Wagsater D, Fischer H, Eriksson P, Sundberg CJ, et al. A single bout of exercise activates matrix metalloproteinase in human skeletal muscle. Appl Physiol. 2007;102(6):2346-51.
[17]Mahrou M, Gaeini AA, Javidi M, Chobbineh S. Changes in stimulating factors of angiogenesis, induced by progressive resistance training in diabetic rats. Iran J Diabetes Metabol. 2014;14 (1):1-8. [Persian]
[18]Griffin E, Mullally W, Foley S, Warmington C, OMara S. A. Aerobic exercise improves hippocampal function and increases BDNF in the serum of young adult males. Physiol Behav. 2011;104(5):934-41.
[19]Qi Z, He J, Zhang Y, Shao Y, Ding S. Exercise training attenuates oxidative stress and decreases p53 protein content in skeletal muscle of type 2 diabetic Goto-Kakizaki rats. Free Radic Biol Med. 2011;50(7):794-800.
[20]Gharakhanlo R, Saremi A, Omidfar K, Sharghi S, Gheraati MR. Effect of resistance training on myostatin, testestron and cortisol in young men. Olympic. 2008;16(3):42-55. [Persian]
[21]Tesch PA, Ekberg A, Lindquist D, Trieschmann JT. Muscle hypertrophy following 5 week resistance training using a non gravity dependent exercise system. Acta Physiol Scand. 2004;180(1):89-98.
[22]Trenerry MK, Carey KA, Ward AC, Cameron-Smith D. STAT3 signaling is activated in human skeletal muscle following acute resistance exercise. J Appl Physiol. 2007;102(4):1483-9.
[23]Helge JW, Stallknecht B, Pedersen BK, Galbo H, Kiens B, Richter EA. The effect of graded exercise on IL-6 release and glucose uptake in human skeletal muscle. J Physiol. 2003;546:299-305.
[24]Brixius K, Schoenberger S, Ladage D, Knigge H, Falkowski G, Hellmich M, et al. Long-term endurance exercise decreases antiangiogenic endostatin signalling in overweight men aged 50-60 years. Br J Sports Med. 2008;42(2):126-9.
[25]Seida A, Wada J, Kunitomi M, Tsuchiyama Y, Miyatake N, Fujii M, et al. Serum bFGF levels are reduced in Japanese overweight men and restored by a 6-month exercise education. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2003;27(11):1325-31.
[26]Loufrani L, Henrion D. Role of the cytoskeleton in flow (shear stress)-induced dilation and remodeling in resistance arteries. Med Biol Eng Comput. 2008;46(5):451-60.
[27]Milkiewicz M, Hudlicka O, Brown MD, Silgram H. Nitric oxide, VEGF, and VEGFR-2: Interactions in activity-induced angiogenesis in rat skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2005;289(1):H336-43.
[28]Laughlin MH, Pollock JS, Amann JF, Hollis ML, Woodman CR, Price EM. Training induces nonuniform increases in eNOS content along the coronary arterial tree. J Appl Physiol. 2001;90(2):501-10.
[29]Lloyd PG, Prior BM, Yang HT, Terjung RL. Angiogenic growth factor expression in rat skeletal muscle in response to exercise training. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2003;284(5):H1668-78.