@2024 Afarand., IRAN
ISSN: 2252-0805 The Horizon of Medical Sciences 2015;21(2):81-89
ISSN: 2252-0805 The Horizon of Medical Sciences 2015;21(2):81-89
Effect of Aerobic Training for 8 Weeks on C-Reactive Protein, Uric Acid and Total Bilirubin in Sedentary Elderly Women
ARTICLE INFO
Article Type
Original ResearchAuthors
Ghahremani Moghadam M. (*)Hejazi K. (1)
(*) Sport Physiology Department, Physical Education & Sport Sciences Faculty, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
(1) Sport Physiology Department, Physical Education & Sport Sciences Faculty, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
Correspondence
Address: Sport Physiology Department, Physical Education & Sports Sciences Faculty, Pardis of Ferdowsi University, Azadi Square, Mashhad, Iran. Postal Code: 48979-91779Phone: +985118833910
Fax: +985118829580
m.ghahremani@um.ac.ir
Article History
Received: February 11, 2015Accepted: April 3, 2015
ePublished: June 20, 2015
ABSTRACT
Aims
Increased levels of CRP, uric acid and total bilirubin increase the risk of coronary artery disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of selected aerobic training on CRP, uric acid and total bilirubin in sedentary elderly women.
Materials & Methods In this semi-experimental study, in 2014, which was done in Mashhad, 21 sedentary and healthy women with range of 60-70 years old were selected using available and purposive sampling method. They were randomly divided into two groups; experimental (n=11) and control (n=10). The 8 weeks of aerobic training (3 times a week, 45-60 minutes per session, with intensity of 50-70 percent of reserve heart rate) were performed. Blood samples were taken at baseline and at the end of the study. Data were analyzed using paired and independent T tests in SPSS 20 software.
Findings Body weight (p=0.001), BMI (p=0.01), body fat percent (p=0.02), CRP levels (p=0.01) and uric acid (p=0.001) were decreased at the end of training compared with the beginning of aerobic training significantly in the experimental group. Moreover, a significant difference was observed between experimental and control groups according to weight (p<0.05).
Conclusion The aerobic training has positive effects on the new biomarker of cardiovascular indicators and aerobic training can prevent the incidence of atherosclerosis diseases.
Materials & Methods In this semi-experimental study, in 2014, which was done in Mashhad, 21 sedentary and healthy women with range of 60-70 years old were selected using available and purposive sampling method. They were randomly divided into two groups; experimental (n=11) and control (n=10). The 8 weeks of aerobic training (3 times a week, 45-60 minutes per session, with intensity of 50-70 percent of reserve heart rate) were performed. Blood samples were taken at baseline and at the end of the study. Data were analyzed using paired and independent T tests in SPSS 20 software.
Findings Body weight (p=0.001), BMI (p=0.01), body fat percent (p=0.02), CRP levels (p=0.01) and uric acid (p=0.001) were decreased at the end of training compared with the beginning of aerobic training significantly in the experimental group. Moreover, a significant difference was observed between experimental and control groups according to weight (p<0.05).
Conclusion The aerobic training has positive effects on the new biomarker of cardiovascular indicators and aerobic training can prevent the incidence of atherosclerosis diseases.
CITATION LINKS
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[3]Ridker PM. C-reactive protein a simple test to help predict risk of heart attack and stroke. Circulation. 2003;108(12):e81-5.
[4]Shah T, Casas JP, Cooper JA, Tzoulaki I, Sofat R, Mc Cormack V, et al. Critical appraisal of CRP measurement for the prediction of coronary heart disease events: New data and systematic review of 31 prospective cohorts. Int J Epidemiol. 2009;38(1):217-31.
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[6]Niskanen LK, Laaksonen DE, Nyyssönen K, Alfthan G, Lakka HM, Lakka TA, et al. Uric acid level as a risk factor for cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in middle aged men: A prospective cohort study. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164(14):1546-51.
[7]Hsu SP, Pai MF, Peng YS, Chaing CK, Ho TI, Hung KY. Serum uric acid levels show a J-shaped association with all-cause mortality in haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant, 2004;19:457-62.
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[12]Erdogan D, Gullu H, Yildirim E, Tok D, Kirbas I, Ciftci O, et al. Low serum bilirubin levels are independently and inversely related to impaired flow-mediated vasodilation and increased carotid intima-media thickness in both men and women. Atherosclerosis. 2006;184(2):431-7.
