@2024 Afarand., IRAN
ISSN: 2252-0805 The Horizon of Medical Sciences 2017;23(4):273-277
ISSN: 2252-0805 The Horizon of Medical Sciences 2017;23(4):273-277
Comparison of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) and Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1) Responses to Different Endurance Training Intensities in Runner Men
ARTICLE INFO
Article Type
Original ResearchAuthors
Habibian M. (*)Valinejad A. (1)
(*) Physical Education Department, Human Sciences Faculty, Qaemshahar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qaemshahar, Iran
(1) Physical Education Department, Human Sciences Faculty, Sari Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sari, Iran
Correspondence
Address: Department of Physical Education, Human Sciences Faculty, Babol Street, Qaemshahar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qaemshahar, IranPhone: +98 (11) 42155025
Fax: +98 (11) 42155117
habibian_m@yahoo.com
Article History
Received: September 19, 2016Accepted: August 4, 2017
ePublished: September 28, 2017
ABSTRACT
Aims
Blood neurotrophins, such as Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF)
and Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1), mediate exercise- induced health
benefits in humans. The purpose of this study was to compare the response of
BDNF and IGF-1 to different endurance training intensities in runner men.
Materials & Methods In this semi-experimental study with pre-test-posttest design in 2015, 10 people of male runners from Gorgan were selected through purposeful and accessible sampling. The endurance training protocol was 6 km running with moderate (70-75% of heart rate reserve) or severe (80-85% of heart rate reserve) intensity, which was performed within a week's interval. Fasting blood samples were collected before and immediately after both acute training sessions and serum levels of BDNF and IGF-1 were measured by ELISA and radioimmunoassay enzyme. Data were analyzed by SPSS 20 software using independent t-test and paired t-test.
Findings Both acute endurance training significantly increased serum levels of BDNF and IGF-1 in runners, but high intensity endurance exercises increased BDNF levels in comparison with moderate intensity (p<0.05), while no significant difference was observed between IGF-1 response to different intensities of endurance training (p>0.05).
Conclusion Serum BDNF response in endurance athletes is affected by the intensity of exercise, so that the effect of high intensity endurance training on BDNF levels is greater than moderate intensity exercise, but the response of IGF-1 to acute endurance training is independent of the intensity of exercise.
Materials & Methods In this semi-experimental study with pre-test-posttest design in 2015, 10 people of male runners from Gorgan were selected through purposeful and accessible sampling. The endurance training protocol was 6 km running with moderate (70-75% of heart rate reserve) or severe (80-85% of heart rate reserve) intensity, which was performed within a week's interval. Fasting blood samples were collected before and immediately after both acute training sessions and serum levels of BDNF and IGF-1 were measured by ELISA and radioimmunoassay enzyme. Data were analyzed by SPSS 20 software using independent t-test and paired t-test.
Findings Both acute endurance training significantly increased serum levels of BDNF and IGF-1 in runners, but high intensity endurance exercises increased BDNF levels in comparison with moderate intensity (p<0.05), while no significant difference was observed between IGF-1 response to different intensities of endurance training (p>0.05).
Conclusion Serum BDNF response in endurance athletes is affected by the intensity of exercise, so that the effect of high intensity endurance training on BDNF levels is greater than moderate intensity exercise, but the response of IGF-1 to acute endurance training is independent of the intensity of exercise.
Keywords:
Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) ,
Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1),
Endurance training ,
CITATION LINKS
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[2]Cotman CW, Berchtold NC. Exercise: A behavioral intervention to enhance brain health and plasticity. Trends Neurosci. 2002;25(6):295-301.
[3]Hillman CH, Erickson KI, Kramer AF. Be smart, exercise your heart: exercise effects on brain and cognition. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2008;9(1):58-65.
[4]Huang T, Larsen KT, Ried-Larsen M, Moller NC, Andersen LB. The effects of physical activity and exercise on brain-derived neurotrophic factor in healthy humans: A review. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2014;24(1):1-10.
[5]Krabbe KS, Nielsen AR, Krogh-Madsen R, Plomgaard P, Rasmussen P, Erikstrup C, et al. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia. 2007;50(2):431-8.
[6]Werner H, Le Roith D. New concepts in regulation and function of theinsulin-like growth factors: implications for understanding normal growth and neoplasia. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2000;57(6):932-42.
