@2024 Afarand., IRAN
ISSN: 2008-2630 Iranian Journal of War & Public Health 2017;9(1):41-46
ISSN: 2008-2630 Iranian Journal of War & Public Health 2017;9(1):41-46
Effectiveness of Self-Compassion Training on Dysfunctional Attitudes and Quality of Life in Mine Explosion Amputees
ARTICLE INFO
Article Type
Original ResearchAuthors
Ghazanfari F. (1)Shafiei M. (* )
(* ) Psychology Department, Literature and Humanities Faculty, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
(1) Psychology Department , Literature and Humanities Faculty, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
Correspondence
Address: Central Organization of Lorestan University, Kilometer 5 of Tehran Road, Khorramabad, Iran. Postal Code: 68151-44316Phone: +98 (66) 33234533
Fax: +98 (66) 33120627
masumeh.shafiei62@gmail.com
Article History
Received: October 31, 2016Accepted: December 11, 2016
ePublished: March 10, 2017
ABSTRACT
Aims
Aims: Inefficient attitudes and low quality of life correlate with many behavioral disorders and problems. The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of self-compassion trainings on inefficient attitudes and quality of life in persons with amputations due to the land-mine explosions.
Materials & Methods In the controlled pretest-posttest experimental study, 40 men with amputations due to the land-mine explosions, who were under the protection of the Martyrs Foundation of Gilan-E-Gharb Township, were studied in 2016. The subjects, selected via simple random sampling method, were randomly divided into two 20-person groups including experimental and control groups. Data was collected by the inefficient attitudes and quality of life questionnaires. Eight 1-hour compassion-training sessions were conducted in experimental group for two months, while control group received no intervention. Data was analyzed using multi-variable covariance analysis test.
Findings At the posttest stage, the pretest scores having been controlled, the mean scores of inefficient attitudes were significantly lower in experimental group compared to control group (p<0.01). In addition, the mean scores of quality of life and its components were significantly higher than control group (p<0.05).
Conclusion The self-compassion trainings improve the inefficient attitudes and quality of life in persons with amputations due to the land-mine explosions.
Materials & Methods In the controlled pretest-posttest experimental study, 40 men with amputations due to the land-mine explosions, who were under the protection of the Martyrs Foundation of Gilan-E-Gharb Township, were studied in 2016. The subjects, selected via simple random sampling method, were randomly divided into two 20-person groups including experimental and control groups. Data was collected by the inefficient attitudes and quality of life questionnaires. Eight 1-hour compassion-training sessions were conducted in experimental group for two months, while control group received no intervention. Data was analyzed using multi-variable covariance analysis test.
Findings At the posttest stage, the pretest scores having been controlled, the mean scores of inefficient attitudes were significantly lower in experimental group compared to control group (p<0.01). In addition, the mean scores of quality of life and its components were significantly higher than control group (p<0.05).
Conclusion The self-compassion trainings improve the inefficient attitudes and quality of life in persons with amputations due to the land-mine explosions.
CITATION LINKS
[1]Başoğlu M, Livanou M, Salcioğlu E, Kalender D. A brief behavioral treatment of chronic post traumatic stress disorder in earthquake survivors: Results from an open clinical trial. Psychol Med. 2003;33(4):647-54.
[2]Abhari-Ahmadi SA. Long-term effects of war on psychosocial status of patients with post-traumatic stress disorder. Proceedings of The Third Symposium of Neurological Complications Psychol War. Tehran: Golban Press; 2000. pp. 83-7. [Persian]
[3]Yavari A, Esfandiari E, Masoumi M, Saeedi H, Allami M. Consideration of chronic pain and current prosthetic satisfaction. in above knee amputees. Iran J War Public Health. 2011;3(10):53-8. [Persian]
[4]Seyed Hosseini Davarani SH, Moosavi B, Karbalaei Esmaeili S, Soroosh MR, Masoumi M. Service satisfaction among war related bilateral lower limb amputation Iran J War Public Health. 2010;3(1):49-54. [Persian]
[5]Azarmi S, Farsi Z, Sajadi S.A. Development of adaptation questionnaire using roy’s adaptation model and its psychometrics on veterans with lower limb amputation. Hayat. 2013;19(4):26-37. [Persian]
[6]American Psychiatric Association. Diagnosis and statistical manual disorder. 4th edition. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2000. pp. 165-73.