[13]Schwertner HA, Jackson WG, Tolan G. Association of low serum concentration of bilirubin with increased risk of coronary artery disease. Clin Chem. 1994;40(1):18-23.
[14]Kelley GA, Kelley KS. Efficacy of aerobic exercise on coronary heart disease risk factors. Prev Cardiol. 2008;11(2):71-5.
[15]Gielen S, Schuler G, Adams V. Cardiovascular effects of exercise training: Molecular mechanisms. Circulation. 2010;122(12):1221-38.
[16]Gómez-Guzmán M, Jiménez R, Sánchez M, Zarzuelo MJ, Galindo P, Quintela AM, et al. Epicatechin lowers blood pressure, restores endothelial function, and decreases oxidative stress and endothelin-1 and NADPH oxidase activity in DOCA-salt hypertension. Free Radic Biol Med. 2012;52(1):70-9.
[17]Jarrete AP, Novaisa IP, Nunesa HA, Pugaa GM, Delbinb MA, Zanesco A. Influence of aerobic exercise training on cardiovascular and endocrine-inflammatory biomarkers in hypertensive postmenopausal women. J Clin Translational Endocrinol. 2014;1(3):108-14.
[18]Nicklas BJ, Hsu FC, Brinkley TJ, Church T, Goodpaster BH, Kritchevsky SB, et al. Exercise training and plasma C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 in elderly people. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2008;56(11):2045-52.
[19]Daray LA, Henagan T, Zanovec M, Earnest CP, Johnson LG, Winchester GB, et al. An evaluation of endurance and combined endurance and resistance training on fitness and C-reactive protein [Dissertation]. Louisiana State University, LA, United States: 2009.
[20]Murtagh E, Boreham C, Nevill AM, Davison G, Trinick T, Duly E, et al. Acute responses of inflammatory markers of cardiovascular disease risk to a single walking session. JPAH. 2005;2(3)324-32.
[21]Shamsi A, Ebadi A, Risk factors of cardiovascular diseases in elderly people. IJCCN. 2010;3(4):189-92. [Persian]
[22]Warburton DER, Nicol CW, Gatto SN, Bredin SSD. Cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis: balancing risk management. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2007;3(5):673-89.
[23]Mohtasham Amiri Z, Toloei M, Farazmand A. Causes of patients' hospitalization in Guilan university hospitals. J Guilan Univ Med Sci. 2002;11(42):28-32.
[24]Cannon CP. Cardiovascular disease and modifiable cardiometabolic risk factors. Clin Cornerstone. 2007;8(3):11-28.
[25]Stern S, Behar S, Gottlieb S. Aging and diseases of the heart. Circulation. 2003;108(14):e99-101.
[26]Roger VL, Go AS, Lloyd-Jones DM, Benjamin EJ, Berry JD, Borden WB, et al. Executive summary: Heart disease and stroke statistics-2012 update: A report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2012;125(1):188-97.
[27]Shephard RJ. Readiness for physical activity. Res Digest. 1994;2. Available from: https://www.presidentschallenge.org/informed/digest/docs/199402digest.pdf
[28]Abdolmaleki Z, Sedghpour BS, Bahram A, Abdolmaleki F. Validity and reliability of the Physical Self-description Questionnaire among adolescent girls. J Appl Psychol. 2011;4(4):42-55. [Persian]
[29]Dill DB, Costill DL. Calculation of percentage changes in volumes of blood, plasma, and red cells in dehydration. J Appl Physiol. 1974;37(2):247-8.
[30]Pourabdi K,Shakeriyan S, Pourabdi Z, Janbozorgi M. Effects of short-term interval training courses on fitness and weight loss of untrained girls. Ann Appl Sport Sci. 2013;1(2):1-9. [Persian]
[31]Irving BA, Davis CK, Brock DW, Weltman JY, Swift D, Barrett EJ, et al. Effect of exercise training intensity on abdominal visceral fat and body composition. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2008;40(11):1863-72.
[32]Fakourian A, Azarbaijani MA, Peeri M. Effect a period of selective military training on physical fitness, body mass index, mental health and mood in officer students. J Army Univ Med Sci. 2012;10(1):17-27.