[7]Hoshaw BA, Malberg JE, Lucki I. Central administration of IGF-1 and BDNF Leeds to long-lasting andidepressant-like effects. Brain Res. 2005;1037(1-2):204-8.
[8]Koziris LP, Hickson RC, Chatterton RT Jr, Groseth RT, Christie JM, Goldflies DG, et al. Serum levels of total and free IGF-I and IGFBP-3 are increased and maintained in long-term training. J Appl Physiol. 1999;86(4):1436-42.
[9]Carro E, Nunez A, Busiguina S, Torres-Aleman I. Circulating insulin-like growth factor I mediate effects of exercise on the brain. J Neurosci. 2000;20(8):2926-33.
[10]Schmolesky MT, Webb DL, Hansen RA. The effects of aerobic exercise intensity and duration on levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in healthy men. J Sports Sci Med. 2013;12(3):502-11.
[11]Gold SM, Schulz KH, Hartmann S, Mladek M, Lang UE, Hellweg R, et al. Basal serum levels and reactivity of nerve growth factor and brainderived neurotrophic factor to standardized acute exercise inmultiple sclerosis and controls. J Neuroimmunol. 2003;138(1-2):99-105.
[12]Rojas Vega S, Abel T, Lindschulten R, Hollmann W, Bloch W, Strüder HK. Impact of exercise on neuroplasticityrelated proteins in spinal cord injured humans. Neuroscience. 2008;153(4):1064-70.
[13]Ferris LT, Williams JS, Shen CL. The effect of acute exercise on serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels and cognitive function. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007;39(4):728-34.
[14]Orenstein MR, Friedenreich CM. Review of Physical Activityand the IGF Family. Hum Kinet J. 2004;1(4):291-320.
[15]Manetta J, Brun JF, Maimoun L, Callis A, Préfaut C, Mercier J. Effect of training on the GH/IGF-I axis during exercise in middle-aged men: Relationship to glucose homeostasis. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2002;283(5):E929-36.
[16]Mejria S, Koubâac D, Ben Slama C. GH, IGF-1 and IGF-BP3 responses to submaximal exercise: differences between trained and sedentary subjects. Sci Sports. 2004:19(2):80-5.
[17]Skidmore BL, Jones MT, Blegen M, Matthews TD. Acute effects of three different circuit weight training protocols on blood lactate, heart rate, and rating of perceived exertion in recreationally active women. J Sports Sci Med. 2012;11(4):660-8.
[18]Sheikhani H, Babaee Beygi MA, Daryanoosh F, Jafari B. Alteration of Plasma Brain Natriuretic Peptide Level After Acute Moderate Exercise in Professional Athletes. Int Cardiovasc Res J. 2011;5(4):148-50. [Persian]
[19]Correia PR, Pansani A, Machado F, Andrade M, Silva AC, Scorza FA, et al. Acute strength exercise and the involvement of small or large muscle mass on plasma brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2010;65(11):1123-6.
[20]Heyman E, Gamelin FX, Goekint M, Piscitelli F, Roelands B, Leclair E, et al. Intense exercise increases circulating endocannabinoid and BDNF levels in humans-possible implications for reward and depression. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2012;37(6):844-851.
[21]Nofuji Y, Suwa M, Sasaki H, Ichimiya A, Nishichi R, Kumagai S. Different circulating brain-derived neurotrophic factor responses to acute exercise between physically active and sedentary subjects. J Sports Sci Med. 2012;11(1):83-8.
[22]Zoladz JA, Pilc A, Majerczak J, Grandys M, Zapart-Bukowska J, Duda K. Endurance training increases plasma brain-derived neurotrophic factor concentration in young healthy men. J Physiol Pharmacol. 2008;59 Suppl 7:119-32.
[23]Rasmussen P, Brassard P, Adser H, Pedersen MV, Leick L, Hart E, et al. Evidence for a release of brain-derived neurotrophic factor from the brain during exercise. Exp Physiol. 2009;94(10):1062-9.
[24]Kim YI. The impact of exercise training on basal BDNF in athletic adolescents. J Phys Ther Sci. 2016;28(11):3066-9.
[25]Dinoff A, Herrmann N, Swardfager W, Liu CS, Sherman C, Chan S, et al. The effect of exercise training on resting concentrations of peripheral brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF): A meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2016;11(9):e0163037.