[7]Raes F. Rumination and worry as mediators of the relationship between self-compassion and depression and anx iety. Personal Individ Differ. 2010;48(6):757-61.
[8]Terry LM, Leary RM. Self-compassion, self-regulation and health. J Self Identit. 2011;10(3):352-62.
[9]Seligowski VA, Miron RL, Orcutt KH. Relations among self-compassion, PTSD symptoms, and psychological health in a trauma-exposed sample. Mindfulness; 2015;6(5):1033-41.
[10]Ehreta MA, Joormannb J, Berkingc M. Examining risk and resilience factors for depression: The role of self-criticism and self-compassion. Cogn Emot. 2015;29(8):1496-504.
[11]Zeller M1, Yuval K, Nitzan-Assayag Y, Bernstein A. Self-compassion in recovery following potentially traumatic stress: Longitudinal study of at-risk youth. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2015;43(4):645-53.
[12]Miron RL, Sherrill AM, Orcutt KH. Fear of self- compassion and psychological inflexbility interact to predict PTSD symptom severity. J Contextual Behav Sci. 2015;4(1):37-41.
[13]Woodruff CS, Glass RC, Arnkoff BD, Crowley JK, Hindman KB, Hirschhorn WE. Comparing self-compassion, mindfulness, and psychological inflexibility as predictors of psychological health. Mindfulness. 2014;5(4):410-21.
[14]de Graaf LE, Roelofs J, Huibers MJ. Measuring dysfunctional attitudes in the general population: The dysfunctional attitude scale (form A) revised. Cognit Ther Res. 2009;33(4):345-55.
[15]Weich S, Churchill R, Lewis G. Dysfunctional attitudes and the common mental disorders in primary care. J Affect Disord. 2003;75(2):269-78.
[16]Lewinshon PM, Joiner TE, Rhode P. Evaluation of cognitive diathesis stress models in predicting major depressive disorder in adolescents. J Abnorm Psychol. 2001;110(2):203-15.
[17]Ellis A. How may therapy and Practice of psychotherapy has influenced and changed other psychotherapies. J Ration Cogn Ther. 2004;22(2):79-83.
[18]Yoshida H, Kobayashi N, Honda N, Matsuoka H, Yamaguchi T, Homma H, et al. Post-traumatic growth of children affected by the Great East Japan Earthquake and their attitudes to memorial services and media coverage. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2016;70(5):193-201.
[19]Besser A, Neria y. PTSD symptoms, satisfaction with life, and prejudicial attitudes toward the adversary among Israeli civilians exposed to ongoing missile attacks. J Trauma Stress. 2016;22(4):268-75.
[20]Jain S, McLean C, Adler EP, Rosen CS. Peer support and outcome for veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in a residential rehabilitation program. Community Ment Health J. 2016;52(8):1089-92.
[21]Safaee A, Zeykhami B, Tabatabaee SH, Moghimi Dehkardi B. quality of life and Quality of life and its influencing factors in breast cancer patients unde rgoing chemotherapy. Epidemiol Iran. 2007;3(3-4):61-6. [Persian]
[22]Schnurr PP, Lunney CA. Symptom benchmarks of improved quality of life in PTSD. Depress Anxiety. 2016;33(3):247-55.
[23]Currier JM, Drescher KD, Hollan JM, Lisman R, Foy DW. Spirituality, forgiveness, and quality of life: Testing a mediational model with military veterans with PTSD. Int J Psychol Relig. 2016;26(2):167-79.
[24]Mandani B, Fakhri A. Study of health related quality of life in posttraumatic stress disorder war veterans. Iran J War Public Health. 2013;5(2):18-25. [Persian]
[25]Gilbert P, Procter S. Compassionate mind training for people with high sham eand selfcriticism: A pilot study of a gr oup therapy approach. Clin Psychol Psychother. 2006;13(6):352-79.
[26]Ebrahimi A, Neshatdoost HT, Kalantari M, Molavi H, Asadollahi Gh. Contributions of dysfunctional attitude scale and general health subscales to prediction and odds ratio of depression. J Shahrekord Univ Med Sci. 2008;9(4):52-8. [Persian]
[27]Beck AT, Brown G, Steer RA, Weissman AN. Factor analysis of the dysfunctional attitude scale in a clinical population. Psychol Assess. 1991;3(3):478-83.