[33]Dashti MH. The effect of programmed exercise on body compositions and heart rate of 11-13 years-old male students. Zahedan J Res Med Sci. 2011;13(6):40-3. [Persian]
[34]Donnelly JE, Smith B, Jacobsen DJ, Kirk E, Dubose K, Hyder M, et al. The role of exercise for weight loss and maintenance. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2004;18(6):1009-29.
[35]Vidyasagar S. Dose response relationship between exercise intensity and C reactive protein in healthy individuals [Dissertation]. Manipal College of Allied Health Sciences, Karnataka , India; 2013.
[36]Hejazi SM, Rashidlamir A, Jebelli A, Nornematolahi S, Ghazavi SM, Soltani M. The effects of 8 weeks aerobic exercise on levels of homocysteine, HS-CRP serum and plasma fibrinogen in type II diabetic women. Life Sci J. 2013;10(1S):430-5.
[37]Bijeh N, Hosseini SA, Hejazi K. The effect of aerobic exercise on serum C - reactive protein and leptin levels in untrained middle-aged women. Iran J Public Health. 2012;41(9):36-41.
[38]Hammett CJ, Prapavessis H, Baldi JC, Varo N, Schoenbeck U, Ameratunga R. Effects of exercise training on 5 inflammatory markers associated with cardiovascular risk. Am Heart J. 2006;151(2):367.e7-367.e16.
[39]Genest J. C-reactive protein: Risk factor, biomarker and-or therapeutic target?. Can J Cardiol. 2010;26 Suppl A:41A-44A.
[40]Fantuzzi G. Adipose tissue, adipokines, and inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005;115(5):911-9.
[41]41- Bruun JM, Helge JW, Richelsen B, Stallknecht B. Diet and exercise reduce low-grade inflammation and macrophage infiltration in adipose tissue but not in skeletal muscle in severely obese subjects. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2006;290(5):E961-7.
[42]Smith JK, Dykes R, Douglas JE, Krishnaswamy G, Berk S. Long-term exercise and atherogenic activity of blood mononuclear cells in persons at risk of developing ischemic heart disease. JAMA. 1999;281(18):1722-7.
[43]Church TS, Barlow CE, Earnest CP, Kampert JB, Priest EL, Blair SN. Associations between cardiorespiratory fitness and C-reactive protein in men. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2002;22(11):1869-76.
[44]Christopherson J, Sumer V, Kirkendall D, Jones MA. Effects of exercise detraining on lipid storage in rats. Trans Illinois State Acad Sci. 1999;92(3):203-09.
[45]Gomes F, Telo DF, Souza HP, Nicolau JC, Halpern A, Serrano CV. Obesity and coronary artery disease: Role of vascular inflammation. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2010;94(2):255-61.
[46]Taddei S, Galetta F, Virdis A, Ghiadoni L, Salvetti G, Franzoni F, et al. Physical activity prevents age-related impairment in nitric oxide availability in elderly athletes. Circulation. 2000;101:2896-901.
[47]Powers SK, Ji LL, Leeuwenburgh C. Exercise training-induced alterations in skeletal muscle antioxidant capacity: A brief review. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1999;31(7):987-97.
[48]Loprinzi PD, Abbott K. Physical activity and total serum bilirubin levels among insulin sensitive and insulin resistant U.S. adults. J Diabetes Metab Disord. 2014;13:47.
[49]Bizheh N, Jaafari M. Effects of regular aerobic exercise on cardiorespiratory fitness and levels of fibrinogen, fibrin D-dimer and uric acid in healthy and inactive middle aged men. J Shahrekord Univ Med Sci. 2012;14(3):20-9. [Persian]
[50]Ramezanpour MR, Hejazi SM, Mottaghy Shahri S, Kianmehr M, Mottaghy Shahri MR. Comparison the effect of interval, continuous and parallel aerobic exercise on urea, uric acid and creatinine of urine level. Horizon Med Sci. 2013.19(3):137-41. [Persian]
[51]Huang LL, Huang CT, Chen ML, Mao IF. Effects of profuse sweating induced by exercise on urinary uric acid excretion in a hot environment. Chin J Physiol. 2010;53(4):254-61.
[52]Tekin A. Xanthine oxidase and uric acid response to a 6-week pre-season training programme in male athletes. Afr J Pharm Pharmacol. 2010;4(8):511-5.