[26]Sartori CR, Vieira AS, Ferrari EM, Langone F, Tongiorgi E, Parada CA. The antidepressive effect of the physical exercise correlates with increased levels of mature BDNF, and proBDNF proteolytic cleavage-related genes, p11 and tPA. Neuroscience. 2011;180:9-18.
[27]Schwarz AJ, Brasel JA, Hintz RL, Mohan S, Cooper DM. Acute effect of brief low- and high-intensity exercise on circulating insulin-like growth factor (IGF) I, II, and IGF-binding protein-3 and its proteolysis in young healthy men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996;81(10):3492-7.
[28]Kraemer RR, Durand RJ, Acevedo EO, Johnson LG, Kraemer GR, Hebert EP, et al. Rigorous running increases growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-I without altering ghrelin. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2004;229(3):240-6.
[29]Mejri S, Bchir F, Ben Rayana Mc, Ben Hamida J, Ben Slama C. Effect of training on GH and IGF-1responses to a submaximal exercise in football players. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2005;95(5-6):496-503.
[30]Rubin MR, Kraemer WJ, Maresh CM, Volek JS, Ratamess NA, Vanheest JL, et al. High-affinity growth hormone binding protein and acute heavy resistance exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2005;37(3):395-403.
[31]Taipale RS, Hakkinen K. Acute hormonal and force responses to combined strength and endurance loadings in men and women: The “order effect”. PLoS One. 2013;8(2):e55051.
[32]Church DD, Hoffman JR, Mangine GT, Jajtner AR, Townsend JR, Beyer KS, et al. Comparison of high-intensity vs. high-volume resistance training on the BDNF response to exercise. J Appl Physiol. 2016;121(1):123-8.
[2]Cotman CW, Berchtold NC. Exercise: A behavioral intervention to enhance brain health and plasticity. Trends Neurosci. 2002;25(6):295-301.
[3]Hillman CH, Erickson KI, Kramer AF. Be smart, exercise your heart: exercise effects on brain and cognition. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2008;9(1):58-65.
[4]Huang T, Larsen KT, Ried-Larsen M, Moller NC, Andersen LB. The effects of physical activity and exercise on brain-derived neurotrophic factor in healthy humans: A review. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2014;24(1):1-10.
[5]Krabbe KS, Nielsen AR, Krogh-Madsen R, Plomgaard P, Rasmussen P, Erikstrup C, et al. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia. 2007;50(2):431-8.
[6]Werner H, Le Roith D. New concepts in regulation and function of theinsulin-like growth factors: implications for understanding normal growth and neoplasia. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2000;57(6):932-42.
[7]Hoshaw BA, Malberg JE, Lucki I. Central administration of IGF-1 and BDNF Leeds to long-lasting andidepressant-like effects. Brain Res. 2005;1037(1-2):204-8.
[8]Koziris LP, Hickson RC, Chatterton RT Jr, Groseth RT, Christie JM, Goldflies DG, et al. Serum levels of total and free IGF-I and IGFBP-3 are increased and maintained in long-term training. J Appl Physiol. 1999;86(4):1436-42.
[9]Carro E, Nunez A, Busiguina S, Torres-Aleman I. Circulating insulin-like growth factor I mediate effects of exercise on the brain. J Neurosci. 2000;20(8):2926-33.
[10]Schmolesky MT, Webb DL, Hansen RA. The effects of aerobic exercise intensity and duration on levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in healthy men. J Sports Sci Med. 2013;12(3):502-11.
[11]Gold SM, Schulz KH, Hartmann S, Mladek M, Lang UE, Hellweg R, et al. Basal serum levels and reactivity of nerve growth factor and brainderived neurotrophic factor to standardized acute exercise inmultiple sclerosis and controls. J Neuroimmunol. 2003;138(1-2):99-105.
[12]Rojas Vega S, Abel T, Lindschulten R, Hollmann W, Bloch W, Strüder HK. Impact of exercise on neuroplasticityrelated proteins in spinal cord injured humans. Neuroscience. 2008;153(4):1064-70.
[13]Ferris LT, Williams JS, Shen CL. The effect of acute exercise on serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels and cognitive function. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007;39(4):728-34.
[14]Orenstein MR, Friedenreich CM. Review of Physical Activityand the IGF Family. Hum Kinet J. 2004;1(4):291-320.