[28]Bayanzadeh SA, Bolhary J, Dadfar M, Karimi Keisomi I. Effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral religious - cultural therapy in improvement of obsessive-compulsive patients. Razi J Med Sci. 2005;11(44):913-23. [Persian]
[29]Rostami R, Moghadasetabrizi Y, Dar veeshpour KA, Montazeri A. The effect of exercise on quality of life of opioid dependent patients under methadone maintenance therapy. Appl Psychol Res Q. 2012;3(1):1-11. [Persian]
[30]Gilbert P. Introducing comp-assion- focused therapy. Adv Psychiatri Treat. 2009;15(3):199-208.
[31]Barnard LK, Curry JF. Self-Compassion: Conceptualizations, correlates & int rventions review of general psychology. Rev Gen Psychol. 2011;15(4):289-303.
[32]Raque-Bogdan TL, Ericson SK, Jackson J, Martin HM, Bryan NA. Attachment and mental and physical health: Self-compassion and mattering as medi ators. J Couns Psychol. 2011;58(2):272-8.
[33]Germer CK, Neff KD. Self-compassion inclinicalpractice. J Clin Psychol. 2013;69(8):2-12.
[34]Neff KD, Hseih Y, Dejitthirat K. Self -compassion, achievement goals, and cop ing with academic failure. J Psychol Educ. 2005; 4(3):263-87.
[35]Allen BA, Leary MR. Self-Compassion, Stress and Coping. Soc Personal Psychol Compass. 2010;4(2):107-18.
[36]Reddy SD, Negi LT, Dodson-Lavelle B, Ozawa-de Silva B, Pace TW, Cole S P, et al. Cognitive-based compassion training: A promising prevention strategy for at-risk adolescents. J Child Fam Stud. 2013;22(2):219-30.
[2]Abhari-Ahmadi SA. Long-term effects of war on psychosocial status of patients with post-traumatic stress disorder. Proceedings of The Third Symposium of Neurological Complications Psychol War. Tehran: Golban Press; 2000. pp. 83-7. [Persian]
[3]Yavari A, Esfandiari E, Masoumi M, Saeedi H, Allami M. Consideration of chronic pain and current prosthetic satisfaction. in above knee amputees. Iran J War Public Health. 2011;3(10):53-8. [Persian]
[4]Seyed Hosseini Davarani SH, Moosavi B, Karbalaei Esmaeili S, Soroosh MR, Masoumi M. Service satisfaction among war related bilateral lower limb amputation Iran J War Public Health. 2010;3(1):49-54. [Persian]
[5]Azarmi S, Farsi Z, Sajadi S.A. Development of adaptation questionnaire using roy’s adaptation model and its psychometrics on veterans with lower limb amputation. Hayat. 2013;19(4):26-37. [Persian]
[6]American Psychiatric Association. Diagnosis and statistical manual disorder. 4th edition. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2000. pp. 165-73.
[7]Raes F. Rumination and worry as mediators of the relationship between self-compassion and depression and anx iety. Personal Individ Differ. 2010;48(6):757-61.
[8]Terry LM, Leary RM. Self-compassion, self-regulation and health. J Self Identit. 2011;10(3):352-62.
[9]Seligowski VA, Miron RL, Orcutt KH. Relations among self-compassion, PTSD symptoms, and psychological health in a trauma-exposed sample. Mindfulness; 2015;6(5):1033-41.
[10]Ehreta MA, Joormannb J, Berkingc M. Examining risk and resilience factors for depression: The role of self-criticism and self-compassion. Cogn Emot. 2015;29(8):1496-504.
[11]Zeller M1, Yuval K, Nitzan-Assayag Y, Bernstein A. Self-compassion in recovery following potentially traumatic stress: Longitudinal study of at-risk youth. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2015;43(4):645-53.
[12]Miron RL, Sherrill AM, Orcutt KH. Fear of self- compassion and psychological inflexbility interact to predict PTSD symptom severity. J Contextual Behav Sci. 2015;4(1):37-41.
[13]Woodruff CS, Glass RC, Arnkoff BD, Crowley JK, Hindman KB, Hirschhorn WE. Comparing self-compassion, mindfulness, and psychological inflexibility as predictors of psychological health. Mindfulness. 2014;5(4):410-21.
[14]de Graaf LE, Roelofs J, Huibers MJ. Measuring dysfunctional attitudes in the general population: The dysfunctional attitude scale (form A) revised. Cognit Ther Res. 2009;33(4):345-55.
[15]Weich S, Churchill R, Lewis G. Dysfunctional attitudes and the common mental disorders in primary care. J Affect Disord. 2003;75(2):269-78.