[53]Nishida Y, Iyadomi M, Higaki Y, Tanaka H, Hara M, Tanaka K. Influence of physical activity intensity and aerobic fitness on the anthropometric index and serum uric acid concentration in people with obesity. Intern Med. 2011;50(19):2121-8.
[54]Mirzaei B, Rahmani Nia F, Rashidlamir A, Ghahremani Moghaddam M. Comparison of effect of resistance exercise on blood total antioxidant capacity, bilirubin and uric acid between athlete and non-athlete elderly men. JME. 2014:3(2):129-39.
[55]Ajami Nezhad M, Saberi kakhki A, Sabet Jahromi MJ. The effects of a single bout of aerobic exercise at different intensities on markers of liver function and blood hemoglobin in healthy untrained male. Horizon Med Sci. 2014;19(4):184-91. [Persian]
[56]Sheikholeslami D, Gaeinin AA, Allame AA, Ravasi AA, Kordi MR, Dadkhah A. The effect of interval sprint training and a detraining period on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant system in wistar rats. J Sport Biosci. 2009;1(1):23-42. [Persian]
[2]Arena R, Arrowood JA, Fei DY, Helm S, Kraft KA. The relationship between C-reactive protein and other cardiovascular risk factors in men and women. J Cardiopulm Rehabil. 2006;26(5):323-7.
[3]Ridker PM. C-reactive protein a simple test to help predict risk of heart attack and stroke. Circulation. 2003;108(12):e81-5.
[4]Shah T, Casas JP, Cooper JA, Tzoulaki I, Sofat R, Mc Cormack V, et al. Critical appraisal of CRP measurement for the prediction of coronary heart disease events: New data and systematic review of 31 prospective cohorts. Int J Epidemiol. 2009;38(1):217-31.
[5]Ross R. Atherosclerosis: An inflammatory disease. N Engl J Med. 1999;340(2):115-26.
[6]Niskanen LK, Laaksonen DE, Nyyssönen K, Alfthan G, Lakka HM, Lakka TA, et al. Uric acid level as a risk factor for cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in middle aged men: A prospective cohort study. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164(14):1546-51.
[7]Hsu SP, Pai MF, Peng YS, Chaing CK, Ho TI, Hung KY. Serum uric acid levels show a J-shaped association with all-cause mortality in haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant, 2004;19:457-62.
[8]Viazzi F, Garneri D, Leoncini G, Gonnella A, Muiesan ML, Ambrosioni E, et al. Serum uric acid and its relationship with metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk profile in patients with hypertension: Insights from the I-DEMAND study. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2014;24(8):921-7.
[9]Fang J, Alderman MH. Serum uric acid and cardiovascular mortality the NHANES I epidemiologic follow-up study, 1971-1992. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. JAMA. 2000;283(18):2404-10.
[10]Feig DI, Kang DH, Johnson RJ. Uric acid and cardiovascular risk. N Engl J Med. 2008;359(17):1811-21.
[11]Stocker R, Yamamoto Y, McDonagh AF, Glazer AN, Ames BN. Bilirubin is an antioxidant of possible physiological importance. Science. 1987;235(4792):1043-6.
[12]Erdogan D, Gullu H, Yildirim E, Tok D, Kirbas I, Ciftci O, et al. Low serum bilirubin levels are independently and inversely related to impaired flow-mediated vasodilation and increased carotid intima-media thickness in both men and women. Atherosclerosis. 2006;184(2):431-7.
[13]Schwertner HA, Jackson WG, Tolan G. Association of low serum concentration of bilirubin with increased risk of coronary artery disease. Clin Chem. 1994;40(1):18-23.
[14]Kelley GA, Kelley KS. Efficacy of aerobic exercise on coronary heart disease risk factors. Prev Cardiol. 2008;11(2):71-5.
[15]Gielen S, Schuler G, Adams V. Cardiovascular effects of exercise training: Molecular mechanisms. Circulation. 2010;122(12):1221-38.
[16]Gómez-Guzmán M, Jiménez R, Sánchez M, Zarzuelo MJ, Galindo P, Quintela AM, et al. Epicatechin lowers blood pressure, restores endothelial function, and decreases oxidative stress and endothelin-1 and NADPH oxidase activity in DOCA-salt hypertension. Free Radic Biol Med. 2012;52(1):70-9.