[15]Manetta J, Brun JF, Maimoun L, Callis A, Préfaut C, Mercier J. Effect of training on the GH/IGF-I axis during exercise in middle-aged men: Relationship to glucose homeostasis. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2002;283(5):E929-36.
[16]Mejria S, Koubâac D, Ben Slama C. GH, IGF-1 and IGF-BP3 responses to submaximal exercise: differences between trained and sedentary subjects. Sci Sports. 2004:19(2):80-5.
[17]Skidmore BL, Jones MT, Blegen M, Matthews TD. Acute effects of three different circuit weight training protocols on blood lactate, heart rate, and rating of perceived exertion in recreationally active women. J Sports Sci Med. 2012;11(4):660-8.
[18]Sheikhani H, Babaee Beygi MA, Daryanoosh F, Jafari B. Alteration of Plasma Brain Natriuretic Peptide Level After Acute Moderate Exercise in Professional Athletes. Int Cardiovasc Res J. 2011;5(4):148-50. [Persian]
[19]Correia PR, Pansani A, Machado F, Andrade M, Silva AC, Scorza FA, et al. Acute strength exercise and the involvement of small or large muscle mass on plasma brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2010;65(11):1123-6.
[20]Heyman E, Gamelin FX, Goekint M, Piscitelli F, Roelands B, Leclair E, et al. Intense exercise increases circulating endocannabinoid and BDNF levels in humans-possible implications for reward and depression. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2012;37(6):844-851.
[21]Nofuji Y, Suwa M, Sasaki H, Ichimiya A, Nishichi R, Kumagai S. Different circulating brain-derived neurotrophic factor responses to acute exercise between physically active and sedentary subjects. J Sports Sci Med. 2012;11(1):83-8.
[22]Zoladz JA, Pilc A, Majerczak J, Grandys M, Zapart-Bukowska J, Duda K. Endurance training increases plasma brain-derived neurotrophic factor concentration in young healthy men. J Physiol Pharmacol. 2008;59 Suppl 7:119-32.
[23]Rasmussen P, Brassard P, Adser H, Pedersen MV, Leick L, Hart E, et al. Evidence for a release of brain-derived neurotrophic factor from the brain during exercise. Exp Physiol. 2009;94(10):1062-9.
[24]Kim YI. The impact of exercise training on basal BDNF in athletic adolescents. J Phys Ther Sci. 2016;28(11):3066-9.
[25]Dinoff A, Herrmann N, Swardfager W, Liu CS, Sherman C, Chan S, et al. The effect of exercise training on resting concentrations of peripheral brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF): A meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2016;11(9):e0163037.
[26]Sartori CR, Vieira AS, Ferrari EM, Langone F, Tongiorgi E, Parada CA. The antidepressive effect of the physical exercise correlates with increased levels of mature BDNF, and proBDNF proteolytic cleavage-related genes, p11 and tPA. Neuroscience. 2011;180:9-18.
[27]Schwarz AJ, Brasel JA, Hintz RL, Mohan S, Cooper DM. Acute effect of brief low- and high-intensity exercise on circulating insulin-like growth factor (IGF) I, II, and IGF-binding protein-3 and its proteolysis in young healthy men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996;81(10):3492-7.
[28]Kraemer RR, Durand RJ, Acevedo EO, Johnson LG, Kraemer GR, Hebert EP, et al. Rigorous running increases growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-I without altering ghrelin. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2004;229(3):240-6.
[29]Mejri S, Bchir F, Ben Rayana Mc, Ben Hamida J, Ben Slama C. Effect of training on GH and IGF-1responses to a submaximal exercise in football players. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2005;95(5-6):496-503.
[30]Rubin MR, Kraemer WJ, Maresh CM, Volek JS, Ratamess NA, Vanheest JL, et al. High-affinity growth hormone binding protein and acute heavy resistance exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2005;37(3):395-403.
[31]Taipale RS, Hakkinen K. Acute hormonal and force responses to combined strength and endurance loadings in men and women: The “order effect”. PLoS One. 2013;8(2):e55051.
[32]Church DD, Hoffman JR, Mangine GT, Jajtner AR, Townsend JR, Beyer KS, et al. Comparison of high-intensity vs. high-volume resistance training on the BDNF response to exercise. J Appl Physiol. 2016;121(1):123-8.