[16]Lewinshon PM, Joiner TE, Rhode P. Evaluation of cognitive diathesis stress models in predicting major depressive disorder in adolescents. J Abnorm Psychol. 2001;110(2):203-15.
[17]Ellis A. How may therapy and Practice of psychotherapy has influenced and changed other psychotherapies. J Ration Cogn Ther. 2004;22(2):79-83.
[18]Yoshida H, Kobayashi N, Honda N, Matsuoka H, Yamaguchi T, Homma H, et al. Post-traumatic growth of children affected by the Great East Japan Earthquake and their attitudes to memorial services and media coverage. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2016;70(5):193-201.
[19]Besser A, Neria y. PTSD symptoms, satisfaction with life, and prejudicial attitudes toward the adversary among Israeli civilians exposed to ongoing missile attacks. J Trauma Stress. 2016;22(4):268-75.
[20]Jain S, McLean C, Adler EP, Rosen CS. Peer support and outcome for veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in a residential rehabilitation program. Community Ment Health J. 2016;52(8):1089-92.
[21]Safaee A, Zeykhami B, Tabatabaee SH, Moghimi Dehkardi B. quality of life and Quality of life and its influencing factors in breast cancer patients unde rgoing chemotherapy. Epidemiol Iran. 2007;3(3-4):61-6. [Persian]
[22]Schnurr PP, Lunney CA. Symptom benchmarks of improved quality of life in PTSD. Depress Anxiety. 2016;33(3):247-55.
[23]Currier JM, Drescher KD, Hollan JM, Lisman R, Foy DW. Spirituality, forgiveness, and quality of life: Testing a mediational model with military veterans with PTSD. Int J Psychol Relig. 2016;26(2):167-79.
[24]Mandani B, Fakhri A. Study of health related quality of life in posttraumatic stress disorder war veterans. Iran J War Public Health. 2013;5(2):18-25. [Persian]
[25]Gilbert P, Procter S. Compassionate mind training for people with high sham eand selfcriticism: A pilot study of a gr oup therapy approach. Clin Psychol Psychother. 2006;13(6):352-79.
[26]Ebrahimi A, Neshatdoost HT, Kalantari M, Molavi H, Asadollahi Gh. Contributions of dysfunctional attitude scale and general health subscales to prediction and odds ratio of depression. J Shahrekord Univ Med Sci. 2008;9(4):52-8. [Persian]
[27]Beck AT, Brown G, Steer RA, Weissman AN. Factor analysis of the dysfunctional attitude scale in a clinical population. Psychol Assess. 1991;3(3):478-83.
[28]Bayanzadeh SA, Bolhary J, Dadfar M, Karimi Keisomi I. Effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral religious - cultural therapy in improvement of obsessive-compulsive patients. Razi J Med Sci. 2005;11(44):913-23. [Persian]
[29]Rostami R, Moghadasetabrizi Y, Dar veeshpour KA, Montazeri A. The effect of exercise on quality of life of opioid dependent patients under methadone maintenance therapy. Appl Psychol Res Q. 2012;3(1):1-11. [Persian]
[30]Gilbert P. Introducing comp-assion- focused therapy. Adv Psychiatri Treat. 2009;15(3):199-208.
[31]Barnard LK, Curry JF. Self-Compassion: Conceptualizations, correlates & int rventions review of general psychology. Rev Gen Psychol. 2011;15(4):289-303.
[32]Raque-Bogdan TL, Ericson SK, Jackson J, Martin HM, Bryan NA. Attachment and mental and physical health: Self-compassion and mattering as medi ators. J Couns Psychol. 2011;58(2):272-8.
[33]Germer CK, Neff KD. Self-compassion inclinicalpractice. J Clin Psychol. 2013;69(8):2-12.
[34]Neff KD, Hseih Y, Dejitthirat K. Self -compassion, achievement goals, and cop ing with academic failure. J Psychol Educ. 2005; 4(3):263-87.
[35]Allen BA, Leary MR. Self-Compassion, Stress and Coping. Soc Personal Psychol Compass. 2010;4(2):107-18.
[36]Reddy SD, Negi LT, Dodson-Lavelle B, Ozawa-de Silva B, Pace TW, Cole S P, et al. Cognitive-based compassion training: A promising prevention strategy for at-risk adolescents. J Child Fam Stud. 2013;22(2):219-30.