[17]Jarrete AP, Novaisa IP, Nunesa HA, Pugaa GM, Delbinb MA, Zanesco A. Influence of aerobic exercise training on cardiovascular and endocrine-inflammatory biomarkers in hypertensive postmenopausal women. J Clin Translational Endocrinol. 2014;1(3):108-14.
[18]Nicklas BJ, Hsu FC, Brinkley TJ, Church T, Goodpaster BH, Kritchevsky SB, et al. Exercise training and plasma C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 in elderly people. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2008;56(11):2045-52.
[19]Daray LA, Henagan T, Zanovec M, Earnest CP, Johnson LG, Winchester GB, et al. An evaluation of endurance and combined endurance and resistance training on fitness and C-reactive protein [Dissertation]. Louisiana State University, LA, United States: 2009.
[20]Murtagh E, Boreham C, Nevill AM, Davison G, Trinick T, Duly E, et al. Acute responses of inflammatory markers of cardiovascular disease risk to a single walking session. JPAH. 2005;2(3)324-32.
[21]Shamsi A, Ebadi A, Risk factors of cardiovascular diseases in elderly people. IJCCN. 2010;3(4):189-92. [Persian]
[22]Warburton DER, Nicol CW, Gatto SN, Bredin SSD. Cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis: balancing risk management. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2007;3(5):673-89.
[23]Mohtasham Amiri Z, Toloei M, Farazmand A. Causes of patients' hospitalization in Guilan university hospitals. J Guilan Univ Med Sci. 2002;11(42):28-32.
[24]Cannon CP. Cardiovascular disease and modifiable cardiometabolic risk factors. Clin Cornerstone. 2007;8(3):11-28.
[25]Stern S, Behar S, Gottlieb S. Aging and diseases of the heart. Circulation. 2003;108(14):e99-101.
[26]Roger VL, Go AS, Lloyd-Jones DM, Benjamin EJ, Berry JD, Borden WB, et al. Executive summary: Heart disease and stroke statistics-2012 update: A report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2012;125(1):188-97.
[27]Shephard RJ. Readiness for physical activity. Res Digest. 1994;2. Available from: https://www.presidentschallenge.org/informed/digest/docs/199402digest.pdf
[28]Abdolmaleki Z, Sedghpour BS, Bahram A, Abdolmaleki F. Validity and reliability of the Physical Self-description Questionnaire among adolescent girls. J Appl Psychol. 2011;4(4):42-55. [Persian]
[29]Dill DB, Costill DL. Calculation of percentage changes in volumes of blood, plasma, and red cells in dehydration. J Appl Physiol. 1974;37(2):247-8.
[30]Pourabdi K,Shakeriyan S, Pourabdi Z, Janbozorgi M. Effects of short-term interval training courses on fitness and weight loss of untrained girls. Ann Appl Sport Sci. 2013;1(2):1-9. [Persian]
[31]Irving BA, Davis CK, Brock DW, Weltman JY, Swift D, Barrett EJ, et al. Effect of exercise training intensity on abdominal visceral fat and body composition. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2008;40(11):1863-72.
[32]Fakourian A, Azarbaijani MA, Peeri M. Effect a period of selective military training on physical fitness, body mass index, mental health and mood in officer students. J Army Univ Med Sci. 2012;10(1):17-27.
[33]Dashti MH. The effect of programmed exercise on body compositions and heart rate of 11-13 years-old male students. Zahedan J Res Med Sci. 2011;13(6):40-3. [Persian]
[34]Donnelly JE, Smith B, Jacobsen DJ, Kirk E, Dubose K, Hyder M, et al. The role of exercise for weight loss and maintenance. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2004;18(6):1009-29.
[35]Vidyasagar S. Dose response relationship between exercise intensity and C reactive protein in healthy individuals [Dissertation]. Manipal College of Allied Health Sciences, Karnataka , India; 2013.
[36]Hejazi SM, Rashidlamir A, Jebelli A, Nornematolahi S, Ghazavi SM, Soltani M. The effects of 8 weeks aerobic exercise on levels of homocysteine, HS-CRP serum and plasma fibrinogen in type II diabetic women. Life Sci J. 2013;10(1S):430-5.
[37]Bijeh N, Hosseini SA, Hejazi K. The effect of aerobic exercise on serum C - reactive protein and leptin levels in untrained middle-aged women. Iran J Public Health. 2012;41(9):36-41.
[38]Hammett CJ, Prapavessis H, Baldi JC, Varo N, Schoenbeck U, Ameratunga R. Effects of exercise training on 5 inflammatory markers associated with cardiovascular risk. Am Heart J. 2006;151(2):367.e7-367.e16.
[39]Genest J. C-reactive protein: Risk factor, biomarker and-or therapeutic target?. Can J Cardiol. 2010;26 Suppl A:41A-44A.
[40]Fantuzzi G. Adipose tissue, adipokines, and inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005;115(5):911-9.
[41]41- Bruun JM, Helge JW, Richelsen B, Stallknecht B. Diet and exercise reduce low-grade inflammation and macrophage infiltration in adipose tissue but not in skeletal muscle in severely obese subjects. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2006;290(5):E961-7.
[42]Smith JK, Dykes R, Douglas JE, Krishnaswamy G, Berk S. Long-term exercise and atherogenic activity of blood mononuclear cells in persons at risk of developing ischemic heart disease. JAMA. 1999;281(18):1722-7.
[43]Church TS, Barlow CE, Earnest CP, Kampert JB, Priest EL, Blair SN. Associations between cardiorespiratory fitness and C-reactive protein in men. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2002;22(11):1869-76.
[44]Christopherson J, Sumer V, Kirkendall D, Jones MA. Effects of exercise detraining on lipid storage in rats. Trans Illinois State Acad Sci. 1999;92(3):203-09.
[45]Gomes F, Telo DF, Souza HP, Nicolau JC, Halpern A, Serrano CV. Obesity and coronary artery disease: Role of vascular inflammation. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2010;94(2):255-61.
[46]Taddei S, Galetta F, Virdis A, Ghiadoni L, Salvetti G, Franzoni F, et al. Physical activity prevents age-related impairment in nitric oxide availability in elderly athletes. Circulation. 2000;101:2896-901.
[47]Powers SK, Ji LL, Leeuwenburgh C. Exercise training-induced alterations in skeletal muscle antioxidant capacity: A brief review. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1999;31(7):987-97.
[48]Loprinzi PD, Abbott K. Physical activity and total serum bilirubin levels among insulin sensitive and insulin resistant U.S. adults. J Diabetes Metab Disord. 2014;13:47.
[49]Bizheh N, Jaafari M. Effects of regular aerobic exercise on cardiorespiratory fitness and levels of fibrinogen, fibrin D-dimer and uric acid in healthy and inactive middle aged men. J Shahrekord Univ Med Sci. 2012;14(3):20-9. [Persian]
[50]Ramezanpour MR, Hejazi SM, Mottaghy Shahri S, Kianmehr M, Mottaghy Shahri MR. Comparison the effect of interval, continuous and parallel aerobic exercise on urea, uric acid and creatinine of urine level. Horizon Med Sci. 2013.19(3):137-41. [Persian]
[51]Huang LL, Huang CT, Chen ML, Mao IF. Effects of profuse sweating induced by exercise on urinary uric acid excretion in a hot environment. Chin J Physiol. 2010;53(4):254-61.
[52]Tekin A. Xanthine oxidase and uric acid response to a 6-week pre-season training programme in male athletes. Afr J Pharm Pharmacol. 2010;4(8):511-5.
[53]Nishida Y, Iyadomi M, Higaki Y, Tanaka H, Hara M, Tanaka K. Influence of physical activity intensity and aerobic fitness on the anthropometric index and serum uric acid concentration in people with obesity. Intern Med. 2011;50(19):2121-8.
[54]Mirzaei B, Rahmani Nia F, Rashidlamir A, Ghahremani Moghaddam M. Comparison of effect of resistance exercise on blood total antioxidant capacity, bilirubin and uric acid between athlete and non-athlete elderly men. JME. 2014:3(2):129-39.
[55]Ajami Nezhad M, Saberi kakhki A, Sabet Jahromi MJ. The effects of a single bout of aerobic exercise at different intensities on markers of liver function and blood hemoglobin in healthy untrained male. Horizon Med Sci. 2014;19(4):184-91. [Persian]
[56]Sheikholeslami D, Gaeinin AA, Allame AA, Ravasi AA, Kordi MR, Dadkhah A. The effect of interval sprint training and a detraining period on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant system in wistar rats. J Sport Biosci. 2009;1(1):23-42. [Persian]